城镇污水厂尾水人工湿地深度处理过程中DOM三维荧光光谱特征

采用三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)分析研究了两种基质水平潜流人工湿地在深度处理城镇污水处理厂尾水过程中溶解有机物(DOM)组成特征。结果表明,两种潜流人工湿地对尾水中CODcr和DOC的去除率平均分别达到61.6%和70.1%。相比较而言,陶粒基质湿地对尾水有机物去除效果略优于沸石基质湿地。三维荧光扫描结果显示,湿地进水中表征出类溶解性有机物,即色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质(S)、溶解性微生物代谢产物(T)、可见类富里酸(M)、紫外类富里酸物质(A)。经过人工湿地净化处理后,出水中4个峰的相对荧光强度均有不同程度的降低,其中M峰和T峰的相对荧光强度降低最为明显,平均分别降低了16.4%和11.7%;人工湿地出水中腐殖类物质芳香性较弱,含有的苯环结构有机物较少,这说明潜流人工湿地对尾水中化学性质较为稳定、难以分解、不易被生物利用的类腐殖质有较好的去除效果。M峰和T峰的荧光强度在沿程上逐渐减小,S峰随沿程呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。与沸石湿地相比较,陶粒基质水平潜流人工湿地系统对尾水中DOM的特征峰荧光强度削减更为明显。     

三维荧光光谱-平行因子法解析再生水补给人工湿地DOM的光谱特征

采用三维荧光光谱技术和平行因子分析,对北方某潜流-表流复合人工湿地水体中溶解性有机质（DOM）的光谱特征、演变过程及其来源进行研究,以期为深入理解人工湿地的作用机理和污染物溯源提供科学依据。结果表明,人工湿地中各阶段的出水呈现相似的三维荧光特性,均出现明显的类腐殖质尖峰和类蛋白峰,但强度有所不同。混凝沉淀对类蛋白和类腐殖质两种DOM的荧光强度均有一定的削减作用;潜流湿地出水的荧光图谱显示,微生物代谢副产物和类色氨酸等类蛋白峰强度明显降低,而类腐殖质峰强度无明显变化,这表明潜流湿地对再生水中的类蛋白物质具有明显的降解作用,而对类腐殖质物质降解效果较弱;相反,在表流湿地出水的荧光图谱中发现类蛋白峰和类腐殖质峰的强度均削弱,而且在表流湿地下游3 km处的强度达到最低。这一趋势归因于潜流湿地中滤料表面生物膜对DOM的生物降解以及表流湿地内部活跃的微生物活动和水生植物的根系对DOM的吸附作用。平行因子分析结果显示,该湿地水体DOM中包含5个荧光组分,分别为类富里酸组分C1（240, 330/430 nm）、微生物活动相关的类腐殖质组分C2（285, 330/380 nm）、类色氨酸C3（230/350 nm）、微生物代谢副产物C4（280/320 nm）和陆源类腐殖质C5（270, 380/470 nm）。采用多种荧光光谱指数对湿地中DOM的来源进行解析,荧光指数和自生源指数均表明该湿地中DOM的来源以生物代谢输入为主,而陆源输入的影响较小;腐殖化因子则表明该湿地存在弱腐殖化的特征且生物来源占主导地位。斯皮尔曼相关性分析表明5个荧光组分具有同源性,而且与水中氮元素的迁移转化密切相关。     

