Atmospheric-induced aberration correction using feedback interferometer

We present a practical adaptive optics system based on feedback interferometry. The system consists a polarizing radial-sheared Sagnac interferometer incorporating a multi-segmented mirror for wavefront correction. Correction of atmospheric aberration is demonstrated.     

Shockwave Visualization Using Holographic Interferometer

High-speed holographic interferometry was employed to visualize and record Shockwave phenomena. We performed three kinds of holographic interferometry for visualization and recording of the propagation of a Shockwave: a real-time holographic interferometer with a high-speed framing camera, a real-time holographic interferometer with a high-speed streak camera and a double-pulse laser holographic interferometer with a dual-reference-beam module. The experimental results were compared and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The experimental results clearly show the high-speed Shockwave propagation and give the feasibility of quantitative interpretation of high-speed gas-dynamics.     

Closed-loop adaptive optics in the human eye

We have developed a prototype apparatus for real-time closed-loop measurement and correction of aberrations in the human eye. The apparatus uses infrared light to measure the wave-front aberration at 25 Hz with a Hartmann-Shack sensor. Defocus is removed by a motorized optometer, and higher-order aberrations are corrected by a membrane deformable mirror. The device was first tested with an artificial eye. Correction of static aberrations takes approximately five iterations, making the system capable of following aberration changes at 5 Hz. This capability allows one to track most of the aberration dynamics in the eye. Results in living eyes showed effective closed-loop correction of aberrations, with a residual uncorrected wave front of 0.1microm for a 4.3-mm pupil diameter. Retinal images of a point source in different subjects with and without adaptive correction of aberrations were estimated in real time. The results demonstrate real-time closed-loop correction of aberration in the living eye. An application of this device is as electro-optic "spectacles" to improve vision.     

Model-based adaptive non-null interferometry for freeform surface metrology

A model-based adaptive non-null interferometry(MANI) is proposed for steep optical freeform surfaces in situ testing. The deformable mirror(DM) affording the flexible compensation is monitored with the beam in the interferometer by a wavefront sensor. The residual wavefront aberration in the non-null interferogram is eliminated by the multi-configuration ray tracing algorithm based on the system model, especially the DM surface model. The final figure error can be extracted together with the surface misalignment aberration correction.Experiments proving the feasibility of the MANI are shown.     

Aberration correction and its automatic control in scanning electron microscopes

An automatic aberration correction method has been implemented in scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Necessity of the automatic aberration correction is discussed. The procedure of the automatic aberration correction is explained in detail, where deconvolution techniques are used in order to extract probe information from SEM images. Due to the precise digitization and the usage of proper combinations of correction fields, linearity has been found between the amplitude of each aberration and the corresponding field strength. Experimental results are shown which demonstrate that the aberrations are corrected automatically by a linear feedback control method. After the automatic aberration correction, the image quality has been improved drastically.     

Recent contribution in color interferometry and applications to high-speed flows

Recent improvements brought to color interferometry for analyzing high-speed flows are described through different applications. First, the optical technique based on differential interferometry using a polarized white light and one or two Wollaston prisms allows to record high-speed interferograms of the flow downstream of a circular cylinder. Then, this technique has been applied to axisymmetric flows for studying an interaction between a supersonic hot jet and a coaxial supersonic flow. Another application concerns the study of hypersonic flows using Wollaston prisms with a large birefringence angle. Finally, the analysis of gaseous mixture and the evolution of two-gases interface submitted to an acceleration is presented. Interferograms analysis is made from a modeling of interference fringes versus the optical path difference which allows to easily extract quantitative information of the gas density. In order to obtain absolute measurements of the gas density, real-time holographic interferometry has been developed using a three-color laser source and a panchromatic holographic plate. The technique generates the achromatic white fringe which makes the zero order of interference fringes easy to identify. An application is presented in a 2D subsonic wind tunnel, in which the unsteady wake flow past a cylinder is recorded at high framing rate. In this optical setup, transmission holograms are used. As a conclusion, an approach is proposed to analyze the 3D flows from real-time color holographic interferometry using reflection holograms and the problems to solve are described.     

外腔镜非线性运动对激光回馈应力测量系统精度的影响及修正

基于激光的回馈效应可实现光学材料应力分布的测量, 而系统外腔镜的非线性运动会引起测量结果的误差, 影响系统的精度. 利用高精度Nd:YAG激光回馈干涉仪对外腔镜的位移随时间的变化进行测量, 采用高次拟合的方式得到位移与时间函数关系, 并利用三镜腔等效模型的调谐曲线方程, 对非线性运动引入的应力测量误差进行计算, 实现对系统精度的修正. 结果表明: 外腔镜运动方向不同, 引起的误差呈现相反的变化趋势; 将不同方向的测量结果进行平均, 可减小系统的测量误差. 分析了外腔镜非线性运动带来的误差对系统测量精度的影响, 提出了测量误差修正方法, 对提高系统的测量精度具有重要意义.     

