谱域光学相干层析系统中基于解卷积方法的像质优化

谱域光学相干层析（spectral domain optical coherence tomography, 简记为SD-OCT）系统的轴向点扩散函数（point spread function, 简记为PSF）并不具备空不变特性,无法直接应用于解卷积运算.为实现SD-OCT系统成像质量基于解卷积算法的优化,本文采用数值校正后的轴向扫描信号和轴向有效PSF来实施基于Lucy-Richardson算法的解卷积运算,进而实现了SD-OCT系统中图像质量尤其是轴向分辨率的改善.本文理论分析了SD-OCT系统中导致轴向有效PSF随成像深度增大而下降和图像模糊的因素,阐述了利用解卷积算法实现图像质量优化的过程,基于建立的SD-OCT系统实施了不同成像深度位置处PSF的标定,并利用离散轴向位置处PSF的峰值拟合了轴向有效PSF的调制函数.利用调制函数对所有轴向扫描信号进行数值校正,然后根据轴向有效PSF进行解卷积算法.典型样品的解卷积图像重建结果表明,提出的解卷积方法能有效提高系统的轴向分辨率,同时有效抑制系统灵敏度随成像深度增大而下降的趋势. 关键词： 谱域光学相干层析 Lucy-Richardson解卷积 有效点扩散函数     

超高分辨光学相干层析成像技术与材料检测应用

本文报道了一种超高分辨率谱域光学相干层析成像(SD-OCT)系统. 该系统基于超连续谱激光光源并截取部分光谱作为宽带光源, 其中心波长为665 nm, 光谱半高全宽(FWHM) 230 nm. 系统轴向分辨率0.9 μm, 轴向扫描速率28600行/秒, 横向分辨率3.9 μm, 横向视场1 mm, 最大成像深度0.6 mm(空气中). 利用研制的超高分辨率SD-OCT系统, 对不同型号的工业砂纸精细结构进行了成像, 并与普通SD-OCT的成像结果进行对比, 充分展示了研制系统在材料无损检测中优势.     

基于模糊度量的激光水下图像复原的盲去卷积方法

由于水体对激光存在着不可克服的吸收和散射效应,距离选通水下激光成像系统所获得的图像存在不同程度的劣化问题,具有信噪比低、边缘模糊等特点.为提高图像质量,将基于模糊度量的盲去卷积方法应用于激光水下成像的图像复原中.结合威尔斯小角度近似得出的点扩展函数与调制传递函数,分别讨论了最大期望,最小均方与多次乘法迭代盲去卷积算法,...     

射线平板探测器成像系统的数理模型

非晶硅X射线数字平板探测器是目前唯一可取代胶片照相的新型技术,对其成像特性的研究已成为高像质的DR和三维CT检测技术的基础。目前X射线成像系统均是以线性时不变理论作为分析基础的。基于X射线平板探测器成像系统、成像机理和几何参数建立了成像系统的点扩展函数(PSF)。用圆柱体等效二维PSF模型,使成像系统退化为比例系统,从而把复杂的反卷积运算转化成用代数方程来求解,能够快速实现通过探测器输出图像来估计透照工件的二维输入图像。此模型的建立为在实际检测中利用输出的图像通过线性变换得到输入估计。在DR系统中,基于上述数理模型建立了灵敏度模型,利用输出场强可以很好的再现输入场强。     

自适应激光共焦高速扫描显微成像错位校正算法

往复式逐行扫描是一种提高激光共焦扫描显微成像帧速的有效方式,然而随着帧速的提高,这种扫描方式在图像重构时会带来更严重的图像错位。根据高速振镜运动特性,分析了激光共焦高速扫描显微成像系统逐行扫描下的重构图像错位原理,设计了基于形态学梯度的重构图像错位评价算法,并且结合搜索错位评价最小点的单目标约束粒子群算法实现了重构图像错位校正。经实验验证,该算法适用于成像帧速高达300 frame/s的重构图像错位校正;与未进行错位校正的图像相比,校正后的成像分辨率提高了68.83%,同时该算法能够适用于不同振镜搭配方式和不同扫描帧速的图像重构。     