河北洨河人工湿地水体溶解性有机物性质的演化过程研究

联合三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱和化学还原法,对洨河人工湿地水体DOC与COD的变化特征以及溶解性有机物(DOM)的来源、化学结构、腐殖化程度与氧化还原性质进行研究,以期为深入揭示DOM在人工湿地中的地球化学行为及其生态环境效应提供科学依据。结果显示,河流水体COD 60%以上来自DOC的贡献,而其经过人工湿地后含量的降低则主要是由有机物中的N,H,S,P元素更容易被去除所导致的,其贡献率可达65%。f_470/520与BIX两种指数共同指示了水体DOM主要由微生物贡献,表明水体DOM明显受到微生物的降解作用。三维荧光光谱PARAFAC模型分析显示,人工湿地水体DOM包含类蛋白和类腐殖质组分,其中类富里酸和类胡敏酸组分比类蛋白质组分更容易被降解,类富里酸与类胡敏酸组分具有相似的分解命运。有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)与荧光溶解有机物(FDOM)具有共源性,均主要由类腐殖质组成,二者进入人工湿地后没有产生选择性降解。水体进入人工湿地后E₂/E₃,A_240～400,r_{(A, C)}与HIX指标没有发生显著变化,表明人工湿地对水体DOM的腐殖化程度不会产生显著影响。然而,人工湿地环境不仅有利于形成还原态的DOM,促进水体三价铁的还原,而且可以提高DOM作为电子穿梭体的能力,这可能与DOM的芳香性碳在人工湿地中能够得以更好保存有关。     

生活垃圾微生物堆肥水溶性有机物光谱特性研究

利用外源微生物(MS,ZJ)进行城市生活垃圾工厂化堆肥,在堆肥前后对水溶性有机物的紫外、红外、荧光光谱进行了分析,探讨外源微生物堆肥对水溶性有机光谱学特性的影响。结果表明,堆肥结束后,不同处理水溶性有机物紫外、红外、荧光光谱形状基本相似,但特征峰强度有明显区别。与CK相比,接种微生物处理堆肥后,水溶性有机物紫外光谱280 nm附近类肩峰明显减弱;红外光谱解析表明,水溶性有机物中小分子糖类物质减少,芳族类物质增加;荧光同步扫描光谱进一步证实,水溶性有机物中多环芳族类化合物增加,其荧光光谱特征峰与污泥中富里酸相似。试验结果证实,接种外源微生物可明显增加堆肥水溶性有机物芳构化程度,各处理芳构化程度依次为：MS+ZJ>ZJ>MS>CK。     

常规净水工艺去除有机物效果的三维荧光光谱分析法

有机物的荧光特性被广泛用来解析其在水体中的来源与分布。荧光光谱技术具有灵敏度高、选择性好、且不破坏样品结构的优点,非常适合用来研究有机物的化学和物理性质。运用三维荧光光谱分析技术对常规净水工艺中有机物的去除效果进行了研究。实验结果表明,三维荧光光谱技术能有效地揭示净水工艺中有机物的变化过程。在整个净水过程中,没有完全消除类富里酸荧光物质,也没有产生新的荧光物质。就类富里酸荧光物质的去除效果而言,混凝沉淀基本没有去除作用,过滤作用的去除率在5%～15%之间。     

胶州湾海水溶解有机物三维荧光特征研究

应用三维荧光光谱(excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy, EEMs)研究了不同河流输入有机物对胶州湾海水中溶解有机物荧光特征的影响。结果表明,生活污水和工业废水的排放使附近海水中类腐殖质荧光位置发生红移;类蛋白荧光在海泊河附近最强,类腐殖质荧光在李村河附近最强,中心海区荧光强度最弱,表明沿岸河流输入是胶州湾海水中有机物的主要来源,而中心海区有机物主要来源于现场生物活动。不同河口附近区域样品中有机物的类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光强度之间相关性不同,表明河流输入有机物的影响。胶州湾大部分海水中有机物的类蛋白与类腐殖质荧光强度之间的比值较大,表明可能受到了人类活动产生类蛋白有机物的污染。研究结果对于分析海水中有机物来源以及河流排放污染物的迁移等过程具有一定的指导意义。     

