磁场下超晶格的子带结构及光跃迁

用有效质量方法计算了磁场下超晶格的子带结构和光跃迁。详细地介绍了计算方法,计算了磁能级的能量随磁场和阱宽的变化。发现随磁场和阱宽的增加,轻空穴态的混入就越显著,只有最低的三个重空穴态还基本保持原来的特性。计算中还发现第三轻空穴带对得到收敛的解是必不可少的。最后讨论了磁光跃迁几率和迴旋共振的有效质量。 关键词：     

Generation of terahertz radiation in high-quality diamond samples

A method is proposed for generating terahertz radiation by producing a spectrally limited population inversion between light- and heavy-hole subbands in the valence band of semiconductors. This inversion is achieved by placing a sample in a static magnetic field and pumping it with an alternating electric field resonant with a cyclotron frequency of heavy holes. At a sufficiently low concentration of holes when the energy exchange between them is less effective than the exchange with the lattice, a considerable heating of heavy holes occurs with a nearly constant distribution function of light holes. However, the low hole concentration leads to a small terahertz field gain that can exceed the field loss only in high-quality diamond samples that are almost transparent in the terahertz range. An important advantage of this method for generating terahertz radiation over the previously proposed techniques is the possibility of implementing it at room temperature, which substantially increases its attractiveness, especially for use in biology and medicine.     

An IC100 cyclotron based facility for producing nuclear filters and for scientific and applied research

The cyclotron IC-100 station, based on the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR, Dubna, Russia), provides the industrial construction of nuclear filters. During modernization, the cyclotron was equipped with a superconducting ECR-ion source and an axial injection system. The specialized beam channel with a two coordinate scanning system and equipment for irradiating polymer films was installed in the implantation part of the station. High intensity heavy ion beams of Ne, Ar, Fe, Kr, Xe, I, and W have been accelerated to 1 MeV/nucleon energy. The investigation into irradiated crystals features and irradiation of different polymer films is provided. Also, a few thousands square meters of track films with holes in the wide range of densities were produced. The cyclotron-based station is capable of solving different kinds of scientific and applied problems as well. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Magnetooptic measurements of the cyclotron mass and g-factor of light holes in GaAs

An emission line appearing in the hot-luminescence spectrum of GaAs at a frequency shifted from the laser line by the cyclotron energy of light holes is observed and investigated. Analysis of the magnetooscillations of the intensity of this line shows that the line is due to the recombination of a photoexcited electron and a light hole after the hole undergoes energy relaxation between Landau levels. The dependence of the cyclotron mass and g factor of light holes on the hole energy was measured directly and a very strong nonparabolicity of the valence band of GaAs, several times greater than the theoretical estimates, was observed. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 64, No. 11, 766–771 (10 December 1996)     

Magnetoplasma excitations and the effect of electron and hole velocity renormalization in free-hanging graphene studied by Raman scattering

The properties of plasma and magnetoplasma excitations in free-hanging graphene have been studied for the first time by Raman scattering. In addition to single-particle excitations associated with transitions between empty Landau levels of electrons and holes, collective plasma and magnetoplasma excitations in the system of electrons (and holes) of various densities have been discovered for the first time. Hybridization of plasma and cyclotron modes corresponding to the Kohn law has been shown to occur in the limit of high filling factors, which allows measuring directly the plasma and cyclotron energies. The dependence of the electron and hole velocities on their density has been investigated via the magnetic-field dependence of the cyclotron energy in free-hanging graphene. The effect of strong renormalization of the electron and hole dispersion relations seen as an increase in the velocity (by 40–50%) with a decrease in the charge-carrier density to 10¹¹ cm^–2 has been discovered. The charge-carrier density dependences of the widths of magnetoplasma resonances in free-hanging graphene and graphene lying on a silicon dioxide surface have been measured and shown to be at least 3.5 and 14.8 meV, respectively.     

Hole-density dependence of the cyclotron mass of 2D holes in a GaAs(001) quantum well

The dependence of the heavy-hole cyclotron mass in GaAs(001) quantum wells on the 2D-hole density has been measured by the optical detection method for resonance microwave by-absorption. A significant increase (almost doubling) has been observed in the cyclotron mass of heavy holes with an increase in the charge carrier density from 1.2 × 10¹⁰ cm^?2 to 1.3 × 10¹¹ cm^?2.     

