遗传算法在自适应光学系统中的应用

为了校正激光光束的波前像差,建立了一套无需直接探测波前信息的自适应光学(AO)系统模型,提出了一种基于实数编码的高斯变异的遗传算法(GA)用来控制61单元压电变形镜补偿波前像差,并仿真利用此算法控制61单元变形镜校正由变形镜本身产生的像差。结果表明,这种算法能够找到补偿各种像差所需的变形镜的最优面型。像差校正后,焦平面的峰值光强最多能够提高30倍。环围斯特尔比值(Strehl ratio)最多能够从校正前的0.032提高到0.96,变形镜61个驱动器后的电压值收敛性能良好。     

非球面数字波面检测技术

提出了一种快速检测浅度非球面（非球面度小于0.01 mm）的方法,该方法无需补偿器或其他辅助光学元件进行零位补偿。用移相干涉仪直接测量正轴或离轴的浅度凹非球面,剔除平移、倾斜、失焦等调整误差后,得到实际被测镜面的面形分布数据;根据正轴或离轴的浅度凹非球面矢高方程计算理想非球面的面形分布数据,得到理论波面数据,用实测的面形分布数据减去理论的面形分布数据即可得到被检非球面的剩余波像差,即面形误差。利用该方法测量了一口径为135 mm的双曲面,并用零位补偿法加以验证。两种方法的检测结果精度相当,说明数字波面法可实际应用于正轴或离轴的浅度凹非球面的检测。     

Individual eye model based on wavefront aberration

Based on the widely used Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, the individual human eye model has been established here, which has individual corneal data, anterior chamber depth and the eyeball depth. Furthermore, the foremost thing is that the wavefront aberration calculated from the individual eye model is equal to the eye's wavefront aberration measured with the Hartmann-shack wavefront sensor. There are four main steps to build the model. Firstly, the corneal topography instrument was used to measure the corneal surfaces and depth. And in order to input cornea into the optical model, high-order aspheric surface-Zernike Fringe Sag surface was chosen to fit the corneal surfaces. Secondly, the Hartmann-shack wavefront sensor, which can offer the Zernike polynomials to describe the wavefront aberration, was built to measure the wavefront aberration of the eye. Thirdly, the eye's axial lengths among every part were measured with A-ultrasonic technology. Then the data were input into the optical design software–ZEMAX and the crystalline lens's shapes were optimized with the aberration as the merit function. The individual eye model, which has the same wavefront aberrations with the real eye, is established.     

The study of wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model

Theoretical calculations of the wavelength dependence of the ocular wavefront aberrations are performed with individual eye model. Individual eye model, based on the traditional Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, has been established with measured individual cornea data, eyeball depth and wavefront aberrations. We analyze the wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations at 12 different visible wavelengths (between 400 and 750 nm) for eight eyes. The change of defocus with wavelength (longitudinal chromatic aberration, LCA) is noticeable, and in good agreement with the results from references. In most cases, the primary spherical aberration changes significantly with wavelength. In comparison with the primary spherical aberration, the other higher-order wavefront aberrations have a smaller change with wavelength. These results have potential applications in those situations where defocus or higher-order wavefront aberrations information in arbitrary wavelength is required.     

基于主观式测量人眼波前像差的眼模型研究

通过主观式光线追踪波前像差测量方法得到用Zernike系数描述的人眼波前像差;在Gullstrand-Le Grand眼模型的基础上,引入用医用角膜地形图仪测量并用高次非球面函数拟合的实际人眼角膜形状数据,又引入角膜、前房及玻璃体厚度等个体化的眼结构参数;在光学建模软件Zemax中用所测Zernike系数建立评价函数,并对用Zernike矢高面描绘的晶状体表面进行优化.由此建立了个体化眼模型,并由此模型中可以计算得到与实际测量的波前像差值完全相同的各项Zernike系数值,从而可用于描述实际人眼的光学特性.     

光栅波像差对脉冲压缩的影响

 采用光线追迹的方法，对脉冲压缩光栅系统波像差进行理论研究，构建了有像差脉冲压缩光栅对分析模型，使用该模型通过模拟计算得出了波像差对脉冲压缩效果的影响。理论分析结果表明：脉冲压缩光栅系统最大波像差不大于λ/4时，脉冲压缩比的最大变化率约为2%。脉冲压缩光栅对系统达到衍射极限时，在选择适当的入射角度时,光栅波像差所引起的脉冲压缩比变化并不大。     

Aberration theory of plane‐symmetric grating systems

Aberration theory of plane‐symmetric optical systems of mirror and grating has been developed based on the wavefront aberration method. A toroidal reference wavefront surface is used to define the wavefront aberration. Based on the ray geometry, the coordinate mapping relationships of the ray between the optical element and the incident and aberrated wavefronts are derived using a polynomial‐fit method; this enables the resultant coefficients of the wavefront and the transverse aberration to be kept to the fourth‐order accuracy of the aperture‐ray coordinates. By setting up the transfer equations of the field and aperture rays, the contribution to wavefront aberrations from each mirror and grating can be added to make the aberration calculation of multi‐element systems feasible. The theory is validated by the analytic formulae of the spot diagram.     

