城市社区公园声景分布与景观特征关联性研究——以沈阳鲁迅公园为例*

城市社区公园为附近居民提供休憩与交往的公共空间,使用者是公园声景的创造者也是体验者。在公园设计中,将建成后的声景纳入考虑因素,在支持居民休闲活动的同时,创造良好的听觉环境体验,具有提升人居健康福祉和空间公平的现实意义。该研究以城市社区公园——沈阳鲁迅公园为研究对象,通过现场声景调查和使用者问卷,探究声景时空分布特征及居民体验;建构公园景观特征指数,探讨声景时空分布与景观特征的关联性。数据表明：自然声、居民活动声和周围道路交通声构成公园丰富的声景要素,园区内声压级、各类声事件感知显著性呈现不同的时空分布特征;受访者对典型声事件的愉悦性和干扰性评价呈现聚类性特征;以此为基础构建的表征公园景观特征的自然指数、人群聚集指数和交通影响指数,其分别与对应声事件的感知显著性显著相关。基于景观特征与声景分布的关联性,结合公园使用者的声景体验,提出与公园景观设计相结合的社区公园声景优化策略。     

城市公园声景观危险度评价研究

针对城市公园声景观易受周围环境影响而损耗其景观价值这一问题,应用模糊层次分析法,通过自然、生活和机械3个准则层因素和17个指标层因素构建城市公园声景观危险度评价体系,以福州市闽江公园为例,研究城市公园声景观受负面影响因子损耗的可能性大小。结果表明,闽江公园声景观危险度总体评价结果为中度危险Ⅲ。指标层中,隶属极度危险Ⅴ的指标为修建施工声;隶属重度危险Ⅳ的为电闪雷鸣声;隶属中度危险Ⅲ的有:清洁机器声、大雨瓢泼声、车辆交通声、说话嬉戏声、狂风呼啸声、猫叫犬吠声、鞭炮烟花声、跳舞音响声和练嗓唱歌声;其余指标危险度均低于中度危险Ⅲ。评价结果符合实际,为今后城市公园声景观危险度研究提供了有效方法。     

城市历史街区声景观及视听感知实验研究*

城市历史街区声景观是空间环境的重要内容,直接影响人们的感知体验。论文以济南老城泉水街区为例研究城市历史街区的声景观并进行视听感知实验。结果表明,现场声元素喜好度显著高于实验室单听评价。鸟鸣、鹅叫声在现场和实验室评分都较高,大流速流量水景声在现场评分高而实验室评分低,小流速流量水景声在实验室和安静环境中评分较高,在吵闹环境中评分较低;声环境满意度与视觉景观优美度、声源组成喜好度、安静度之间存在显著正相关关系,与环境声压级存在显著负相关关系,但当较高的环境声压级主要由水声贡献时,声环境满意度明显提高;应从提高景观优美度、优化声源组成、降低环境声压级等方面进行声景观设计。论文为声元素喜好度和声环境满意度研究提供参考。     

不同声音偏好的游客声景观主观评价差异——以丽江大研古镇为例*

古镇作为集自然景观与人文景观一体的景区，具有丰富的声音类型。本研究以大研古镇为例，通过实地调研探究不同声音偏好的游客对古镇声景观的主观评价差异。基于游客的声音偏好，将游客分为偏爱自然声和偏爱人工声两大类。通过因子分析提取游客声景观主观评价的5个主因子：大小、音质、效价、偏好和唤醒。进一步分析发现，这5个因子具有一定的层级性，其中从大小到唤醒代表声景观评价从声音的物理属性向声音的联想评价逐级提升。其中在低层级评价(大小、音质)中，偏好自然声的游客和偏好人工声的游客无显著差异，低层级评价具有稳定性；而在高层级评价(效价、偏好和唤醒)中，偏好人工声的游客更关注古镇声景观的淳朴性和遗产性。因此，游客对声景观的主观评价可视为一种指标，判断景区声景所处的评价阶段，从而为景区声景观改善提供更有针对性的建议。     

基于GIS的高密度城市声景质量及其影响因素研究 ——以广州天河区为例*

密度城市空间背景下,声景质量对居住舒适度及居民身心健康的影响显著。已有声景研究中鲜有针对街区尺度的声景时空特征及其与居民交互关系的探究,不利于高质量宜居城市空间构建。本文基于地理学视角,通过声景漫步与问卷调查对广州市天河区的声源类型、声环境特征、心理声学感知进行调查研究,旨在阐述城市街区尺度声景质量的空间特征及其影响因素。研究认为：1）声压级低、主观响度低、柔和、舒适、安静、自然的声环境有利于提升声景总体满意度,同时声景感知结构的空间性在总体满意度上存在性别差异;2）城市声景特征的空间结构与道路功能和土地利用功能等要素密切相关,其中建筑密度、道路等级、城市综合密度的提升均不利于声景总体满意度的提升,城市生活活力的提升有助于声景总体满意度的提升。基于此,本文认为应通过城市声景空间规划优化高密度城市声环境质量并提升声景满意度,通过合理规划道路、用地功能、与建筑密度等手段,促进积极声景空间营造,促进并实现健康人居环境。     

