纳米材料对R134a／矿物油互溶性的影响

参照ASHRAE1990标准,本文设计了测量制冷剂／润滑油混合物互溶性的实验装置,通过观察法获得混合物的临界互溶温度。对R134a／矿物油、R134a／矿物油／纳米材料的互溶性进行了对比实验研究。结果表明,添加纳米材料,可以改善R134a和矿物油的互溶性。     

螺旋管内超临界CO_2/DME混合工质冷却换热特性研究

CO_2/DME(Dimethyl ether二甲醚)混合工质作为制冷剂既可以降低CO_2单独使用时过高的工作压力,又可抑制二甲醚的可燃性。针对跨临界热泵系统中制冷剂在超临界压力下放热时复杂的传热性能,本文对超临界CO_2/DME混合工质和超临界CO_2在螺旋管内流动冷却的换热过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,与纯CO_2相比,在高温区CO_2/DME混合工质的换热性能更优;通过比较不同配比的CO_2/DME混合工质的换热特性,得到了不同温度范围对应的换热性能最优的CO_2/DME混合工质配比。此外,对固定质量比的CO_2/DME混合工质,分别分析了不同质量流速和热流密度下的流体温度、壁面温度及传热系数的变化规律,并与纯CO_2传热系数的变化进行了对比。该研究为制冷剂选取及热泵系统中气冷器的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

混合工质HFC134a/HCs替代R502的性能分析

针对目前R502主流替代工质R507和R404A存在的温室效应指数高、与矿物油互溶性差等缺点,提出了环保性能更好的三组近共沸混合工质R134a/R290、R134a/R1270和R134a/R290/R1270作为R502新型替代工质；并对其热物性、循环性能、安全性能和溶油性进行了计算分析。结果表明：除了压缩机排气温度偏高,这三组R134a/HCs混合工质的其它主要循环性能参数如压缩机压力比、容积制冷量和系统性能系数COP都优于R507和R404A,并且从理论上讲不存在可燃可爆的危险,同时可以与矿物油互溶,在替代R502方面更具有优势,其中R134a/R290/R1270在高热负荷下的综合性能最优良。     

HFO-1234yf在家用空调中替代R22的理论分析

随着京都议定书和蒙特利尔议定书的执行,寻找HCFCs制冷剂的替代制冷剂成了当务之急。环保制冷剂HFO-1234yf的ODP为0,GWP为4,已经在欧洲国家应用于汽车空调中替代R134a。文中对HFO-1234yf替代R22进行理论循环分析对比。通过理论分析,结果发现:标准工况下HFO-1234yf单位制冷量比R22低37.6%,单位容积制冷量低47.6%,同时排气温度比R22低23.78℃,在高温环境中有利于压缩机的运行,适用于高温工况。高温工况下HFO-1234yf单位制冷量比R22低31.9%,排气温度低21.71℃,使用HFO-1234yf替代R22需要增加制冷剂充注量,并加大压缩机工作容积。同时对润滑油分析表明,HFO-1234yf可以使用PAG、POE及PVE润滑油,与矿物油的互溶性还需要进一步研究。     

CO_2/二甲醚混合制冷剂跨临界制冷循环性能分析

本文通过理论计算对CO_2/DME混合制冷剂替代CO_2的跨临界制冷循环特性进行了分析,结果表明:CO_2/DME混合制冷剂的质量配比范围为90/10～100/0时,可实现混合制冷剂的直接充灌.在相同的工况下,CO_2/DME跨临界制冷循环的最优高压侧压力降低了3 MPa,制冷系数提高4.3%;过热度对循环性能的影响,纯质CO_2要大于混合工质CO_2/DME.     

二元制冷剂R134a+DME在温度范围(253.15~273.15)K的汽液相平衡研究

本文采用汽液双循环法测量了新型环保制冷剂R134a+DME在(253.15~273.15)K时的汽液相平衡数据。所测实验数据采用PR+LCVM+Wilson模型进行了关联,汽相组分的平均绝对误差绝对值为0.0043,最大绝对误差绝对值为0.0222;体系压力的平均相对误差绝对值为0.65%,最大相对误差绝对值为1.05%。关联结果和实验数据一致性较好,说明此模型能很好地描述该体系在实验条件下的汽液相平衡数据。从实验结果发现,R134a+DME是一种共沸制冷剂,处于共沸点时R134a摩尔组分0.4左右,而且该混合物在整体组分变化范围内的温度滑移也非常小。     

HFC-161混合物作为HCFC-22替代制冷剂的实验研究

本文提出了以HFC-161混合物作为HCFC-22的新型替代制冷剂(HFC-161/125/32,15/42.5/42.5wt%),并在设计使用R410A的压缩机性能测试台上,进行了该混合制冷剂与R410A在若干工况下的性能对比实验.实验结果表明,该新制冷剂的COP略高于R410A,而排气温度略低于R410A.与R410A相比,该新制冷剂的蒸发压力和冷凝压力均低约10%,制冷量和压缩机功耗分别下降4.3%和4.8%.该混合制冷剂物性环境性能良好,ODP为零,GWP值小于R410A.可作为HCFC-22的较为理想的替代制冷剂之一.     

