超导材料的发展与研究现状

新型超导材料一直是人类追求的目标。该文主要从超导材料的探索与发现、制备技术、基础研究面临的挑战等几个方面来探讨超导材料的发展与研究现状。     

超导体在低温液体泵中的应用研究与发展现状

由于低温液体泵固有的低温工作环境可为超导材料提供冷却条件而省去制冷系统,将超导材料应用于低温液体泵具有显著优势。本文针对高可靠性低温液体泵在低温流体输送中的应用需求,介绍了传统低温液体泵的应用背景及其存在的问题; 总结了国内外超导技术应用于低温液体泵的研究现状,详细讨论了低温泵用超导电机、低温泵用超导磁悬浮轴承和其他结构超导低温泵的研究热点和发展趋势; 在此基础上,提出一种轴向磁通盘式电机驱动的超导磁悬浮低温潜液泵。其离心泵叶轮和盘式电机转子在超导磁悬浮轴承系统的悬浮支撑下可实现无接触转矩传动和无摩擦旋转运行,该新型结构超导磁悬浮低温潜液泵在结构上具有独特优势,其研发对推动超导低温液体泵技术具有促进作用。     

饱和铁芯型超导限流器的应用研究述评

在主动式短路电流控制措施中,超导故障限流器因其特殊的物理特性,具有可观的发展潜力。将饱和铁芯型超导限流器与其他几类超导限流装置进行了对比,调查分析了该类限流器及其超导材料在国内外的研究、应用进展。重点描述了国内正在试制的改进饱和铁芯型限流器的拓扑结构和工作原理,并针对此类装置的铁芯结构、直流绕组过电压、直流励磁系统等技术问题进行了讨论。从故障识别、超导材料、铁芯结构等方面分析了饱和铁芯型超导限流器未来发展的关键技术问题,为该型装备的深入研发与应用提供参考。     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式. 射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段. 射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制. 经过几十年的不断改进, 射频超导技术获得了重大突破. 射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行, 积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验. 近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目, 在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作, 主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究. 能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术. ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势, 被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

超导磁体与磁通泵

<正>超导现象发现至今已经一百多年。通常一项突破性的发现在经历一百年左右的时间就可以衍生出许多生活中普及的技术。超导作为一项高技术在应用领域的表现却不十分令人满意。其原因之一是所面临的障碍不仅仅在于技术本身,还面临低温技术难以普及和超导材料的高成本难以降低。人们期望在不久的将来可以降低低温对超导技术的限制,研究出室温超导材料,期望发现更多便于应用的超导材料。虽然目前已经发现了上万种材料具有超导特性,但其中绝大部分     

拓扑材料中的超导

近来,人们在凝聚态体系中发现了由拓扑不变量定义的物相,其中最重要的有拓扑绝缘体、拓扑半金属和拓扑超导体等.这些物相的拓扑性质由非平凡的拓扑数描述,相应的材料被称为拓扑材料,具有诸多新奇的物理特性.其中拓扑超导体由于边界上有满足非阿贝尔统计的Majorana零能模,成为实现拓扑量子计算的主要候选材料.除了探索本征的拓扑超导体外,由于拓扑性质上的相似性,在不超导的拓扑材料中调制出超导自然成为了实现拓扑超导的重要手段.目前,人们发展了栅极调制、掺杂、高压、近邻效应调制和硬针尖点接触等多种技术,已经成功地在许多拓扑绝缘体和半金属中诱导出了超导,并对超导的拓扑性和Majorana零能模进行了研究.本文回顾了本征拓扑超导候选材料,以及拓扑绝缘体和半金属中诱导出超导的代表性工作,评述了不同实验手段的优势和缺陷、分析了其超导拓扑性的证据,并提出展望.     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式.射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段.射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制.经过几十年的不断改进,射频超导技术获得了重大突破.射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行,积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验.近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目,在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作,主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究.能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术.ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势,被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

超导材料、理论新进展及应用前景

 自从1911年卡末林·昂尼斯首次发现超导电性以来,已经历了四分之三世纪以上的岁月了.然而,人类对超导电性的研究和应用仍然没有达到完美的境地.尽管如此,超导电性学科和技术仍已步入它的青壮年时期,并且人们认识到:一旦室温超导材料被发现,则人类现代技术文明的一切都将随之发生巨大变革.一、高温氧化物新超导材料的发现直到1985年,人类发现的超导材料的超导转变温度T_c都较低,只能在液态氦温度下工作,这个条件限制了超导技术的应用.想方设法提高T_c是几十年来人们努力寻求的目标,其中一个方向就是研究氧化物超导体.这始于几十年前,从当时的尺度来看,已获得T_c值不算很低的研究结果,因而一直受到关注.     