基于矢量波像差理论的两反光学系统装调研究

 为了实现对两反光学系统的精密装调,提出一种基于矢量波像差理论和波像差检测技术对失调量精确求解的装调方法。使用矢量波像差理论,将已设计的两反光学系统参数、失调量和失调光学系统的波像差之间建立方程;然后通过干涉测量法得到某一个视场的干涉图,利用条纹分析软件得到表征失调系统三阶彗差和三阶像散的泽尼克项系数,将泽尼克项系数代入方程从而求解出失调量。运用此方法对4 m口径RITCHEY-CHR-TIEN结构的天文望远镜进行模拟装调,最终求解的失调量与引入的失调量结果相互吻合,说明该装调方法正确。     

用粒子群算法进行单个非球面透镜的球差校正

为设计出符合球差要求的单个非球面透镜,把粒子群算法应用到单个非球面透镜的球差校正中,构造相应的数学模型,并编程实现算法.设计关于非球面高次多项式的顶点曲率半径,高次多项式各项系数,透镜面之间的距离和玻璃折射率等光学系统结构参数的适应度函数,用这个函数作为评价函数,实现对球差的自动校正.给出用粒子群算法进行单个非球面透镜设计的实例,结果证明:粒子群算法用于非球面透镜的球差校正简单有效,能同时校正不同入射高处的球差,且容易发现一系列好的设计结果.从实际光学设计角度呈现使用这种方法进行单个非球面透镜的自动设计分析.     

变形镜对千赫兹掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光频谱相位补偿

尝试用光谱展宽的方法从频谱相位(而非时域相位)的角度利用变形反射镜来补偿1kHz飞秒激光系统输出光路的频谱相位畸变,从而提高飞秒激光脉冲的时域强度衬比度,改善其光束质量。频谱相位补偿实验是在一台1kHz掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光系统输出光路中,针对超短脉冲光束通过传输介质后的频谱相位畸变,引入变形反射镜进行补偿。应用频谱相位干涉直接电场重构(SPIDER)方法和仪器作为测量手段,建立了一套相位测量补偿系统。实验结果表明用变形反射镜可使激光脉冲的相位畸变得到较好的补偿,脉冲的光束质量得到改善。这种方法的主要思想就是将相位补偿转换为空问的光程控制,控制简单且损耗很低,是自适应光学中具有应用前景的一种补偿方法。     

无焦压缩光路系统的计算机辅助装调方法

为了解决随机成分多、调节灵敏度高的离轴反射式系统的精确装调问题,介绍了干涉测量与计算机优化技术相结合的方法,建立了各元件失调量与初级像差之间的关系,以及元件间的像差相互补偿关系,通过干涉测量采集系统全视场的波前差,反向优化得到各元件的失调量,在波长为632.8 nm时,无焦压缩光路系统全视场平均出射波前优于RMS0.055 ,压缩比误差小于5,实现了无焦压缩光路系统高精度、高效率的装调。     

移相干涉测量术及其应用

为了对移相式数字干涉仪在光学元件测量中的应用有全面了解，介绍了移相干涉术的基本原理。结合激光数字波面干涉仪，阐述移相干涉术的四步重叠平均算法、压电晶体移相器(PZT)的结构、3 PZT的组合方法、移相器的标定误差和非线性误差的校正方法、波面相位解包的自适应种子算法、波面相位的评价指标等内容。结合移相数字波面干涉仪，叙述了移相干涉测量技术在普通光学元件、红外光学元件、大口径光学元件、非球面光学元件等测量中的应用并指出了应用过程中的注意事项。最后明确指出光干涉技术正沿着高相位分辨率、高空间分辨率、宽波段和瞬态高速测量的方向发展，并将会在瞬态波前测量、微机械的微结构动态分析等方面有着越来越广泛的应用。     

DMA在高速红外图像实时处理系统中的应用

针对某红外成像定位系统对红外序列图像处理和诸如图像去噪、非均匀性校正、图像自适应分割、图像测量、数模解算等算法的实时性能要求，提出采用DSP DMA（存储器直接访问）方式处理系统中的转移和大量交换高效方案。以AD21062和EP1C6组成的数字图像处理系统为例，介绍DMA操作在高速红外实时图像处理系统中的应用，并给出具体的设计。实验表明，该设计方案可以使DSP从大量的数据搬移操作中解脱出来，专门的图像处理算法操作能够有效地提高数字图像处理系统的实时性，解决了系统的瓶颈问题。     

Adaptive wave-front correction by means of all-optical feedback interferometry

A novel adaptive wave-front correction system based on an all-optical feedback interferometer is described. In this system the two-dimensional output fringe intensity from a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with large radial shear is optically fed back to an optically addressed phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. Consequently, without a separate aberration-free reference wave, the modulator phase approximates the conjugate of the interferometer phase that is directly related to the phase of the input aberrated wave front, so this system is applicable in adaptive optics. We successfully achieved real-time correction of aberrated wave fronts: A diffraction pattern that was seriously distorted because of aberrations was transformed into a diffraction-limited spot immediately after the feedback loop was closed.     

