多尺度各向异性扩散方程的红外弱小目标检测算法

针对复杂背景下红外弱小目标检测效果不佳的问题,结合多尺度分析法和各向异性扩散方程,利用图像尺度和方向信息,提出一种新的红外弱小目标检测算法.首先,采用Surfacelet变换对图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,得到不同尺度下高频子带系数和低频子带系数;其次根据不同频带的特点,分别采用改进的各向异性扩散方程差分滤波和局部去均值滤波对高频子带系数和低频子带系数进行处理;最后,采用逆Surfacelet变换重构处理后的子带系数,并采用自适应阈值分割对重构的图像进行分割,以实现目标检测.采用多组红外图像进行试验,并与小波滤波以及各向异性扩散滤波进行比较,实验结果显示,该算法能有效抑制背景及其边缘,可以获得比另外两种算法更好的红外弱小目标检测效果.     

红外点目标检测的小波变换方法研究

在对红外图像目标特性及背景特性分析的基础上,提出了基于小波变换高频子图像处理算法及基于小波变换的区域相关算法,着重解决当目标距离成像系统较远时的点目标检测问题.实验结果表明:将区域相关算法和图像局部区域阈值的自适应滤波检测技术相结合,可显著提高红外点目标检测概率,实现较远距离的点目标检测.     

多波段前视红外图像融合的海面杂乱背景平滑方法

为了有效地克服单波段前视红外图像中存在的点状杂波、条状波浪以及局部高亮区域等随机杂乱背景的影响,开展了基于多波段前视红外图像融合的海面杂乱背景平滑方法的研究。充分利用多波段前视红外图像之间的互补性和差异性,通过融合多波段红外图像的信息,旨在平滑抑制海面杂乱背景并保持舰船目标的特征信息,为舰船目标检测提供一幅优质的图像。首先利用离散小波变换将多波段源图像分解为低频子带和高频子带,其中,高频子带主要包含了图像中背景以及舰船目标的细节信息,低频子带主要包含了图像的亮度以及对比度信息;对于高频子带,在基于高频系数取绝对值最大法得到高频融合图像后,计算每个像素的区域能量来对高频融合图像进行调制以抑制图像背景的细节信息而保留舰船目标的细节信息;对于低频子带,通过平均法融合低频子带并利用导向滤波对低频融合图像进行平滑滤波处理;最后对高频融合图像和低频融合图像进行小波逆变换得到的重构图像即为融合图像。对实际采集的多波段前视红外图像进行仿真实验,将该方法与双边滤波、导向滤波、梯度最小化、相对全变分、双边纹理滤波和滚动滤波共6种图像平滑滤波方法进行对比。结果表明:所提出的方法通过有效地融合多波段图像的信息,将空间域的平滑处理转换到频率域中进行,能够很好地平滑海面随机杂乱背景并较好地保持舰船目标的结构、灰度以及对比度信息,大大增强了舰船目标的可分离性,其图像平滑性能优于作为对比的6种方法。     

基于多尺度截断的弱小目标复杂背景抑制

红外复杂背景抑制是红外告警等系统发现远距离弱小目标的难题之一。提出了一种将奇异值分解与对偶树复小波变换(DTCWT)相结合的多尺度截断复杂背景抑制新方法。首先采用DTCWT对图像进行正变换,获得图像的多尺度和方向细节特征;然后根据目标和背景杂波信号系数在不同尺度之间的差异,对各子带采用奇异值分解进行处理,并利用最大的特征值重构子带;最后将系数调整后的各子带逆变换到图像域,从而将弱小目标和背景杂波分离,达到抑制背景的目的。实验结果表明,该算法可以在很大程度上抑制结构化背景,保存并增强目标信号。     