滨海公共空间声环境感知评价及影响因素*

滨海公共空间是滨海城市人居环境的重要组成部分,其声环境质量是影响公共空间环境体验的关键因素。本研究以青岛沿海岸线四类滨海公共空间（步道类、广场类、公园类、沙滩类）的声环境为对象,通过问卷调查和实地测量探索滨海公共空间声环境的特征、感知评价及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）滨海公共空间当前环境噪声水平基本不超过国家标准限值55dB(A) ,各类空间声环境客观特征显著不同：公园噪声水平最低,自然声源丰富;广场噪声水平最高,各种城市噪声较多;步道噪声水平较低,但受到交通噪声的影响;沙滩噪声水平较高,但以中低频的海浪声为主,比较稳定。（2）各类滨海公共空间的声源感知以自然声为主,但是广场的自然声源感知较少。此外,声环境的愉悦感评价普遍较高,但在事件感、吵闹度和总体满意度评价上具有显著差异：沙滩声环境总体评价最好,其次是公园,广场和步道的声环境则亟待改善。（3）交通噪声和最大声级Lmax对声环境的负面影响最为显著,此外受访者年龄也是影响滨海公共空间声环境感知评价的关键因素。研究结论可以为滨海公共空间声环境的优化设计提供理论依据。     

基于多光谱数据的湿地景观格局变化对越冬候鸟生境影响

安徽升金湖是典型的长江中下游自然通江湖泊湿地,是越冬候鸟尤其是珍稀鹤类的理想越冬地,水利设施的修建改变了升金湖的自然连通状况,使湖泊水位变化受人为控制,继而引起景观格局变化,从而影响越冬候鸟生境。为探究水位波动对越冬候鸟生境影响规律,基于Landsat-8（OLI）多光谱遥感影像对升金湖土地利用类型进行分类,结合水位数据和候鸟种群特征数据,选取景观斑块谱特征指数并对其分级,分析不同水文期升金湖湿地水位变化规律,探索湿地景观斑块谱特征时空变化特征,探究不同水文时期自然湿地景观格局和越冬候鸟生境变化规律。结果表明：空间上该区域丰水期大斑块面积占优,枯水期中等斑块面积达到峰值,在退水期和枯水期景观格局分布良好,景观整体表现出大斑块面积占优、数量较少且形状复杂,小斑块分布分散、数量巨大且形状规则,中小型斑块面积均匀,形状各异。时间上景观格局随水位变化,斑块总数随水位升高先增后降,小斑块数量变化最大且稳定性差易受水位波动影响;水位对大斑块形状指数影响较大,水位升高大斑块形状趋于复杂化,涨水期和丰水期大斑块形状指数最大,趋于狭长式分布,景观边缘效应趋于明显,内部结构异质性降低;四个水文期香浓多样性指数分别为1.754 2（涨水期）、1.571 7（丰水期）、1.762 3（退水期）、1.790 1（枯水期）,香浓多样性指数减小,景观类型多样性趋于单一。越冬候鸟生境面积与水位高低呈负相关,草滩地、泥滩地和芦苇滩地三种类型面积此消彼长并长期处于平衡状态,草滩地面积在生境面积中占比最高起主导作用（68.01%）,总体生境面积在候鸟越冬末期（枯水期）达到峰值,利于越冬候鸟觅食等行为活动。基于此,建议在越冬候鸟前期（8月-翌年1月）通过控水闸人为调控升金湖水位,使各生境类型面积增加,为越冬候鸟提供优质生境。     

大型综合医院室外声景观评价影响因素分析 ——以长沙市中心医院为例*

本文通过定点实测结合问卷调查的方式,对长沙市中心医院室外声景观进行调查评价并通过主成分分析法、多因素方差法等对评价结果进行分析,探究影响评价声景观评价结果的因素。结果表明：(1)调查时间、调查地点的声音类型、受访者身份、室外停留时间和来往目的等因素会对声景观评价结果产生影响,而受访者的年龄、性别、职业等社会因素则不会产生影响；(2)声景观整体满意度一般,医院员工和病患较其他人员、工作日较休息日的改进意愿更加强烈,语义词调查结果整体偏向贬义负值,病患和建筑出入口区域的评价结果更偏向主观消极感强烈的词汇；(3)主观响度评价结果为机械声＞社会活动声＞自然声,舒适度和好感度与之相反。受访身份对主观响度评价结果影响不大,但会对舒适度和好感度的评价结果产生影响,病患对警铃声和医疗设备声的好感度和舒适度明显更低；(4)医院停留时间、室外停留时间和目的等行为因素与声景观评价结果呈现较强的相关性。     