中国超导电子学研究及应用进展

超导体的发现距今已有近110年了,高温超导体的发现也已经有30多年了.超导材料的电子学应用在最近一二十年取得了突破性进展.高温超导微波器件显示了比传统微波器件更优越的性能,已经在移动通信、雷达和一些特殊通信系统中取得了规模化应用.超导量子干涉器件以其磁场和电流测量的超高灵敏度,成为地质勘探、磁共振成像和生物磁成像等领域不可替代的手段.包括超导隧道结混频器、超导热电子混频器、超导转变沿探测器及超导单光子探测器等在内的超导传感器/探测器可以探测全波段的电磁波及各种宇宙辐射,具有接近量子极限的超高灵敏度,在地球物理、天体物理、量子信息技术、材料科学及生物医学等众多前沿领域发挥越来越重要的作用.超导参量放大器已经成为实现超导量子计算的关键器件.超导集成电路技术已被列入国际器件与系统技术路线图,成为后摩尔时代微电子领域的前沿阵地之一.在计量科学中,超导约瑟夫森效应及约瑟夫森结阵器件被广泛应用于量子电压基准和国际单位制基本单位的重新定义中.在当前的量子信息技术热潮中,超导电子学扮演重要角色,同时量子热潮也大力推动了超导电子学的发展.本文主要对近几年我国超导电子学研究和应用的现状与进展进行概括总结.     

超导体的军用前景

 从目前的研究情况来看,超导技术的应用基本上可分为两类:一是用超导材料制作磁性极强的超导磁铁,用于磁约束核聚变研究和制造大容量储能装置、高能加速器、超导发电机等,以解决人类未来的能源问题;二是用超导材料薄片制作约瑟夫逊器件,用于制造高速电子计算机和灵敏度极高的电磁探测设备。 军事家们历来就是科学技术新成果的酷爱者,科学技术发展的最新成果往往首先被应用于军事。     

The emergence and policy implications of converging new technologies integrated from the nanoscale

Science based on the unified concepts on matter at the nanoscale provides a new foundation for knowledge creation, innovation, and technology integration. Convergent new technologies refers to the synergistic combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences (NBIC), each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate, experiencing qualitative advancements, and interacting with the more established fields such as mathematics and environmental technologies (Roco & Bainbridge, 2002). It is expected that converging technologies will bring about tremendous improvements in transforming tools, new products and services, enable human personal abilities and social achievements, and reshape societal relationships.After a brief overview of the general implications of converging new technologies, this paper focuses on its effects on R&D policies and business models as part of changing societal relationships. These R&D policies will have implications on investments in research and industry, with the main goal of taking advantage of the transformative development of NBIC. Introduction of converging technologies must be done with respect of immediate concerns (privacy, toxicity of new materials, etc.) and longer-term concerns including human integrity, dignity and welfare. The efficient introduction and development of converging new technologies will require new organizations and business models, as well as solutions for preparing the economy, such as multifunctional research facilities, integrative technology platforms, and global risk governance.     

高温超导材料技术专利数据统计分析

利用德温特专利数据库和汤姆森数据分析软件(TDA),对1988-2007年20间高温超导材料技术的专利进行统计分析,从专利申请的年度分布、国家/地区分布、机构分布、技术领域特点、专利保护策略等方面探讨了高温超导材料技术的整体发展状况。     

The emergence and policy implications of converging new technologies integrated from the nanoscale

Science based on the unified concepts on matter at the nanoscale provides a new foundation for knowledge creation, innovation, and technology integration. Convergent new technologies refers to the synergistic combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences (NBIC), each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate, experiencing qualitative advancements, and interacting with the more established fields such as mathematics and environmental technologies (Roco & Bainbridge, 2002). It is expected that converging technologies will bring about tremendous improvements in transforming tools, new products and services, enable human personal abilities and social achievements, and reshape societal relationships.After a brief overview of the general implications of converging new technologies, this paper focuses on its effects on R&D policies and business models as part of changing societal relationships. These R&D policies will have implications on investments in research and industry, with the main goal of taking advantage of the transformative development of NBIC. Introduction of converging technologies must be done with respect of immediate concerns (privacy, toxicity of new materials, etc.) and longer-term concerns including human integrity, dignity and welfare. The efficient introduction and development of converging new technologies will require new organizations and business models, as well as solutions for preparing the economy, such as multifunctional research facilities, integrative technology platforms, and global risk governance.(*) This is an extension of the presentation made at the Converging Technologies Conference, February 26, 2004, New York.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected issue number.     

