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ITER 包层屏蔽块全尺寸原型件应基于当前的设计方案,满足其物理功能,并符合包层界面的设计要求。另外,在屏蔽块全尺寸原型件的设计中,还要充分考虑关键制造技术的研发结果,例如深孔钻、TIG 焊接、NDT 检测等技术,这些关键制造技术的研发结果,为设计提供了技术保障。该全尺寸原型件的顺利完成并通过ITER 相应认证程序,是中方签署采购的必由环节,也为今后完成采购包奠定了基础。     

ITER屏蔽块真空热氦检漏装置热工水力学设计与分析

对ITER包层屏蔽块进行了热工水力学设计及分析,并给出了两套合理的加热方案。分析结果表明,可以通过分阶段改变入口气体温度的方法实现在高效加热屏蔽块的同时满足工程及部件热应力的技术要求,并通过热应力计算验证了加热过程不会对屏蔽块产生不可预期的结构破坏。     

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对ITER包层屏蔽块进行了热工水力学设计及分析,并给出了两套合理的加热方案.分析结果表明,可以通过分阶段改变入口气体温度的方法实现在高效加热屏蔽块的同时满足工程及部件热应力的技术要求,并通过热应力计算验证了加热过程不会对屏蔽块产生不可预期的结构破坏.     

ITER屏蔽包层最新设计的热工水力和热应力分析

介绍了屏蔽包层最新的设计方案,对比了2004年DDD设计方案与新方案在第一壁和屏蔽块结构上的差别,并对第8号包层模块的屏蔽块进行了热工水力和热应力的分析。结果表明,第8号包层模块屏蔽块的最高温度不超过200ºC,最大Von-Mise应力在200MPa以内,基本满足ITER设计要求,但冷却剂压降稍微偏大,达到0.44MPa。另外,在屏蔽块前端暴露在等离子体表面热负荷的部位,根据热应力分析计算结果,对其承载热负荷能力进行评估,改进了设计方案。     

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简要介绍了ITER计划的发展历程;综述了ITER实验包层模块计划(ITER-TBM)的历史、主要技术路线和最新的设计与研发进展;概述了与实验包层计划相关的DEMO聚变堆的定义与发展策略。最后,介绍了国内开展的基于固体增殖剂概念的ITER实验包层的初步设计概况,对TBM的研发计划提出了建议。     

ITER纵场磁体支撑屈曲分析与半原型测试件初步设计

针对新设计的ITER纵场重力支撑结构特点,用ANSYS有限元软件对它建立了有限元模型。采用Block Lanczos方法求出了ITER重力支撑的屈曲特征值。分析结果表明ITER重力支撑不会发生屈曲。为了确保新设计结构的可靠性,初步设计了全尺寸支撑的半原型件拟用来对支撑进行工程受力测试。     

ITER第一壁认证模块研制

铍与铜合金的连接是ITER屏蔽包层第一壁（FW）制造中最具挑战性的关键技术。热等静压（HIP）扩散连接是实现第一壁板材料之间连接的最佳方法之一。鉴于ITER第一壁板的制造难度,ITER国际组织（IO）要求对其制作技术进行认证。     

ITER真空室中子屏蔽设计

ITER真空室中子屏蔽主要是屏蔽中子流、伽马射线以及降低环向场波纹度。介绍了ITER真空室的结构特点及屏蔽结构料材的选取情况,发展了屏蔽设计思想及相关的支撑结构,对铁磁性材料填充区域进行了布局设计。依据ITER真空室物理学计算结果,确定了屏蔽区域屏蔽材料的填充率。基于三维建模软件进行了屏蔽块零件库的仿真设计和屏蔽结构的模拟仿真。     

聚变堆工艺与材料研究进展

2006年度聚变堆工艺与材料研究主要在以下3个方面取得进展，即ITER项目第一壁板制造技术资质论证预研及屏蔽模块设计分析，聚变堆低活性结构材料及高原子序数面对等离子体材料研究和聚变堆液态金属包层磁流体动力学效应研究。     