模拟合成孔径雷达数据片波差的测量和胶片、波差的容限

本文介绍一种用马赫-陈德干涉系统测量模拟合成孔径雷达数据片波差的方法.该法能把两种原因产生的波差区分开来,即把通过胶片变形的波面与平面参考波面比较,求出胶片厚度不平产生的波差;把合成孔径雷达数据片的一级衍射波面与两个半径不等的参考球面波比较,分别求出由模拟装置产生的方位维和斜距维波差.本文给出一些实验结果和分析.这种方法还可以用于测量真实合成孔径雷达数据片的波差.由胶片厚度变化产生的波差可以用液体门补偿.但是,在实际中使用液体门是很繁复的,有时也没有必要.因此,我们认瑞利准则出发导出合成孔径雷达数据片胶片厚度变化产生的波差的容限,以此作为判断是否要用液体门的依据.     

神光II升级装置波前传输计算模型与验证

基于衍射理论和神光II升级激光装置的光路结构及光学元件波前像差,建立了激光装置光束波前像差传输计算模型,用以获取在实验中难以取得,但对激光系统设计和安全运行非常重要的变形镜校正面型、放大器动态波前像差、空间滤波器波前像差和焦斑形态等过程数据。利用该模型对激光装置常规运行时的静态传输、变形镜加压静态传输和大能量发射3种状态下的波前传输进行理论分析,计算结果与实验测量相一致,并在此基础上对变形镜未加压大能量发射波前传输进行计算。计算模型可用于指导相关器件的设计,优化激光运行控制模式,有利于提高激光装置输出波前质量。     

Measurement of Wavefront Aberration of Human Eye Using Talbot Image of Two-Dimensional Grating

The measurement of human ocular aberration is now frequently performed because of the increase in refractive surgery on the human cornea. The Hartmann-Shack (H-S) wavefront sensor is considered to be the most useful wavefront sensor, and a calculation method for wavefront aberration has been established. New methods of measuring wavefront aberrations of human eyes, using the Talbot image of a two-dimensional grating as a wavefront sensor and local shift of the Talbot image to calculate tilt of the wavefront are shown. The shift of the Talbot image was determined by comparing the phases of fundamental spatial frequency between the grating and the local patch of the Talbot image by Fourier transformation. The actual experiment was performed using a modified commercially available wavefront analyzer. Using these methods, Talbot images were obtained from model eyes and a human eye, and wavefront shapes were successfully reconstructed. Wavefront aberrations can be measured even when the obtained image is degraded by defocusing or scattering.     

Wavefront aberrations in the accommodated human eye based on individual eye model

In this research, we firstly construct individual eye models based on the wavefront and the measured cornea structure of the eyes. Then we analyze the influence of accommodation on the wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model. The individual eye model has the same wavefront aberration as that measured from Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor. The optical design software ZEMAX is used to construct the individual eye models for 20 normal eyes. Accommodative conditions are from 0 to –4 diopter in steps of one diopter. The variations of the total, the spherical, the coma and the higher-order root-mean-square wavefront aberrations, as accommodations, are illustrated. Influence of accommodation on wavefront aberration varies from individual to individual, and the variation magnitude is independent of the magnitude of the wavefront aberration of the eye.     

基于波像差检测的大口径RC光学系统装调分析

通过对520 mm口径RC系统进行面形波像差检测,并将其主、次镜各光学零件实际面形的干涉检测结果输入Code V软件进行了系统成像质量的波像差分析.分析结果与实际系统装调完成后的系统成像质量波像差检测结果对比,具有高度的一致性,说明在计算机辅助装调工艺中应用该仿真工具仿真度高,可以用于实际光学装调的仿真分析、指导光学装调.     