光学元件的激光损伤问题

光学元件是各类激光系统不可或缺的光学功能实现部件,其性能决定了激光系统的输出能力和光束质量。光学元件的激光损伤问题从激光发明起就一直伴随着激光技术的发展,随着激光新技术的发展和激光新应用的牵引,激光的波段、脉冲宽度以及重复频率等参数不断拓宽,使得激光损伤问题更加复杂,但万变不离其宗,激光损伤问题的核心是光学元件或光学材料对激光的吸收机制问题。从激光与光学材料相互作用的基本原理出发,以惯性约束聚变（ICF）激光驱动器应用的典型光学材料和光学元件为研究对象,回顾了针对光学元件的激光损伤问题开展的科研工作,总结了在此期间形成的关键技术和里程碑进展,同时也对依然困扰该领域的几类光学元件存在的问题瓶颈以及进一步研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

Low-Cost High-Performance 10 G Transmitter and Receiver Optical Subassembly

We describe briefly here the recent R&D activities in the optical subassembly packaging technologies at the Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI). We have designed, developed and prototyped multiple of low-cost high performance packages for serial and parallel transmitters and receivers, in particular, the novel chip-in-plastic (CiP) package designed for 10G serial transmission for data communications.     

光电导航技术与装备发展研究

以天文陀螺、激光或光纤陀螺为核心器件的光电导航技术正处于蓬勃发展阶段,是各国竞相研发的重点.介绍并分析了俄、美等发达国家光电导航技术和装备的发展规划、最新成果和研制应用现状,提出了光电导航技术和装备发展趋势.     

ITER 包层屏蔽块全尺寸原型件的设计与关键制造技术的研发

ITER 包层屏蔽块全尺寸原型件应基于当前的设计方案,满足其物理功能,并符合包层界面的设计要求。另外,在屏蔽块全尺寸原型件的设计中,还要充分考虑关键制造技术的研发结果,例如深孔钻、TIG 焊接、NDT 检测等技术,这些关键制造技术的研发结果,为设计提供了技术保障。该全尺寸原型件的顺利完成并通过ITER 相应认证程序,是中方签署采购的必由环节,也为今后完成采购包奠定了基础。     

High-throughput research on superconductivity

As an essential component of the Materials Genome Initiative aiming to shorten the period of materials research and development, combinatorial synthesis and rapid characterization technologies have been playing a more and more important role in exploring new materials and comprehensively understanding materials properties. In this review, we discuss the advantages of high-throughput experimental techniques in researches on superconductors. The evolution of combinatorial thin-film technology and several high-speed screening devices are briefly introduced. We emphasize the necessity to develop new high-throughput research modes such as a combination of high-throughput techniques and conventional methods.     

Fundamentals of Multiferroic Materials and Their Possible Applications

Materials science is recognized as one of the main factors driving development and economic growth. Since the silicon industrial revolution of the 1950s, research and developments in materials and solid state science have radically impacted and transformed our society by enabling the emergence of the computer technologies, wireless communications, Internet, digital data storage, and widespread consumer electronics. Today's emergent topics in solid state physics, such as nano-materials, graphene and carbon nano-tubes, smart and advanced functional materials, spintronic materials, bio-materials, and multiferroic materials, promise to deliver a new wave of technological advances and economic impact, comparable to the silicon industrial revolution of the 1950s.

The surge of interest in multiferroic materials over the past 15 years has been driven by their fascinating physical properties and huge potential for technological applications. This article addresses some of the fundamental aspects of solid-state multiferroic materials, followed by the detailed presentation of the latest and most interesting proposed applications of these multifunctional solid-state compounds. The applications presented here are critically discussed in the context of the state-of-the-art and current scientific challenges. They are highly interdisciplinary covering a wide range of topics and technologies including sensors, microwave devices, energy harvesting, photo-voltaic technologies, solid-state refrigeration, data storage recording technologies, and random access multi-state memories. According to their potential and expected impact, it is estimated that multiferroic technologies could soon reach multibillion US dollar market value.     

Nanoparticulate materials and regulatory policy in Europe: An analysis of stakeholder perspectives

The novel properties of nanoparticulate materials (NPM) and the rapid development of NPM based products have raised many unanswered questions and concerns by different stakeholders over its consequences for the environment and human health. These concerns have led to an increasing discussion in both the US and Europe about possible regulatory policies for NPM. In this article a comparative study of stakeholders’ perceptions on regulatory policy issues with NPM in Europe is presented. It was found that industry wants to regulate this area if the scientific evidence demonstrates that NPM are harmful, but also that the regulatory bodies do not find it necessary at this point of time to regulate until scientific evidence demonstrates that NPM are harmful. This research therefore shows that there will most likely not be any regulatory interventions until there is an established and convincing scientific knowledge base demonstrating that NPM can be hazardous. It is furthermore discussed in this article the different roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders in financing the research required to establish the necessary level of fundamental scientific evidence. It was also found that the activity of the regulatory bodies on this issue differ between the European countries.