Submillimetre cyclotron resonance measurement of the effective masses of the holes in p-type GaP

The effective mass ratios of the heavy and light holes at the band edge of p-type gallium phosphide have been determined by submillimetre cyclotron resonance at 77 K. The values obtained are 0.54 ± 0.05 and 0.16 ± 0.02 respectively. A comparison is made with k.p calculations of these quantities.     

Three types of heavy holes in diamond-like semiconductors in nonquantizing magnetic fields

It is shown that when a diamond-like semiconducting crystal is placed in a nonquantizing magnetic fieldH [001], heavy holes are divided into three different groups according to their cyclotron trajectories and effective cyclotron masses.Ya. O. Galan Education Institute, Ternopol'. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 112–115, June, 1992.     

Two-Dimensional Triplet Magnetoexcitons and a Magnetofermionic Condensate in the GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructures

A fundamentally new collective state, namely, the magnetofermionic condensate, is discovered during photoexcitation of a sufficiently dense gas of long-lived triplet cyclotron magnetoexcitons in a twodimensional Hall insulator with a high electron mobility, a filling factor of ν = 2, and temperatures of T < 1 K. The condensed phase coherently interacts with an external electromagnetic field, exhibits superradiant properties in the recombination of correlated condensate electrons with heavy holes in the valence band, and spreads nondissipatively in the layer of a two-dimensional electron gas to macroscopical large distances, transferring an integer spin. The observed effects are explained in terms of a coherent condensate in a nonequilibrium system of two-dimensional fermions with a fully quantized energy spectrum, in which a degenerate ensemble of long-lived triplet magnetoexcitons obeying the Bose statistics is present.

     

Electron-active cyclotron resonance in p-doped InMnAs in high magnetic fields

We present a theoretical and experimental study of electron-active cyclotron resonance in p-doped InMnAs in high magnetic fields. Results are based on an 8-band Pidgeon–Brown model generalized to include finite k_z effects and s(p)–d exchange interaction between itinerant carriers and Mn d-electrons. The e-active transitions in the valence band in p-doped samples take place due to the nature of multiple valence bands (heavy and light holes). We have calculated the absorption spectra in high magnetic fields and identified optical transitions which contribute to the cyclotron resonance for both e-active and h-active polarizations. Calculations show agreement with experimental results.     

Hole effective mass in strained Si (111)

The directional, averaged, and density-of-states effective masses of holes have been calculated for strained Si/(111)Si1-xGex. The results for the directional effective mass show that the effect of strain makes the constant energy surface of heavy holes more obvious warping than that in relaxed Si. The [111] and [110] directional effective masses of heavy holes decrease significantly under strain. It is found that the averaged effective mass of heavy holes decreases with increasing Ge fraction, while that o...     

Landau quantization and hot hole stimulated FIR emission in crossed electric and magnetic fields

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the resonant amplification of far-infrared (FIR) radiation by hot holes in germanium in theE B field configuration have shown that stimulated emission is possible not only at the fundamental but also at higher harmonics of the light-hole cyclotron resonance frequency. Single line tunable FIR laser oscillations close to the fundamental and the second cyclotron harmonic are demonstrated and explained within the presented model. In the crossed field configuration a repulsion of light and heavy hole levels is predicted as a result of interaction.     

Cyclotron resonance in a two-dimensional semimetal based on a HgTe quantum well

Microwave cyclotron resonance of electrons and holes at the metal-to-semimetal transition in HgTe quantum wells with an inversed band structure has been investigated. The resonance has been studied by measuring microwave photoresistance in the frequency range of 35–170 GHz. The effective cyclotron masses of electrons and holes have been determined. A shift of the cyclotron resonance of the two-dimensional electrons at the metal-to-semimetal transition possibly caused by plasma effects in the two-dimensional semimetal has been discovered.     

Distribution function,population inversion and FIR gain of hot holes in germanium in crossed electric and magnetic fields

The energy distribution function of hot heavy and light holes, the degree of population inversion and of the accumulation of light holes are determined from an investigation of near infrared light absorption in crossed magnetic and electric fields. Analysis of the data shows that inversion of the population is caused not only by accumulation of light holes, but also by weaker heating of light holes compared with heavy holes and drift in momentum space. The numeral value and spectral dependence of the FIR gain, are determined. The distribution function and optical gain are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the values calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The power of the far-infrared laser is estimated.     