基于图像信息熵的ptychography轴向距离误差校正

在轴向距离参与运算的ptychography算法中,轴向距离误差会使重建图像变模糊并降低图像的分辨率.本文基于菲涅耳衍射理论建立了轴向距离误差模型,根据不同轴向距离误差对重构图像清晰度的影响,提出用图像信息熵确定图像最清晰时的轴向距离,并重建出清晰的ptychography图像.比较了图像能量变化、Tamura系数和图像信息熵这三种图像清晰度评价函数在轴向距离误差校正过程中的分布情况,发现它们均具有单峰性,且峰值确定的轴向距离相同.图像信息熵相比其他两种图像清晰度评价函数具有更高的灵敏性.仿真以及实验均证明了基于图像信息熵的ptychography轴向误差校正的可行性.     

多帧迭代盲解卷积在激光反射断层成像的应用

激光反射断层成像是一种新型的远距离高分辨率成像手段。反射回波可以近似视作发射脉冲和目标反射系数投影分布的加噪卷积,因此发射脉冲的展宽将显著影响重建图像的分辨率。现有的滤波反投影方法不能有效解决这个问题,而脉冲压缩和解卷积可以从回波中还原目标反射率分布投影,进而提高重建图像质量。基于多角度测量的相似性,提出了一种多帧迭代盲解卷积逼近方法,对一维回波信号进行解卷积,并在实际激光雷达上进行了实验,重建结果表明,此算法能显著提高成像的分辨率和细节,并能对发射脉冲给出参考。     

双树复数小波变换的视网膜图像半盲解卷积复原

针对导致自适应光学视网膜图像降质退化的原因,提出了一种结合双树复数小波变换(DTCWT)和图像半盲解卷积复原算法的方法。首先,对经过自适应光学实时校正技术得到的视网膜图像进行DT-CWT分解,得到低频和高频部分应的图像。将自适应光学成像系统中残余像差重建的光学传递函数作为图像复原模型的初始估计点扩散函数(PSF),并对低频部分图像进行条件约束的迭代半盲解卷积复原;对高频部分的图像进行去噪处理。最后,将处理后的高频和低频部分图像进行双树复数小波逆变换,获得复原图像。实验和结果表明:由该方法处理的视网膜细胞图像质量得到明显提高,图像客观质量评价参数相对于原始图像提高了5倍多;在视网膜细胞的空间频率范围内(70~90(°)~1),复原图像功率谱平均值提高了5倍左右,有助于对视网膜细胞的高分辨率观察。     

基于菲涅耳透镜色散的双波长荧光显微深度成像

提出一种非轴向扫描的细胞显微深度成像技术,在显微系统中加入菲涅耳透镜,利用菲涅耳透镜的色散将不同激发光波长聚焦到不同的轴向位置,以实现对两个或多个焦平面同时成像.基于405nm和532nm两种激发光波长,在传统的荧光显微镜的激发路径中加入对应的两个成像探测器来探测两个不同焦平面所对应像面的成像信息,搭建得到一个能够实现探测深度约为12μm的基于菲涅耳透镜的荧光显微深度成像系统,并与基于显微物镜色差无菲涅耳透镜的荧光显微深度成像系统的成像深度和轴向分辨率进行实验对比.实验结果表明:加入菲涅耳透镜能够实现系统对不同焦面的同时成像;对于同一荧光波段,保证系统横向分辨率的同时,扩大了成像景深.该系统可以实现荧光生物细胞内部不同深度处的多波段同时探测.     