产氚锂陶瓷微球

聚变能源的开发是解决人类能源危机的重要途径之一,包层产氚是实现聚变能源的核心技术,特别是在目前的国际ITER合作计划中明确指出,各ITER参与国将提供自行设计加工的产氚包层参加ITER实验。产氚材料作为重要的一种包层材料,在产氚实验包层的设计、研发中具有重要作用。中国固态TBM产氚实验包层设计初步选择Li4SiO4陶瓷微球作为首选氚增殖剂,Li2TiO3及其他性能优异的锂陶瓷作为候选材料。     

管道连接装配型ITER增强热负荷第一壁的初步设计

中方承制的ITER第一壁采用大量焊接连接结构，冷却通道焊缝多，冷却水泄漏风险大，且存在焊接装配难以更换缺损部件等关键问题。在全尺寸原型件工艺认证阶段，需基于半原型研发基础，对其进行更改设计。设计重点在于手指部件采用前部燕尾槽和中部螺钉连接的固定结构，手指对采用前部管管连接、中部管连接件与中心梁焊接形成内部冷却通道回路。对初步设计模型进行了结构热及弹塑性分析。分析结果显示其温度、位移、强度均在可接受范围内，可以采用这种结构继续进行整个增强热负荷第一壁的详细设计。     

Recent Advances in Friction Stir Welding/Processing of Aluminum Alloys: Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties

Friction stir welding (FSW), a highly efficient solid-state joining technique, has been termed as “green” technology due to its energy efficiency and environment friendliness. It is an enabling technology for joining metallic materials, in particular lightweight high-strength aluminum and magnesium alloys which were classified as unweldable by traditional fusion welding. It is thus considered to be the most significant development in the area of material joining over the past two decades. Friction stir processing (FSP) was later developed based on the basic principles of FSW. FSP has been proven to be an effective and versatile metal-working technique for modifying and fabricating metallic materials. FSW/FSP of aluminum alloys has prompted considerable scientific and technological interest since it has a potential for revolutionizing the manufacturing process in the aerospace, defense, marine, automotive, and railway industries. To promote widespread applications of FSW/FSP technology and ensure the structural integrity, safety and durability of the FSW/FSP components, it is essential to optimize the process parameters, and to evaluate thoroughly the microstructural changes and mechanical properties of the welded/processed samples. This review article is thus aimed at summarizing recent advances in the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of FSW/FSP aluminum alloys. Particular attention is paid to recrystallization mechanism, grain boundary characteristics, phase transformation, texture evolution, characteristic microstructures, and the effect of these factors on the hardness, tensile and fatigue properties as well as superplastic behavior of FSW/FSP aluminum alloys.     

Association of objectively measured physical activity with combined bilateral knee and low-back pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study

Objective: Knee pain (KP) and low-back pain (LBP) are common sites of pain and major public health issues among older adults. We investigated the combined association of bilateral KP and LBP with objectively measured physical activity (PA) among adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: We recruited 150 knee OA adults and measured steps and PA intensity, including sedentary behavior (SB), low PA (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA, using an accelerometer. KP and LBP were measured using a numerical rating scale. They were classified into 4 groups based on the presence of KP and LBP: with the only unilateral KP (UKP), with the combined UKP and LBP (UKP and LBP), with the bilateral KP (BKP), and with the combined bilateral KP and LBP (BKP and LBP). One-way analysis of covariance was performed to compare physical activity variables (intensity or steps) between the four groups. Results: Overall, 126 patients were enrolled. The prevalence of UKP, BKP, UKP and LBP, and BKP and LBP were 29.4%, 23.8%, 18.3%, and 28.6%. The proportion of SB was higher in the BKP and LBP group than in the other groups (F = 6.51, p < 0.01). The proportion of LPA was lower in the BKP and LBP group than in the other groups (F = 6.21, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The proportions of SB and LPA were significantly worse in knee OA adults with BKP and LBP than in those with UKP. Our findings may be a basis for considering knee OA adults for improving PA.     