DME与POE基础油溶解度的实验与理论研究

研制了一套基于等体积饱和法的高精度制冷剂/润滑油溶解度实验系统,该系统主要由恒温装置、实验本体、磁力搅拌系统、温度测量系统、压力测量系统、真空系统等组成。在此基础上,测量了温度为283.15 K时二甲醚在两种直链POE基础油PEC7和PEC9中的溶解度。计算了283.15 K时二甲醚与PEC4、PEC5、PEC6、PEC7、PEC8和PEC9六种二元混合体系的过量Gibbs自由能和亨利常数,分析了二甲醚在六种直链POE基础油中的溶解度变化规律,为二甲醚在制冷系统中的进一步深入研究和应用提供了依据。     

HFC类二元混合制冷剂气相黏度预测

根据Vesovic-Wakeham理论,预测了10种HFC类二元混合制冷剂的气相黏度,所研究的混合制冷剂包括R32/R125、R32/R134a、R32/R143a、R32/R152a、R125/R134a、R125/R143a、R125/R152a、R134a/R143a、R134a/R152a和R143a/R152a,温度范围为298.15～423.15 K,压力范围为0.1～8.85 MPa,结果表明,黏度预测值具有较高的精度,可以满足工程应用的实际要求。     

R22、R134a在五级自动复叠制冷系统中的应用比较研究

对于多级自动复叠制冷系统,混合制冷剂的选取和组分配比具有很大的影响作用。分别采用R22/R23/R14/R740/R728和R134a/R23/R14/R740/R728两组混合制冷剂应用于五级自动复叠系统,对系统高温级制冷剂R22与R134a进行理论分析和对比实验研究,研究结果表明采用R134a更能有效控制系统排气温度,获取了更低的制冷温度。     

DME/Oxygen wall-stabilized premixed cool flame

Wall-stabilized cool flames have been studied through numerical analysis and a series of experiments. One- and two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to estimate the characteristics of the wall-stabilized cool flames, such as flammability and temperature/species distributions. Based on the computational results, the ignition condition of the cool flame at a fixed wall temperature has been identified with the strain rate between the van't Hoff point and the cool flame extinction point. In experiments with an impinging jet burner and a heated plate, the spontaneous ignition of the cool flame on the heated wall has been successfully established under the conditions predicted by the present numerical simulations. Spatial distributions of the HCHO concentration and flame temperature were measured through formaldehyde Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (HCHO-PLIF) and thermocouple measurements, respectively. It is found that the measurement data show a reasonable accordance with the simulation results with reduced low-temperature reactivity.     

二甲醚/动力多联产系统初步研究

本文针对两步法二甲醚/动力多联产系统进行了研究。通过对两步法二甲醚生产和动力两个系统的分析整合,使用ASPEN对流程进行了模拟计算,考察了两步法DME和IGCC联产系统的特性。发现两步法DME-IGCC联产与两步法:DME和IGCC分产相比,折合热转功效率提高了5.66个百分点,折合合成能耗下降了26.05％,相对节能率为8.46％。     

二甲醚分产及二甲醚-动力联产的比较

本文针对DME分产及其与动力结合后的联产系统进行了研究。分产时一步法DME的能耗为55．5 GJ／t,比两步法的能耗58．0 GJ／t降低4．3％。与IGCC结合后的一步法联产相对节能率达到16．6%,远远高于两步法联产的4．9％。进一步分析发现,不论是一步法还是两步法,相对分产而言,联产时在化学(?)和物理(?)的梯级利用上都更合理。研究还表明一步法联产中对合成气化学(?)品位的充分利用是导致一步法联产节能率高于两步法联产的根本原因。     

A novel DME steam-reforming catalyst designed with fact database on-demand

Novel catalysts for dimethyl ether (DME) steam reforming (SR) were designed based on catalysis database on-demand. A catalyst library consisting of precious metals loaded on various metal oxides was tested for DME SR and its elemental reactions of DME hydrolysis and MeOH SR. Platinum loaded on alumina, Pt/Al₂O₃, shows high activity for DME SR as reported previously. The drawback of the catalyst was also confirmed; the formation of methane leading to the reduction of hydrogen formation. From the fact database for DME hydrolysis and MeOH SR built up with high-throughput experimentation tools, the high activity of Pt/Al₂O₃ for DME SR is owing to its high activity on DME hydrolysis because its activity on MeOH steam reforming is not remarkable. Based on these facts, novel catalysts were designed and achieved by physical mixing of Pt/Al₂O₃ which reveals high activity on DME hydrolysis with an active catalyst on MeOH steam reforming. By mixing of Pt/Al₂O₃ with Pd/Al₂O₃, methane formation was suppressed without loss of hydrogen production activity.     