A modified phase diversity diffraction wavefront sensor with a grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

Phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the useful tools to estimate the wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics system. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

非均匀激光辐照下硅镜热变形对光束传输特性的影响

 使用有限元法计算了硅镜在DF化学激光器非稳腔输出的中空非均匀激光辐照下镜面温升和反射面面形随时间变化的特性,使用65阶Zernike多项式对镜面面形进行了曲面拟合,使用光线追迹的方法计算了平行光束经不同数量硅镜反射后的光束波前分布PV值、Strehl比和Zernike像差系数随时间变化的特性。计算结果表明：在典型的DF激光器输出的中空方形光束辐照下,硅反射镜的热变形将使反射光束产生波前畸变,波前畸变中,y方向像散项占据主要地位,其次是离焦项;随着激光系统中反射镜面数量的增加,高阶像差系数将逐渐增大,且波前PV值与反射次数成线性关系。     

新型离轴反射变焦距光学系统的多视场检测方法

基于对离轴反射变焦距光学系统进行计算机辅助装调研究, 需要检测离轴反射变焦距系统各个视场的波像差, 除零度视场外, 获得包括其他视场的波像差有助于提高计算机辅助装调的准确性, 但是目前已有的波像差检测方法往往只能获得系统零度视场的波像差. 本文针对这个难题提出了一种检测离轴反射变焦距光学系统各个视场波像差的方法, 并应用于离轴三反变焦距光学系统的各视场波像差仿真检测. 该方法在传统自准直干涉法的基础上进行改进, 关键在于采用变形镜代替扫描的平面镜, 并采用夏克-哈特曼波前传感器代替干涉仪, 配合精确标定的激光器光源阵列, 可以实现对离轴三反变焦距光学系统的多视场波像差同时检测. 由理论分析和仿真模拟得出, 该系统在视场(0°, 3°), (0°, 4.2°), (0°, 5.5°), (0°, 7°), (0°, 9.8°), (0°, 14°)处经过变形镜补偿后的剩余波像差的RMS值分别为0.00039λ, 0.00075λ, 0.0024λ, 0.00017λ, 0.00053λ, 0.0057λ, 分析仿真结果表明此检测方案是可行的, 且适用于离轴反射变焦距系统的计算机辅助装调技术的研究.     

基于矢量波像差理论的计算机辅助装调技术研究

在三阶矢量波像差理论的基础上,建立了系统内失调量与系统波像差Zernike系数的关系式,并以共轴三反射光学系统为数学模型进行了仿真分析.结果表明,基于矢量波像差理论的装调技术可行,并可用于大型光学系统的装调.利用该理论对一共轴非球面三反系统进行装调,最终使系统波像差RMS<0.080λ.     

鱼眼镜头光学系统的非球面优化设计

应用非球面提高光学系统成像质量是镜头设计的常用手段。基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,通过分析鱼眼镜头各光学面的波像差贡献,将波像差贡献突出的光学面作为应用非球面的待选对象,结合波像差随非球面系数的变化趋势,确定应用非球面的光学面;应用优化算法和基于光线点列图分布定义的评价函数优化鱼眼镜头系统。通过对一个鱼眼镜头实例进行非球面优化,其点列图范围从全球面优化设计时的200 μm下降到100 μm,其评价函数值下降1个数量级,证明该方法能明显提高镜头的成像质量,对如何有效应用非球面优化鱼眼镜头的光学系统具有借鉴意义。     

Method of reconstructing wavefront aberrations by use of Zernike polynomials in radial shearing interferometers

A novel method of reconstructing wavefront aberrations by use of Zernike polynomials for radial shearing interferometers is discussed. This method uses matrix formalism to calculate the Zernike coefficients of a wavefront under test and shows the validity of reconstructing an arbitrary wavefront aberration from an interferogram taken by a radial shearing interferometer. We also propose a new interferometer setup to determine the shape and the direction (concave or convex) of wavefront aberration in a single measurement.     

Analysis and demonstration of multiplexed phase computer-generated hologram for modal wavefront sensing

We propose to implement a modal wavefront sensor (MWS) using a multiplexed phase computer-generated hologram (MPCGH). Based on general orthogonal aberration modes, the theoretical treatments of the MWS employing a MPCGH are presented with scalar diffraction approximations and Fourier analysis. Under the small aberration approximations, we give the analytical formula for characterizing the relationship between the sensor signal and the amplitude of the aberration mode. We design several MPCGHs with an effective method of modified off-axis reference beam holograms superposition, and code some common orthogonal Zernike aberration modes into the MPCGH. The numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the performance of MWS to detect particular aberration mode(s). The results exhibit the expected responses of the corresponding symmetric spot pair, and indicate that the wavefront distorted by a special Zernike aberration mode, after modulated by the MPCGH, can be transformed into beams with an intensity-normalized differential signal, which can reflect the change trend of the aberration coefficients in the test wavefront. The experimental demonstration with designed MPCGHs in conjunction with two phase-only spatial light modulators was carried out to test the performance of the MWS.