水声工程中基于均匀圆阵列的涡旋声波性能分析*

声波作为信息和能量的载体,一直以来在水下通信中被广泛采用,但尚未解决带宽窄、速率低的问题。在光学领域和电磁波领域,轨道角动量都表征了螺旋相位结构的自然属性;通过引入轨道角动量到声学领域中,水声通信系统的传输能力以及频谱效率都得到扩展。基于换能器圆阵列产生涡旋声波进行分析和检测,研究涡旋声波波束的阵列产生方法,给出涡旋声波波束在水下传播的特性。在主轴方向,采用均匀圆阵列产生不同拓扑模式的涡旋声波波束,确定轨道角动量拓扑模式与换能器阵列之间的对应关系;为生成不同拓扑模式下的涡旋声波,研究阵列单元数目、阵列半径、传输频率等对涡旋声波的影响。通过研究发现模式数越高,涡旋声波主瓣波束角越大,主瓣峰值越小。阵列半径越大,主瓣波束角越大,而主瓣峰值则随着阵列半径的增大而减小;频率越高,主瓣波束角越小,主瓣峰值变化不大;阵列单元数对主瓣波束角无影响,但与主瓣峰值成正比关系,阵列单元数越多,主瓣峰值越大。     

Ku/K波段双频涡旋电磁阵列天线设计

涡旋电磁波具有携带轨道角动量的特性,利用这一特性,采用涡旋电磁波作为信号的载体,可以实现同一时间、同一频段的多路信号传输,极大地提高系统容量和频带利用率。以同轴馈电的半圆型开槽微带天线为单元,设计出了一种能工作在Ku波段和K波段的涡旋电磁阵列天线。使用三维电磁场仿真软件建模并且优化参数,最终得到在中心频率分别为17.1 GHz和19.7 GHz时,阵列天线产生的电磁波携带有轨道角动量。结论表明:该阵列天线能够产生双频涡旋电磁波。     

X波段宽频带多模轨道角动量天线仿真与设计

轨道角动量作为一种新的、安全和高效利用频谱的传输复用方式引起了科学界的关注。基于均匀圆阵列,设计了一种工作在X波段的宽带多模轨道角动量天线。该天线由旋转排列的三角形均匀圆阵列组成,其特点是正负模式数的产生除了与馈电方式有关外,还与均匀圆阵中阵元的旋转方式相关。仿真结果表明,在X频段该天线-10 dB带宽范围为9.33~10.37 GHz,带宽达到1.04 GHz,总的效率为52%;在相同阵元数量的情况下,该天线产生的模式数多于矩形贴片天线。该天线具有馈电网络简单、带宽宽和模式数大等优点。     

C波段携轨道角动量螺旋波微带阵天线设计

本文以同轴馈电的矩形微带天线作为阵单元,将8个相同的单元天线等间隔分布在一个同心圆面上以组成微带阵天线,并采用等幅但相邻单元间相位差为一常数的方式进行激励。基于三维高频结构电磁模拟软件仿真优化,在中心频率为6GHz处,根据不同的相位延迟得到不同模式的携有轨道角动量的方向图。仿真结论表明,该新颖的微带阵天线能产生携有轨道角动量的螺旋电磁波。     

基于Metasurface的轨道角动量光束的产生与调控

提出了一种基于metasurface产生与调控轨道角动量光束的新方法。光场在偏振态的演变过程中可以获得附加的Pancharatnam-Berry(PB)几何相位。因此,可以通过调控光场的偏振态获得所需相位。所构造的metasurface具有空间变化的光轴分布,能够精确地操控光束的偏振态。当metasurface的光轴方向在方位角方向连续变化时,就能产生与方位角坐标相关的PB相,也就是涡旋相。该相位可以用来产生轨道角动量光束,也可以用来操控涡旋光束的轨道角动量。实验结果验证了这种方案的可行性。所得到的结果为轨道角动量光束的产生及光束的轨道角动量调控提供了一种新方法,对基于轨道角动量光束的量子通信和光学微操控等也有应用价值。     

利用衍射光栅探测涡旋光束轨道角动量态的研究进展

涡旋光束是一种携带有轨道角动量的光束,在光学扳手、光通信、旋转探测等领域具有重要的应用价值.由于轨道角动量态是涡旋光束的特征值,因此如何探测光束的轨道角动量态分布至关重要.国内外学者已经提出了多种探测涡旋光束的技术,如干涉法、衍射光栅法、多普勒分析法、超材料表面法等.这些技术中,衍射光栅测量法较为简单易行,应用较广.本综述主要介绍了几种当前利用衍射光栅测量涡旋光束轨道角动量态的主流方法,同时也介绍了如何利用衍射光栅来测量光束的轨道角动量谱.     