基于详细化学反应机理的DME发动机三维湍流燃烧模拟

采用基于详细化学反应机理的三维湍流燃烧数值模拟,研究直喷柴油机燃用二甲基醚(DME)的伴有化学反应的流动燃烧现象.模拟预测的缸内压力随曲轴转角的变化及NO排放浓度与实验相符.分析了计算所得的曲轴转角随缸内流场速度、温度和组分浓度的分布历程,结果表明甲醛在低中温下相对稳定,随着温度的升高,氧化反应加速进行,而由于流动及壁面传热等效应,甲醛作为不完全燃烧产物存在于排气中.     

DME/LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧模拟

根据碳氢燃料化学反应系统具有层次结构的特性,本文通过分析二甲醚(DME)与液化石油气(LPG)的详细化学反应机理,构建了反映DME／LPG混合燃料均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧的详细化学反应机理．采用该机理应用单区燃烧模型对DME／LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值计算．计算结果与试验结果对比表明,所构建的DME／LPG混合燃料氧化的详细化学反应机理能够准确预测DME／LPG混合燃料的两阶段放热特性,对低温和高温着火始点的预测很好;但高温反应过程预测欠佳,高温反应机理需要改进．     

煤基和天然气基DME联产比较

本文针对煤基和天然气基DME分产及多联产系统进行研究.通过分析发现煤基DME分产能耗为55.5 GJ/t,天然气基DME分产能耗为48.4 GJ/t.煤基IGCC-DME联产方式相对节能率达到15.0%,高于天然气基CC-DME联产方式的10.2%.通过进一步的分析发现,不论是煤基还是天然气基,联产方式都同时遵循化学(火用)和物理(火用)的综合梯级利用原理.     

On the sudden reversal of soot formation by oxygen addition in DME flames

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a non-toxic and renewable fuel known for its soot emissions reduction tendencies. In laminar co-flow DME diffusion flames, adding oxygen to the fuel stream increases the sooting tendency until a critical point is reached, at which point the trend suddenly reverses. This work unravels the mechanisms behind this reversal process, and characterizes their contribution to controlling soot production. A series of experimental measurements using diffuse-light line-of-sight attenuation and two-colour pyrometry were performed to measure soot volume fraction and soot temperature considering a fixed mass flow rate of DME and variable addition of oxygen. Soot volume fraction increases from 0.095 ppm in the pure DME flame to 0.32 ppm when the added oxygen concentration reaches 33%. When the oxygen concentration is slightly increased to 35%, soot volume fraction is reduced by 60%. To explain the reasons behind the reversal, a series of numerical simulations were performed, which successfully demonstrated the same trend. Results show that the chemical effects of adding oxygen to the fuel stream are exceedingly more important than the thermal and dilution effects. It was found that the reversal occurred when nearly all DME disassociated before exiting the fuel tube, indicating a sudden transition from a partially premixed DME flame, to one which primarily burns C1 fuel fragments. An analysis of soot formation and oxidation rates showed that near the reversal, soot inception is the least affected process; furthermore, soot precursor availability is not significantly affected in magnitude, rather they appear further upstream. It is concluded that the favourable conditions for rapid DME decomposition into soot precursors enhances soot inception while depleting the necessary species for further soot mass growth, dramatically reducing soot concentration.     

Effects of NOx addition on autoignition and detonation development in DME/air under engine-relevant conditions

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology can be used in internal combustion engines to reduce NOx emission and improve fuel economy. However, it also affects the end-gas autoignition and engine knock since NOx in EGR can promote ignition. In this study, effects of NOx addition on autoignition and detonation development in dimethyl ether (DME)/air mixture under engine-relevant conditions are investigated. Numerical simulation considering both low-temperature and high-temperature chemistry is conducted. First the kinetic effects of NOx addition on the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) regime are assessed and interpreted. It is found that NOx addition greatly promotes both low-temperature and high-temperature ignition stages mainly through increasing OH production. Then the autoignitive reaction front propagation induced by either local NO accumulation or a cold spot within NTC regime with different amounts of NO addition is investigated. For the first time, supersonic autoignition modes including detonation induced by local NO accumulations are identified. This indicates that local accumulation of NOx in end gas might induce super-knock in engines with EGR. A new parameter quantifying the ratio of sound speed to average reaction front propagation speed is introduced to identify the regimes for different autoignition modes. Compared to the traditional counterpart parameter used in previous studies, this new parameter is more suitable since it yields a detonation development regime in a C-shaped curve which is almost unaffected by the initial conditions. The results in this study may provide fundamental insights into knocking mechanism in engines using EGR technology.