基于范德瓦尔斯气体的迈耶公式修正

在近似真实情况下,对迈耶公式作了理论修正,并与实验值进行了比较.     

X射线反射率的讨论

根据菲涅耳公式推导出X射线和可见光的反射率公式,计算了反射率随入射角的变化曲线.对X光导管的传输效率在反射率有无近似条件下的计算结果作了比较.     

厄米-双曲余弦-高斯光束的瞄准稳定性

用失调叠加积分的方法 ,对厄米双曲余弦高斯光束的瞄准稳定性作了研究 ,得到了厄米双曲余弦高斯光束失调因子 ηm2 的精确解析公式和近似解析公式 ,并用数值计算了相对横向偏移和相对角向偏移对失调因子ηm2 的影响以及对精确解析公式和近似解析公式的适用范围作了分析和说明。     

对《一个单摆周期近似公式》一文的讨论

采用级数展开的方法,对<一个单摆周期近似公式>一文中所给出的近似单摆周期公式提供了理论依据,并且还可以得到精度更高的近似公式;同时,通过与其他近似公式的对比,说明该近似公式的精度可提高1～2个数量级.     

厄米—双曲余弦—光斯光束的瞄准稳定性

用失调叠加积分的方法，对厄米－双曲余弦－高斯光束的瞄准稳定性作了研究，得到了厄米－双曲余弦－高斯光束失调因子|ηm|^2的精确解析公式和近似解析公式，并用数值计算了相对横向偏移和相对角向偏移对失调因子|ηm|^2的影响以及对精确解析公式和近似解析公式的适用范围作了分析和说明。     

用线性插值法求单摆运动周期的近似解

利用线性插值的方法,提出了一个任意摆角条件下的单摆运动周期的近似公式.并利用Mathematica软件将该公式与精确解进行了比较,还与其他近似公式进行了对比.结果表明,该公式的近似程度相当好.     

以巨共振为门口态的多步过程复合核反应

本文分析了以巨共振态为门口态的核反应过程的特点,对FKK理论作了适当修改,推导了以巨共振为门口态的多步过程复合核反应截面的一般公式并给出了扩充的激子模型公式.对以巨偶极共振为门口态的光核反应作了激子模型近似处理及考虑离壳(off-shell)效应后的修正.     

光栅衍射效率的二阶标量近似法研究

详细介绍了计算光栅衍射效率的二阶标量近似法,推导出一种简单有效的计算光栅衍射效率的近似公式.给出了利用近似公式对几种情况下光栅衍射效率的计算结果,并与普通标量法、严格矢量法的计算结果进行了比较.     

细网声阻率的计算及其应用

本文根据声学基本理论导出计算细网声阻率的严格公式以及满足实用要求的近似公式,理论计算与实验结果作了比较,提出了一些对实际设计有参考价值的意见。     

单摆近似周期的新形式及构造分析

通过对比单摆严格周期的级数展开式,给出了一个新的单摆周期近似公式及其修正形式.在振幅小于114°(136°)的范围内,近似公式(修正形式)的计算结果相对于严格周期的数值计算结果相对误差小于1‰.同时,对单摆近似周期的构造进行了分析.     

声波在含气泡液体中传播特性及产热效应*

该文对含气泡液体中的声波方程采用线性分析方法,研究了超声波在含气泡液体中的传播特性以及产热效应。当声波在含气泡液体中传播时,气泡的存在会影响声波的传播,在声波频率接近气泡共振频率的频段内,声信号在液体中传播时剧烈衰减,而在声波频率远远高于或低于气泡共振频率时,声波的传播基本不受影响。在接近气泡共振的频段内,声波耗散的能量最终转化为热能。同时液体中的气泡会在声波驱动下径向振动并辐射声波,伴随气泡壁在液体中的粘滞振动,热量随之产生。结果表明,两种产热机制分别在不同频段起主导作用。     

Nonlinear effects in the dynamics of clouds of bubbles

This paper presents a spectral analysis of the response of a fluid containing bubbles to the motions of a wall oscillating normal to itself. First, a Fourier analysis of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation is used to obtain an approximate solution for the nonlinear effects in the oscillation of a single bubble in an infinite fluid. This is used in the approximate solution of the oscillating wall problem, and the resulting expressions are evaluated numerically in order to examine the nonlinear effects. Harmonic generation results from the nonlinearity. It is observed that the bubble natural frequency remains the dominant natural frequency in the volume oscillations of the bubbles near the wall. On the other hand, the pressure perturbations near the wall are dominated by the first and second harmonics present at twice the natural frequency while the pressure perturbation at the natural frequency of the bubble is inhibited. The response at the forcing frequency and its harmonics is explored along with the variation with amplitude of wall oscillation, void fraction, and viscous and surface tension effects. Splitting and cancellation of frequencies of maximum and minimum response due to enhanced nonlinear effects are also observed.     

两种气泡混合的声空化

将非线性声波方程和改进的Rayleigh-Plesset方程联立可以描述空化环境中的声场及相应的气泡动力学特征. 用时域有限差分方法模拟了圆柱形容器内两种气泡相互混合时的空化情况. 在烧杯内的稳态背景声场形成过程中, 瓶壁耗散吸收扮演了重要的角色. 在稳态背景声场的基础上, 分析了混合气泡与声场的相互作用、气泡之间的相互作用、混合情况下的频谱特性. 结果表明: 两种气泡平衡半径都不太大时, 气泡与声场的相互作用不强, 声场及气泡的行为也比较规律; 相反, 当其中一种气泡平衡半径相对比较大时, 声场与气泡具有较强的非线性相互作用, 声场及气泡的行为表现出复杂的特性.     