浅析桂林城市道路的绿地景观

道路是城市中具有重要地位的空间环境,人们对城市最直接最经常的感受来自于街道,因此道路的景观构成对城市形象具有很大的影响力。而城市道路绿地景观又是道路景观主体构成部分,在城市景观中起着主导地位,是增加城市魅力的关键。本论文从对桂林市当前街道绿地景观的不同角度分析,强调街道绿地必须尊重城市整体环境,凸显桂林“山--水--城”城景交融的地域特色和城市风情。     

星载成像高光谱的湿地景观光谱特征分析

光谱特征是地物的固有属性,分析地物光谱不仅有助于提高地物识别精度,也是定量遥感研究的基础。然而受限于尺度效应,近地空间采集的光谱与遥感像元尺度的光谱往往差异较大。因此,在遥感像元尺度上揭示湿地典型景观地类的光谱特征,将有助于大尺度湿地遥感分类和植被参数反演精度的提高。以华北平原典型的草型湖泊湿地南阳湖为对象,基于EO-1 Hyperion星载成像高光谱数据,提取荷田、芦苇地、林地、水田、旱地、建筑用地、河道和湖泊鱼塘等8类湿地景观的反射率,并进行光谱一阶导数变换,同时计算多种高光谱植被指数,定量分析景观尺度上湿地地物的光谱特征。结果表明：（1）8种湿地景观地物反射率光谱差异明显,其中5种不同植被景观也存在差异。荷田反射率在全波段明显高于其他景观地类,荷田的绿波段反射峰和红波段吸收谷最明显。芦苇地与水田在可见光和红边区域具有相似的反射光谱特征,水田与旱地反射光谱曲线不同,且水田的绿峰明显高于旱地。（2）8种景观在蓝边、黄边及红边处的一阶导数光谱差异明显,尤以红边处最显著。荷田的红边斜率最大且红边位置明显蓝移（712 nm）,说明其叶绿素含量高,健康状况最好。林地的红边斜率次之,但红边位置明显红移（722 nm）。（3）林地具有最大的植被指数,水体和建筑用地植被指数均较低,其他景观地类居中。芦苇地、水田、旱地和荷田在大多数与归一化植被指数（NDVI）相关的指数中差异不明显,仅在增强型植被指数（EVI）和红边叶绿素指数（Chlorophyll Index RedEdge 710）中存在较明显差异,说明这两个指数能够更有效地指示湿地植被类型之间绿度和覆盖度的差异。该研究对于草型湖泊湿地景观地物高精度分类及其植被参数的遥感反演具有借鉴意义。     

Acoustic comfort evaluation in urban open public spaces

This paper presents the results of an intensive questionnaire survey and objective measurements on soundscape, aiming at the evaluation of acoustic comfort in urban open public spaces. From summer 2001 to spring 2002, 9200 interviews were made for four seasons in 14 urban open public spaces across Europe. The results suggest that the subjective evaluation of the sound level generally relates well with the mean L_eq, especially when the sound level is below a certain level, which is 73 dBA on the basis of this study. However, considerable differences have been found between the subjective evaluation of the sound level and the acoustic comfort evaluation: people tend to show more tolerance in terms of acoustic comfort evaluation. The background sound level has been found to be an important index in evaluating soundscape in urban open public spaces - a lower background level tends to make people feel quieter. Analyses of individual sound elements show that the acoustic comfort evaluation is greatly affected by the sound source type - introducing a pleasant sound can considerably improve the acoustic comfort, even when its sound level is rather high. No significant difference was found among different age groups in terms of subjective evaluation of a sound level, whereas in terms of acoustic comfort, there were significant differences.     

Soundscape quality analysis by fuzzy logic: A field study in Cordoba,Argentina

This research studies urban soundscapes through the comparative analysis of twelve public open spaces in the city of Córdoba (Argentina), taken as case studies. The work aims to examine selection of indicators and assessment tools intended to characterize soundscape quality. The field study was carried out through surveys and acoustic and psychoacoustic indicators, that are used together to objectively describe the sound quality of urban spaces.     