声波的“漩涡”——声学轨道角动量的产生、操控与应用

具有螺旋形相位位错的声涡旋场近来受到了大量关注,因为其所携带的声学轨道角动量具有重要的理论意义与显著的应用价值。当声涡旋与物体相互作用时可以实现角动量的传递,产生可以远程局域或者旋转物体的力矩,这种力学效应对粒子操控等领域意义重大。产生声学轨道角动量的传统方法需要使用由大量独立操控的换能器组成的有源声阵列或是具有不平整厚度及螺旋形结构的无源材料,限制了其在实际中的应用潜力。为利用平面状的小尺寸器件来高效产生声学轨道角动量,发展了基于共振原理的角动量生成技术。最近,声学轨道角动量被拓展至用于开辟新的多路复用信道,以实现高容量的声学通信。文章详细介绍声学轨道角动量的产生、操控及应用方面的最新研究进展。     

矢量涡旋光束的生成与模式识别方法

与宏观物体类似，光子等微观粒子也可携带角动量。光子的角动量包括自旋角动量和轨道角动量，两种角动量的共同作用产生了一种新型结构光束，即矢量涡旋光束。矢量涡旋光束具有各向异性的波面和偏振分布，提供了多种光场自由度，在量子技术、光通信、激光探测、激光加工、高分辨成像、光镊等前沿领域展现了巨大的应用潜力，吸引了国内外学者的广泛关注。高效地生成矢量涡旋光束，以及高精度地识别矢量涡旋光束的模式分布，是其应用的关键。本文简要回顾了国内外学者在矢量涡旋光束的生成与模式识别方面的研究工作，同时系统梳理了本文作者过去十年在该方面的研究进展，重点介绍了其相关代表性成果。     

环形稀疏声源阵列声涡旋的优化与操控

提出和优化了环形稀疏声源阵列涡旋声场的形成方法,进行了涡旋声压,相位和振动速度的理论推导和特性分析。通过改变声源数、声源频率和观测距离等参数,对声涡旋场的模拟结果证明,声涡旋半径主要由信号波长决定,声源频率越高,声涡旋半径越小,能量越集中;涡旋声压随着声源数的增加而线性提高,随着传播距离的增加而减小;声涡旋环形相位分布的线性度随着声源数、声源波长和传播距离的增加而提高。建立了3/4/6/8声源实验系统,径向声压和相位分布以及环形相位分布的测量结果和模拟结果具有较好的一致性,同时悬吊泡沫盘的旋转证明了声涡旋角动量的传输。本研究中声涡旋场的特性分析和参数优化为粒子操控及其在生物医学中的应用提供了依据。      

共轴双涡旋声束形成离轴多涡旋的定位

涡旋声束具有螺旋的相位波前,中轴线上形成声强为零的相位奇点,其所携带的轨道角动量在粒子操控领域有着广阔的应用前景。传统声涡旋只在传播轴线上形成一个拓扑荷可控的涡旋波束,这限制了声涡旋的应用灵活性。基于环形点声源阵列和相位编码技术,利用奇偶声源分别产生共轴双涡旋声束的声场叠加,在传播截面上形成了具有中心涡旋和子涡旋的离轴多涡旋声场;研究了双涡旋拓扑参数对离轴涡旋的个数、位置及拓扑荷的影响,基于声涡旋的径向声压和相位分布,确定了离轴涡旋的离轴半径,并结合声源位置推导子涡旋中心方位角的计算公式,实现离轴涡旋的精确定位。本研究突破了沿轴分布的涡旋声场只能形成单点涡旋势阱的操控局限,为利用离轴多涡旋实现多点粒子捕获提供了理论依据,促进涡旋声场在精确粒子操控和传输方面的高效应用。      

Shared aperture metasurface antenna for electromagnetic vortices generation with different topological charges

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have aroused great interest of both scientific and engineering communities. Encouragingly, generating OAM with different topological charges in a shared aperture is regarded as a potential route to expanding the communication capacity, which yet is an academic challenging task. In this work, a paradigm of designing metasurface-based shared aperture antenna for generating polarization-dependent vortex beams with distinct topological charges is proposed. Anisotropic unit cells that can tailor different resonance phase profiles in two orthogonal orientations are used to assemble a metasurface reflector. As a proof-of-concept, a planar reflector antenna is designed with two Vivaldi sources, which can generate x- and y-polarized vortex beams with topological charges of l=-1 and l=-2, respectively. Both the simulation results and the measurement results are in good agreement, which demonstrates the feasibility of our design. Significantly, this work provides a new route to achieving vortex beams carrying different topological charges in the same frequency band, which may have potential applications in communication systems.     