Turbulence-aberration correction with high-speed high-gain optical phase conjugation in sodium vapor

Optical aberrations that are due to high-speed turbulence in the aero-optical regime are corrected with optical phase conjugation based on coherent population trapping in sodium vapor. Experimental measurements of an unheated, forced helium jet in air have demonstrated aberration correction by a factor of 7.8 at a forcing frequency of 18kHz with an optical power gain of 32.     

Aberration correction of a single aspheric lens with particle swarm algorithm

In order to design a single aspheric lens to meet the requirements of spherical aberration, the particle swarm algorithm is applied to the aberration correction for a single aspheric lens. A mathematical model is constructed, and a program code is developed. Merit functions in an optical system are employed as fitness functions, which combined coefficients of a higher order polynomial equation, a reciprocal of radius of curvature, the conic constant, thicknesses among lens surfaces and refractive indices regarding an optical system. By using this function, the automatic correction of spherical aberration is carried out. The example for a single aspheric lens design using particle swarm algorithm shows that PSO as a tool of the spherical aberration correction for a single aspheric lens is simple and effective, and easy to find a series of good design results. The asphere's more complex surface profile can reduce or eliminate easily spherical aberration at different incidence heights at one time. The automatic design and analysis of a single aspheric lens using this method from the view of a particular optical design problem are presented.     

双变形镜自适应光学系统像差解耦研究

对由大行程变形镜和高空间频率变形镜组成的双变形镜自适应光学系统中的像差解耦原理和限定像差校正算法做了理论分析。认为在高空间频率变形镜的斜率响应矩阵中加入限定像差向量,根据直接斜率法分别计算出两个变形镜的控制电压,可以实现两个变形镜分别对低阶像差和高阶像差的闭环校正。仿真研究了19单元变形镜和61单元变形镜组成的双变形镜自适应光学系统对低阶像差和高阶像差分别校正的情况,结果说明双变形镜自适应光学系统的校正效果与理想行程的单变形镜自适应光学系统的校正效果相当,避免了制作同时具有大行程和高空间频率两个特征的变形镜。     

Conditions for identical position of optimal image plane for axial imaging with different values of f-number

By analysis of the dependence of longitudinal spherical aberration on the numerical aperture, it is possible to find such values of the numerical aperture, where spherical aberration is zero. Such values of the numerical aperture are called correction zones. The work theoretically analyses the described problem and equations are given for wave aberration coefficients using correction zones for spherical aberration of the third and the fifth order. Our work presents an analysis of optimal values of correction zones and an optimal position of the center of the reference sphere based on the variance of wave aberration for the image quality evaluation. Relations are described for calculation of correction zones of an optical system having an identical position of the optimal image plane for two values of the f-number. The analysis of optical systems using correction zones is performed on an example.     

微机械薄膜变形镜校正性能及控制算法

通过对微机械薄膜变形镜影响函数矩阵的奇异值分解,构建了变形镜可以校正的像差模式空间,分析了变形镜对正交基模式的校正能力和校正范围,提出了一种变形镜闭环迭代控制算法。通过对影响函数矩阵低秩近似的方法滤除校正性能较差的基模式的影响,实现了对畸变像差的有选择校正。以人眼出射波前为对象进行实验,通过比较不同模式项数校正时的效果,确定了最优校正模式项数的范围,通过设置残差容限的方法,消除了人眼晃动和眨眼的影响。实验结果表明:控制算法能通过选择合适的校正项数,提高变形镜的校正性能,并获取到了高清晰度的人眼视网膜图像,为眼科疾病诊断和治疗提供了一种新的观察手段。     

一种新型人眼波前像差测量补偿系统的研究

离焦是人眼中最主要的像差之一,离焦量过大会严重影响人眼波前像差的测量及矫正精度。为了消除离焦在此方面带来的影响,设计了带有补偿装置的人眼波前像差测量及矫正系统。重点分析了该系统的原理、结构和工作流程。运用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量了人眼波前像差,并使用变形反射镜对人眼波前像差进行矫正。对模拟人眼矫正离焦前后的光斑点阵图和波前三维重构图进行了对比分析。研究表明,通过离焦补偿系统对模拟人眼的离焦量进行矫正,使被测量人眼的离焦量由2.020D和-2.035D分别减小到0.011D和-0.007D;通过调焦系统,使显示器上显示出的人眼光斑点阵图由模糊变清晰,提高了信标光在人眼眼底的成像质量。