The coupled motions of bubbles in ultrasonic fiel

The dynamic responses of bubbles in ultrasonic field include the radial vibration, translation,and their interactions.Based on the radial vibration modal where the secondary radiation of neighboring bubbles was considered,and interaction forces of bubbles,the coupled motions of two bubbles with different size in a plane ultrasonic field was simulated numerically. The results show that the radial vibration of a big bubble has natural properties and its translation velocity is rapid relatively.The behavior and distribution of bubbles was observed experimentally by using high speed photography.It is shown that the big bubbles translate rapidly in bubble clouds and vibrate radially with small-amplitude.On the other hand,the phenomena of attraction and coalescence among bubbles is observed,which may attribute to the effects of secondary radiation between neighboring bubbles.     

非线性声波方程二次谐波高阶近似解及实验验证

非线性声波方程的传统二次谐波二阶近似解不够精确,对测量材料的非线性系数造成较大误差。利用摄动法展开非线性声波方程得到一系列非齐次偏微分方程,根据低阶解的性质拟定高阶特解的形式,通过符号计算求出高次谐波特解,对所有二次谐波成分求和最终获得二次谐波的高阶近似解。在水中开展非线性声学实验验证高阶近似解,结果表明:二次谐波相对幅度随传播距离和输入信号均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,高阶近似解即使在传播距离不太短和输入信号不太弱的宽泛条件下也能更好地吻合实验结果。得到的高阶近似解不仅弥补了现有二次谐波幅度理论公式的不足,进行非线性声学实验时还可扩展测量范围,充分利用实验数据也能提高非线性系数的测量精度。      

非球形效应对强声场中次Bjerknes力的影响

考虑了非球形气泡在声场中的形状振动,推导了非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力方程,数值模拟了声场中非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力和两个球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力,并对非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力的影响因素进行了分析讨论.研究结果表明:当驱动声压振幅大于非球形气泡的Black阈值且又能使得非球形气泡稳定振动时,在第一个声驱动周期内,非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力和两个球形气泡的次Bjerknes力方向差异较大,在大小上是两个球形气泡次Bjerkens力的数倍,且有着更长的作用距离.非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力取决于非球形气泡的形状模态、两个气泡初始半径的比值、驱动声压振幅、气泡间距和两个气泡的相对位置.     

Maxwell rheological model for lipid-shelled ultrasound microbubble contrast agents

The present paper proposes a model that describes the encapsulation of microbubble contrast agents by the linear Maxwell constitutive equation. The model also incorporates the translational motion of contrast agent microbubbles and takes into account radiation losses due to the compressibility of the surrounding liquid. To establish physical features of the proposed model, comparative analysis is performed between this model and two existing models, one of which treats the encapsulation as a viscoelastic solid following the Kelvin-Voigt constitutive equation and the other assumes that the encapsulating layer behaves as a viscous Newtonian fluid. Resonance frequencies, damping coefficients, and scattering cross sections for the three shell models are compared in the regime of linear oscillation. Translational displacements predicted by the three shell models are examined by numerically calculating the general, nonlinearized equations of motion for weakly nonlinear excitation. Analogous results for free bubbles are also presented as a basis to which calculations made for encapsulated bubbles can be related. It is shown that the Maxwell shell model possesses specific physical features that are unavailable in the two other models.     

From ordered bubbles to random stripes: Pattern formation in a hydrodynamic lattice gas

A two-component momentum-conserving lattice gas with competing interactions is introduced in two dimensions. One interaction acts at short range and produces interfaces with surface tension. The second interaction, the negative of the first, acts at rangea and produces modulated structures with approximate wavelength 2a. Depending on particle density, species concentration, and relative interaction strength, the equilibrium patterns formed by the model range from isotropic mixed and unmixed phases to hexagonally-ordered bubbles to randomly-oriented stripes. A Ginzburg-Landau equation is proposed that qualitatively captures the basic features of these phase transitions.     

Validation of an approximate model for the thermal behavior in acoustically driven bubbles

The chemical production of radicals inside acoustically driven bubbles is determined by the local temperature inside the bubbles. Therefore, modeling of chemical reaction rates in bubbles requires an accurate evaluation of the temperature field and the heat exchange with the liquid. The aim of the present work is to compare a detailed partial differential equation model in which the temperature field is spatially resolved with an ordinary differential equation model in which the bubble contents are assumed to have a uniform average temperature and the heat exchanges are modeled by means of a boundary layer approximation. The two models show good agreement in the range of pressure amplitudes in which the bubble is spherically stable.     

High-speed imaging of ultrasonic emulsification using a water-gallium system

Aiming at elucidating ultrasonic emulsification mechanisms, the interaction between a single or multiple acoustic cavitation bubbles and gallium droplet interface was investigated using an high-speed imaging technique. To our best knowledge, the moment of emulsification and formation of fine droplets during ultrasound irradiation were observed for the first time. It was found that the detachment of fine gallium droplets occurs from the water-gallium interface during collapse of big cavitation bubbles. The results suggest that the maximum size of cavitation bubble before collapsing is of prime importance for emulsification phenomena. Previous numerical simulation revealed that the collapse of big cavitation bubble is followed by generation of high-velocity liquid jet directed toward the water-gallium interface. Such a jet is assumed to be the prime cause of liquid emulsification. The distance between cavitation bubbles and water-gallium interface was found to slightly affect the emulsification onset. The droplet fragmentation conditions are also discussed in terms of the balance between (1) interfacial and kinetic energies and (2) dynamic and Laplace pressure during droplet formation.