Non-auditory factors affecting urban soundscape evaluation

The aim of this study is to characterize urban spaces, which combine landscape, acoustics, and lighting, and to investigate people's perceptions of urban soundscapes through quantitative and qualitative analyses. A general questionnaire survey and soundwalk were performed to investigate soundscape perception in urban spaces. Non-auditory factors (visual image, day lighting, and olfactory perceptions), as well as acoustic comfort, were selected as the main contexts that affect soundscape perception, and context preferences and overall impressions were evaluated using an 11-point numerical scale. For qualitative analysis, a semantic differential test was performed in the form of a social survey, and subjects were also asked to describe their impressions during a soundwalk. The results showed that urban soundscapes can be characterized by soundmarks, and soundscape perceptions are dominated by acoustic comfort, visual images, and day lighting, whereas reverberance in urban spaces does not yield consistent preference judgments. It is posited that the subjective evaluation of reverberance can be replaced by physical measurements. The categories extracted from the qualitative analysis revealed that spatial impressions such as openness and density emerged as some of the contexts of soundscape perception.     

Perceptual study of soundscapes in train stations

This paper presents a study on the perception of soundscapes in train stations. The two issues addressed by this study are (1) to show that people’s knowledge about the space typology that makes up a train station is also based on sound information, and (2) to show that this information is involved in the recognition of the type of space. This study is composed of two stages. In the first stage, two auditory experiments are performed on 66 soundscape samples recorded under natural conditions: (1) free categorization with verbalization and (2) forced-choice recognition. The statistical and lexical analysis of the first experiment reveals three main types of acoustical information: sound sources, human activities, and room effects. The results of the second experiment show that people were able to recognize the type of space (platform, hall, etc.) just by listening to its soundscape. Comparison between Experiments 1 and 2 reveals the auditory similarities of the soundscapes that were recognized as belonging to the same category. In the second step, an in situ questionnaire survey was carried out and confirms the laboratory results. Indeed, when travelers are asked to describe the soundscape of the space in which they are situated, they use the same kind of auditory similarities as those found in the experiments.     

The effect of sound level on perception of reproduced soundscapes

The aim of this work was to investigate the perception of soundscape reproduced by an ambisonic reproduction system on a horizontal plane, how the experience of space affected the perception of soundscape reproduction, and how the sound level adjustment on soundscape reproduction affected the perception of soundscape compared with actual conditions. There were three experiments conducted: a soundwalk in situ in Manchester (United Kingdom) city centre, listening tests in Salford (United Kingdom), and listening tests in Bandung (Indonesia). The listening tests used material recorded from four locations on the soundwalk route in Manchester. The Salford listening tests were performed at the in-situ measured sound level, and the participants were asked to adjust the sound level to the level that represents actual locations. The listening test in Bandung was conducted to understand the effect of participants who never come to the actual location to the perception of soundscape and the sound level adjustment. The listening tests in Bandung were conducted at the in situ sound level, at 9.5 dB below the in situ sound level (based on the preference sound level from the experiment in Salford), and the participants were also requested to adjust the sound level to the level that represents the actual space (to examine the consistency with the experiment in Salford). In each case, soundscape perception was measured on 19 semantic differential scales. Analysis of the semantic differential results showed that the ambisonic reproduction produced a similar subjective experience to the in situ soundwalk when the reproduction sound level was 9.5 dB lower than the actual sound level in situ. Reproduction at the actual sound level in situ produced a different dimensional space. The study shows that the sound level adjustment of soundscape reproduction in laboratory experiment produces more ecologically valid results compared to the reproduction at the actual sound level in situ.     

Towards standardization in soundscape preference assessment

The study of soundscapes involves diverse fields of practice, diverse approaches and diverse disciplinary interests. The field overlaps with the much larger and established field of environmental noise management, and also intersects, to various degrees, with other areas of acoustics such as sound quality, human acoustic comfort in buildings, and music—and also with non-acoustic fields such as wilderness and recreation management, urban and housing design, and landscape planning and management. Working Group 54 of ISO/TC 43/SC 1 has been formed with a remit of standardization for perceptual assessment of human sound preference (in outdoor space) using questionnaires. The working group began its work in 2009, with considerable and wide-ranging discussion amongst its members. This paper makes a range of observations, and sometimes suggestions, on matters pertinent to eventual definition of the soundscape; on outcomes of interest arising from experience of a soundscape; on the role of context in assessment; on sound sources in different places; and on relevant lessons for soundscape assessment from experience of questionnaire measurement of noise annoyance. It represents a personal view, though informed by a range of opinions from the Working Group meeting and from literature.