Twisted optical communications using orbital angular momentum

Angular momentum, a fundamental physical quantity, can be divided into spin angular momentum(SAM) and orbital angular momentum(OAM) in electromagnetic waves. Helically-phased or twisted light beams carrying OAM that exploit the spatial structure physical dimension of electromagnetic waves have benefited wide applications ranging from optical manipulation to quantum information processing. Using the two distinct properties of OAM, i.e., inherent orthogonality and unbounded states in principle, one can develop OAM modulation and OAM multiplexing techniques for twisted optical communications. OAM multiplexing is an alternative space-division multiplexing approach employing an orthogonal mode basis related to the spatial phase structure. In this paper, we review the recent progress in twisted optical communications using OAM in free space and fiber. The basic concept of momentum, angular momentum, SAM, OAM and OAM-carrying twisted optical communications,key techniques and devices of OAM generation/(de)multiplexing/detection, high-capacity spectrally-efficient free-space OAM links, fiber-based OAM links, and OAM processing functions are presented. Ultra-high spectral efficiency and petabit-scale freespace data links are achieved benefiting from OAM multiplexing. The key techniques and challenges of twisted optical communications are also discussed. Twisted optical communications using OAM are compatible with other existing physical dimensions such as frequency/wavelength, amplitude, phase, polarization and time, opening a possible way to facilitate continuous increase of the aggregate transmission capacity and spectral efficiency through N-dimensional multiplexing.     

Directly generating vortex beams in the second harmonic by a spirally structured fundamental wave

Based on nonlinear wave mixing, we experimentally propose a scheme for directly generating optical orbital angular momentum(OAM) by a spirally structured fundamental wave interacting with a nonlinear medium, in which the nonlinear susceptibilities are homogenous. In the experiment, the second-harmonic generation of a fundamental wave carrying positive(negative) integers and fractional OAM states was investigated. This study presents a convenient approach for dynamic control of OAM of vortex beams, which may feature their applications in optical manipulation and optical communication.     

Orbital Angular Momentum Generation Using Circular Ring Resonators in Radio Frequency

Electromagnetic field generators based on circular ring resonators,whose perimeters are integer times of equivalent wavelength,are well known to have attractive potential for producing radio vortexes carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM).We study the radiation characteristics of the generators based on radiation vector and antenna array theory.The behaviors of radiation patterns,field intensity and phase distribution are investigated in detail,and show classical features of OAM beams.The evolution of the generators performance versus the OAM state is also analyzed.The proposed generators can be realized by all kinds of microwave transmission lines,verified by two different prototypes.The discussions and conclusions drawn in this study are useful and meaningful for the radio OAM generator design.     

Semiclassical dynamics of electron wave packet states with phase vortices

We consider semiclassical higher-order wave packet solutions of the Schr?dinger equation with phase vortices. The vortex line is aligned with the propagation direction, and the wave packet carries a well-defined orbital angular momentum (OAM) variant Planck's over 2pil (l is the vortex strength) along its main linear momentum. The probability current coils around the momentum in such OAM states of electrons. In an electric field, these states evolve like massless particles with spin l. The magnetic-monopole Berry curvature appears in momentum space, which results in a spin-orbit-type interaction and a Berry/Magnus transverse force acting on the wave packet. This brings about the OAM Hall effect. In a magnetic field, there is a Zeeman interaction, which, can lead to more complicated dynamics.     

平板式螺旋相位板的设计与应用

传统的螺旋相位板是一种利用沿方位角方向介质材料高度递增实现对光束相位调控产生涡旋光束的光学器件,由于这种特殊的几何结构特征使其不能通过相位板的叠加而调控出射光束所携带的角量子数.本文基于坐标变换方法将介质材料沿方位角方向折射率不变而高度递增的传统螺旋相位板变换为一种介质材料沿方位角方向高度不变而折射率递增的平板式螺旋相位板.通过理论分析与数值模拟,发现本文所设计的平板式螺旋相位板不仅与传统螺旋相位板一样能够产生高质量的涡旋光束,而且平板式螺旋相位板的高度和涡旋光束携带的角量子数可以根据介质材料的折射率选取而任意调节.为了实际应用的需要,可以通过叠加多层平板式螺旋相位板以获得不同角量子数的涡旋光束.这种平板式螺旋相位板在光传输、光通信等领域具有广阔的潜在应用价值.     

Transmissive 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface

Coding metasurfaces have attracted tremendous interests due to unique capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic wave. However, archiving transmissive coding metasurface is still challenging. Here we propose a transmissive anisotropic coding metasurface that enables the independent control of two orthogonal polarizations. The polarization beam splitter and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) generator have been studied as typical applications of the anisotropic 2-bit coding metasurface. The simulated far field patterns illustrate that the x and y polarized electromagnetic waves are deflected into two different directions, respectively. The anisotropic coding metasurface has been experimentally verified to realize an OAM beam with l = 2 of right-handed polarized wave, resulting from both contributions from linear-to-circular polarization conversion and the phase profile modulation. This work is beneficial to enrich the polarization manipulation field and develop transmissive coding metasurfaces.