Design,Manufacture, and Experimental Serviceability Validation of ITER Blanket Components

In 2014, the Russian Federation and the ITER International Organization signed two Procurement Arrangements (PAs) for ITER blanket components: 1.6.P1ARF.01 “Blanket First Wall” of February 14, 2014, and 1.6.P3.RF.01 “Blanket Module Connections” of December 19, 2014. The first PA stipulates development, manufacture, testing, and delivery to the ITER site of 179 Enhanced Heat Flux (EHF) First Wall (FW) Panels intended for withstanding the heat flux from the plasma up to 4.7MW/m². Two Russian institutions, NIIEFA (Efremov Institute) and NIKIET, are responsible for the implementation of this PA. NIIEFA manufactures plasma-facing components (PFCs) of the EHF FW panels and performs the final assembly and testing of the panels, and NIKIET manufactures FW beam structures, load-bearing structures of PFCs, and all elements of the panel attachment system. As for the second PA, NIKIET is the sole official supplier of flexible blanket supports, electrical insulation key pads (EIKPs), and blanket module/vacuum vessel electrical connectors. Joint activities of NIKIET and NIIEFA for implementing PA 1.6.P1ARF.01 are briefly described, and information on implementation of PA 1.6.P3.RF.01 is given. Results of the engineering design and research efforts in the scope of the above PAs in 2015–2016 are reported, and results of developing the technology for manufacturing ITER blanket components are presented.     

Superbroadening of single 1.06 μm picosecond pulses in H2O and D2O: On the concurrence of dielectric breakdown and superbroadening

The superbroadening of single 1.06 μm picosecond pulses extracted from a passively mode-locked Nd:glass laser in H₂O and D₂O has been studied. Data on ninety degree scattering of the laser pump and visible superbroadened (SB) light, the dependence of the SB light intensity on cell length, and the polarization ratio of the SB light are reported. The results show that filament formation and breakdown is not required to produce SB light, although these catastrophic effects may occur after the formation of SB light and occur concurrently with superbroadening at high laser pump intensities. The previous conclusion that four-wave parametric interaction is solely responsible for superbroadening in water is sustained by the present results. The present results show that to minimize self-focusing and to produce a highly polarized ps continuum beam for time-resolved spectroscopic study, low pump intensities and short cells should be used.     

3D depth-coded photoacoustic microscopy with a large field of view for human skin imaging

Photoacoustic(PA) microscopy comes with high potential for human skin imaging, since it allows noninvasively high-resolution imaging of the natural hemoglobin at depths of several millimeters. Here, we developed a PA microscopy to achieve high-resolution, high-contrast, and large field of view imaging of skin. A three-dimensional(3D) depth-coding technology was used to encode the depth information in PA images, which is very intuitive for identifying the depth of blood vessels in a two-dimensional image, and the vascular structure can be analyzed at different depths. Imaging results demonstrate that the 3D depth-coded PA microscopy should be translated from the bench to the bedside.     

NSCL/MSU ECR离子源项目进展报告

Since the last ECR Workshop,NSCL/MSU has been involved in a vigorous ECR ion source R&D program,which resulted in the construction of an off-line test ECR ion source(ARTEMIS-B)for new beam development and ion optics studies.Also the design and partial completion of a 3rd generation,fully superconducting ECR ion source,SuSI has been accomplished.This paper is an overview of the construction projects and the different R&D activities performed with the existing ion sources.These activities include development of metallic ion beam production methods using evaporation with resistive and inductive ovens and sputtering of very refractory metals.Ion optics developments include testing different focusing elements(magnetic solenoid lens,electrostatic quadrupole triplet lens,Einzel lens,electrostatic double doublet quadrupole combined with an octupole lens),and different beam forming and diagnostics devices.The detailed results will be presented at the workshop in separate talks and posters.     

Molecular relaxation effects in hydrogen chloride photoacoustic detection

A photoacoustic (PA) sensor has been developed to monitor hydrogen chloride at sub-ppm level in the 1740-nm region. The system was designed to control the process in the novel low-water-peak optical fiber manufacturing process. Relaxation effects in hydrogen chloride PA detection in oxygen–helium and nitrogen–helium gas mixtures are presented, showing that the generation of the PA signal is strongly affected by the ratio of these substances. In addition, the role of water vapor in the PA signal is investigated.     

光缔合过程中多光子振转态选择性跃迁

研究了光缔合过程中OH分子基电子态的振转态选择性跃迁. 计算结果表明通过选择适当的初始碰撞能与光场参数,两碰撞原子可以利用三光子、四光子与九光子跃迁,从连续态跃迁至目标态. 通过选取较低的光场频率,增加跃迁至目标态的光子数来控制分子布居跃迁至较低的振转态. 在光缔合过程中, 部分缔合的分子通过中间态与背景态重新发生解离,解离过程降低了目标态的布居分布.