空间变化PSF非盲去卷积图像复原法综述

传统的图像复原一般认为点扩散函数(PSF)是空间不变的,实际光学系统由于受到像差等因素的影响,并非严格的线性空间不变系统,基于空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原法逐渐体现其优越性。空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原法先准确估计图像空间变化的PSF,再利用非盲去卷积算法对图像进行复原,有利于恢复出高质量图像。本文从算法的角度综述了近几年提出的基于空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原方法,并对比了基于强边缘预测估计PSF的非盲去卷积法、基于模糊噪声图像对PSF估计非盲去卷积法等算法的优缺点,各算法分别在PSF估计精确度、振铃效应抑制效果、适用范围等方面体现出各自的优劣。空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原法的研究,有利于推进图像复原技术向更高水平发展,使光学系统往轻小型化方向发展,从而在多个科学领域发挥其重要作用。     

利用维纳滤波改善声透镜光声成像系统的分辨率

为了克服衍射效应对光声成像系统分辨率的限制,需要采用逆卷积方法进行图像反演.从理论上分析了声透镜成像原理,模拟仿真了声透镜的点扩展函数对声透镜成像系统分辨率的影响和维纳滤波解卷积方法复原光声成像的过程,并利用自搭建的声透镜光声成像系统进行了深入的实验研究,得到了物平面上相距4 mm和3 mm的两个黑胶带点的直接成像光声...     

Application of multi-frame approach in single-frame blind deconvolution

A new single-frame blind deconvolution algorithm for the linear shift-invariant imaging system is presented. The algorithm processes the partial images segmented from one single degraded image by multi-frame approach to recover the point spread function (PSF). Then a deconvolution method is employed to restore the whole image with the recovered PSF. In addition, in order to improve the fidelity and resolution of the recovered PSF, the coprimeness of the partial images is utilized. Results of simulated and real atmospheric turbulence degraded images using the algorithm are reported.     

Compressed sensing with linear-in-wavenumber sampling in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

We propose a novel method called compressed sensing with linear-in-wavenumber sampling (k-linear CS) to retrieve an image for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). An array of points that is evenly spaced in wavenumber domain is sampled from an original interferogram by a preset k-linear mask. Then the compressed sensing based on l1 norm minimization is applied on these points to reconstruct an A-scan data. To get an OCT image, this method uses less than 20% of the total data as required in the typical process and gets rid of the spectral calibration with numerical interpolation in traditional CS-OCT. Therefore k-linear CS is favorable for high speed imaging. It is demonstrated that the k-linear CS has the same axial resolution performance with ～30 dB higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as compared with the numerical interpolation. Imaging of bio-tissue by SD-OCT with k-linear CS is also demonstrated.     

Deconvolution of vibroacoustic images using a simulation model based on a three dimensional point spread function

Vibro-acoustography (VA) is a medical imaging method based on the difference-frequency generation produced by the mixture of two focused ultrasound beams. VA has been applied to different problems in medical imaging such as imaging bones, microcalcifications in the breast, mass lesions, and calcified arteries. The obtained images may have a resolution of 0.7–0.8 mm. Current VA systems based on confocal or linear array transducers generate C-scan images at the beam focal plane. Images on the axial plane are also possible, however the system resolution along depth worsens when compared to the lateral one. Typical axial resolution is about 1.0 cm. Furthermore, the elevation resolution of linear array systems is larger than that in lateral direction. This asymmetry degrades C-scan images obtained using linear arrays. The purpose of this article is to study VA image restoration based on a 3D point spread function (PSF) using classical deconvolution algorithms: Wiener, constrained least-squares (CLSs), and geometric mean filters. To assess the filters’ performance on the restored images, we use an image quality index that accounts for correlation loss, luminance and contrast distortion. Results for simulated VA images show that the quality index achieved with the Wiener filter is 0.9 (when the index is 1.0 this indicates perfect restoration). This filter yielded the best result in comparison with the other ones. Moreover, the deconvolution algorithms were applied to an experimental VA image of a phantom composed of three stretched 0.5 mm wires. Experiments were performed using transducer driven at two frequencies, 3075 kHz and 3125 kHz, which resulted in the difference-frequency of 50 kHz. Restorations with the theoretical line spread function (LSF) did not recover sufficient information to identify the wires in the images. However, using an estimated LSF the obtained results displayed enough information to spot the wires in the images. It is demonstrated that the phase of the theoretical and the experimental PSFs are dissimilar. This fact prevents VA image restoration with the current theoretical PSF. This study is a preliminary step towards understanding the restoration of VA images through the application of deconvolution filters.     