基于波原子变换的红外复杂背景杂波抑制算法

针对红外图像弱小目标检测技术中复杂背景杂波干扰问题,提出了一种基于波原子变换的红外图像背景抑制算法。首先,采用波原子变换对图像进行多尺度和多方向分解,获得原始图像的多尺度和多方向细节特征;然后,根据目标和背景杂波信号的差异,通过频域变换设计的系数调整函数修正经波原子变换后各子带系数,再经波原子逆变换重构得到估计的背景图像;最后,将其与原始图像相减获得背景杂波抑制后的图像。用真实的红外图像序列进行实验,结果显示,与最大中值和小波变换两种算法相比,该算法能有效地抑制红外弱小目标复杂背景杂波,突出目标信号,提高信杂比,具有良好的背景抑制性能。     

基于二代小波变换的红外图像非线性增强算法

红外图像具有对比度低和信噪比低等特点,实用中必须进行增强处理.将小波分析与模糊逻辑相结合,提出了一种基于二代小波变换的红外图像非线性增强算法.该算法首先利用二代小波变换对图像进行分解,提取图像的多尺度细节特征,然后,根据目标和背景噪声信号的差异,通过模糊非线性增强算子分别对各个分解层的高频子带进行非线性增强来改变目标特征的强度,抑制背景信号,最后利用小波反变换重构图像,以实现图像的对比度增强和背景抑制.与几种常用的图像增强算法实验结果相比,此算法能有效地抑制图像中的背景噪声,增强目标内容信息,取得了较好的增强效果.     

基于小波变换及多尺度分析的星点检测方法

为提高从包含复杂天空背景的红外图像中检测出星点目标的能力,提出了一种基于小波变换及多尺度分析的星点检测算法。在对图像进行小波变换的基础上,利用多尺度分析方法,确定图像自适应阈值,实现图像小波域的去噪,达到星点目标检测的目的。实验表明,该方法能有效地检测出红外图像中的星点目标,检测能力较普通背景预测方法提高近40%。     

基于平稳小波变换和Retinex的红外图像增强方法

针对基于小波变换的红外图像增强方法视觉效果不够理想的缺点,提出了一种基于平稳小波变换和Retinex的红外图像增强方法,利用Retinex增强算法增强图像的视觉效果,并改善其亮度均匀性。首先,对红外图像经平稳小波变换后的最大尺度低频子带图像进行多尺度Retinex增强;然后,利用贝叶斯萎缩阈值法对高频子带图像进行阈值去噪,并根据低频子带图像的局部对比度和模糊规则计算高频子带的增益系数,从而得到增强后的高频子带图像;最后,由低频子带图像和高频子带图像重构得到增强后的图像。针对大量图像进行了实验和增强效果的定性与定量评价,并与双向直方图均衡法、二代小波变换法、Curvelet变换法和多尺度Retinex法作了比较。结果表明,所提出的方法增强了图像细节,抑制了噪声,并明显改善了图像的整体视觉效果。     

多尺度核局部归一化的红外图像背景抑制

为解决红外图像弱小目标检测技术中的云层和地物等复杂自然背景抑制这一难题,提出了一种基于多尺度核归一化策略的弱小目标复杂背景抑制新方法。首先,采用波原子变换对图像进行尺度和方向分解,提取图像的多尺度和方向细节特征;然后,根据目标和背景杂波信号子带系数之间的差异,对波原子变换后各子带系数采用设计的核局部归一化调整函数进行修改,以达到有效地抑制原始图像中背景边缘、轮廓和纹理等信息和增强目标信号系数强度的目的;最后,重构调整后各个子带系数获得抑制背景后的目标图像。实验结果显示,与小波和最大中值滤波方法相比较,该方法对包含弱小目标的红外复杂背景都具有良好抑制效果,信杂比增益和背景抑制因子分别提高到3倍和4倍以上。     

一种结合小波分析与直方图的红外图像增强方法

针对传统红外图像增强算法中存在的问题,提出一种结合小波分析与直方图的红外图像增强方法.采用正交小波变换对红外图像进行处理,得到小波各层的分解系数;运用双向直方图均衡法对红外图像的低频子带小波系数进行处理,利用阈值滤波的细节系数增强法对红外图像的高频子带小波系数进行处理,经小波逆变换图像重构得到增强后的红外图像.实验结果...     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.