Quantum cyclotron resonance of two-dimensional holes in the Ge layers of Ge-Ge1−x Six heterostructures

Quantum cyclotron resonance of two-dimensional holes in strained germanium layers of the periodic heterostructure Ge-Ge_1−x Si_x has been observed and investigated for the first time. The results are compared with the data of electrophysical measurements in strong magnetic fields. A clear dependence of the magnitude of the longitudinal effective mass of the holes on the absolute magnitude of the elastic deformation of the germanium layers (splitting energy of the hole subbands) is observed. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 2096–2100 (November 1997)     

Spin separation in cyclotron motion

Charged carriers with different spin states are spatially separated in a two-dimensional hole gas. Because of strong spin-orbit interaction, holes at the Fermi energy in GaAs have different momenta for two possible spin states traveling in the same direction, and, correspondingly, different cyclotron orbits in a weak magnetic field. Two point contacts, acting as a monochromatic source of ballistic holes and a narrow detector arranged in the magnetic focusing geometry are demonstrated to work as a tunable spin filter.     

Magnetic system of a superconducting separated-sector cyclotron for hadron therapy

The development of a cyclotron magnetic system based on superconducting sector magnets is discussed. The cyclotron is conceived as a booster accelerator of a source of ¹²С⁶⁺ ions with energy of 400MeV/nucleon for the purposes of hadron therapy. The results of preliminary investigations aimed at developing such a facility have been reported in our previous papers. In this paper, we consider various configurations of the booster’s magnetic system for various field levels. We also analyze the effects of the positions and shapes of superconducting coils on the magnetic field and select the optimum configuration for the cyclotron’s magnetic system.     

Correction of vertical displacement of extracted beam during commissioning tests of the DC-110 cyclotron

The specialized DC-110 heavy ion cyclotron has been developed and created at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for the BETA research and production complex in Dubna (Russia), which allows producing intense accelerated Ar, Kr, and Xe ion beams with a fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. Commissioning works on the cyclotron complex, during which the design parameters were obtained, were carried out at the end of 2012. During commissioning of the accelerator, vertical displacement of the beam was found at the final acceleration radii and during its extraction. It is shown that the main cause of this displacement was the occurrence of a radial component of the magnetic field in the median plane of the magnet caused by asymmetry of the magnetic circuit. Vertical beam displacement was corrected by creating asymmetry of the current in the main electromagnet winding of the DC-110 cyclotron.     

Optically detected cyclotron resonance in Ge and Si exchange interaction in impact dissociation

We have investigated optically detected cyclotron resonance (ODCR) and ordinary cyclotron resonance (CR) under the same condition, in Ge and Si, which include both high-purity and doped samples. In impact dissociation processes, which are the origin of ODCR, donorbound excitons have larger cross section for impinging electrons than for holes, and conversely, acceptor- bound excitons have larger cross section for holes than for electrons. Moreover, the ratio of impact dissociation cross section for holes to that for electrons varies with the number of excitons bound to an impurity. These phenomena are understood primarily in terms of exchange interaction between impinging carriers and constituents of bound excitons. In addition, it is found that the relative intensity of hole cyclotron resonance against electron resonance is larger in ODCR than in CR. This is understood in terms of exchange interaction by taking the many valley nature of the conduction band into account.     

Design of the Upgraded TJ-II Quasi-optical Transmission Line

TJ-II plasma start-up and heating are made by electron cyclotron resonance waves at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. Two quasi-optical transmission lines transmit the microwave power of the gyrotrons to the vacuum vessel. The first line launches the microwave power under fixed injection geometry, i.e. there is no possibility to change the launching angle and the wave polarization. The second line has a moveable mirror installed inside the TJ-II vessel. To get high absorption efficiency and a narrow energy deposition profile the internal mirror focuses the wave beam at plasma center.To get more flexibility in the experiments on heating and current drive the first transmission line needs to be upgraded. The design is presented in this paper. The new launching antenna includes an internal mirror to focus the beam and to change the injection angle. Both launchers are then symmetrical. A polarizer consisting of two corrugated mirrors is used to get any wave polarization. Two mirrors with an array of coupling holes and calorimetric measurements of the energy absorbed in the barrier window allow the estimation of the microwave power launched into the TJ-II.