X光能点、放大倍率及针孔尺寸对空间分辨的影响

X光针孔成像是惯性约束聚变(ICF)研究中重要的诊断方法,对其点扩散函数的计算可用于图像重建和系统空间分辨的判断。对菲涅耳衍射公式进行了化简,分析了X光能点、针孔尺寸及放大倍率对针孔点扩散函数的影响。实验在保证成像能获得足够高信噪比的条件下,通过模拟获得在最佳空间分辨时所要的针孔大小、放大倍率和X光能点等参数。在流体力学不稳定性的静态样品定标实验中,通过模拟获得了针孔的调制传递函数(MTF),结合实验测量的结果反推获得分幅相机本身的MTF值。同时采用测刀边函数的方法获得了分幅相机本身的刀边函数,进而得到相机在各空间频率下的MTF值。两种方法得到的分幅相机MTF值一致,验证了通过菲涅耳衍射模拟X光针孔成像的可行性。     

A piecewise local regularized Richardson-Lucy algorithm for remote sensing image deconvolution

As it is not possible to obtain an accurate point spread function (PSF) in remote sensing imaging, classic deconvolution methods such as Wiener filtering often introduce strong noise and ringing artifacts, which contaminate the restored images. In this paper, we modify the standard Richarson-Lucy (RL) algorithm with a piecewise local regularization term and combine it with residual deconvolution method. Experimental results show that it is effective in suppressing negative effects, and images with rich details and sharp edges are obtained.     

High resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using a thermal light source

A high resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system based on a thermal light source was presented. A novel normalized method was introduced to remove the background noise and the DC noise of the interference spectrum. A Gaussian spectral calibration procedure was performed to improve axial resolution and image quality before reconstructing OCT image. With the proposed method, the quality of the obtained images was greatly improved. Two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional images with axial resolution of 1.2?μm were obtained. Furthermore, the film thickness of single-layer film sample was obtained. The experimental result demonstrates the SD-OCT system has potential for film thickness measurement and surface topography.     

Optimization of sparse synthetic transmit aperture imaging with coded excitation and frequency division

An effective aperture approach is used for optimization of a sparse synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging system with coded excitation and frequency division. A new two-stage algorithm is proposed for optimization of both the positions of the transmit elements and the weights of the receive elements. In order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in a synthetic aperture system, temporal encoding of the excitation signals is employed. When comparing the excitation by linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals and phase shift key modulation (PSKM) signals, the analysis shows that chirps are better for excitation, since at the output of a compression filter the sidelobes generated are much smaller than those produced by the binary PSKM signals. Here, an implementation of a fast STA imaging is studied by spatial encoding with frequency division of the LFM signals. The proposed system employs a 64-element array with only four active elements used during transmit. The two-dimensional point spread function (PSF) produced by such a sparse STA system is compared to the PSF produced by an equivalent phased array system, using the Field II simulation program. The analysis demonstrates the superiority of the new sparse STA imaging system while using coded excitation and frequency division. Compared to a conventional phased array imaging system, this system acquires images of equivalent quality 60 times faster, when the transmit elements are fired in pairs consecutively and the power level used during transmit is very low. The fastest acquisition time is achieved when all transmit elements are fired simultaneously, which improves detectability, but at the cost of a slight degradation of the axial resolution. In real-time implementation, however, it must be borne in mind that the frame rate of a STA imaging system depends not only on the acquisition time of the data but also on the processing time needed for image reconstruction. Comparing to phased array imaging, a significant increase in the frame rate of a STA imaging system is possible if and only if an equivalent time efficient algorithm is used for image reconstruction.