长期施用堆肥处理下潮土剖面水溶性有机物的三维荧光光谱研究

为了研究长期施用堆肥对潮土剖面土壤水溶性有机物(DOM)的来源和组分特征的影响，研究以河北省曲周实验站长期施用堆肥的试验田为研究对象，利用三维荧光光谱技术研究了在长期施用高量生物堆肥(EMI)、常量生物堆肥(EMII)、高量传统堆肥(TCI)、常量传统堆肥(TCII)和化肥(CF)下不同深度土壤水溶性有机物在来源和组成的差异。研究结果表明，不同施肥处理的土壤水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在土壤剖面的分布规律有较大差异，堆肥使0～20和60～80 cm土层的DOC分别显著提高了81.94%～171.33%和61.18%～152.18%。荧光光谱指数表明，DOM来源为微生物和植物混合源，堆肥施用量的增加使DOM腐殖化程度加强，造成表层土壤中DOM由陆源向生物源迁移，随着土壤深度的增加，DOM由陆源向生物源迁移。三维荧光光谱和荧光区域积分表明，生物堆肥和传统堆肥增加了类腐殖酸物质的含量，且随着施用量的增加而增加；高量生物堆肥和传统堆肥增加了类富里酸物质和类溶解性微生物代谢产物的含量；施用化肥和堆肥均降低了类色氨酸的含量。类腐殖酸含量、类富里酸含量和类溶解性微生物代谢产物数量随着土壤深度的增加整体...     

RO处理早期垃圾渗滤液中DOM的荧光光谱分析

利用荧光检测技术对某垃圾填埋场渗滤液反渗透(RO)膜深度处理时的进水、出水、浓缩液、酸洗液以及酸洗后碱洗液中水溶性有机物(DOM)的组成变化进行了研究。同步荧光光谱显示,预处理后的渗滤液膜进水在波长280,340,370 nm出现三个较强的荧光峰,反渗透膜对此有效拦截,酸洗和碱洗的组合清洗方式有效去除了波长范围在300~420 nm的有机污染物。三维荧光光谱显示,进水含有2个类富里酸和3个类蛋白质荧光峰,RO膜出水仅含有2个类蛋白峰,浓缩液中出现其余3个高强度的荧光峰;酸洗和碱洗对膜上污染物质分子结构影响显著,存在着明显的荧光峰位移。结果表明,RO膜有效拦截了早期渗滤液中的类富里酸,而对膜的污染物除类富里酸外,还有类蛋白成分:主要为低激发类酪氨酸;为膜污染控制提供了理论支持。     

三维荧光与神经网络研究城市河流沉积物孔隙水有机物组成与结构特征

应用三维荧光技术结合自组织神经网络方法,研究典型城市河流沉积物孔隙水中水溶性有机物(DOM)与颗粒性有机物(POM)组成结构及空间分布特征。自组织神经网络是一种非监督神经网络算法,能够从有机物三维光谱中提取不同的荧光组分,表征各组分的含量。沉积物是重要的有机碳库,而沉积物孔隙水中有机物的多寡可直接反映其环境特征。人们对水体中沉积物孔隙水中的DOM与营养盐特征的研究较多,而对POM的研究较少,尤其对重污染城市支流河的研究更少。因此,选取沈阳市白塔堡河为研究对象,沿河源、农村、城市区域河段采集沉积物孔隙水样品,提取DOM与POM,检测样品的三维荧光光谱。DOM的f_450/500值为1.82～1.91,表明DOM主要是微生物源;POM的f_450/500值为1.42～1.68,表明POM主要以陆地输入为主。自组织神经网络解析DOM与POM含有类酪氨酸、类色氨酸、类富里酸与类胡敏酸等物质,类酪氨酸主要源于新鲜的具有高氧化的类蛋白物质,而类色氨酸主要为微生物代谢产物。DOM的各组分丰度之和为POM的2倍,类酪氨酸平均相对丰度在50%以上,类色氨酸的平均相对丰度为18.8%～23.1%,类富里酸相对丰度比类胡敏酸的高,但两者在有机物组分所占比重小。通过主成分分析,DOM与POM特征呈现沿河源、农村、城市区域河段变化,表明白塔堡河深受人类活动的影响。     

东海海水中荧光溶解有机物质的三维荧光光谱特征

2005年3～4月在东海采集了海水样品,利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术测定了水体中溶解有机物质的荧光性质,通过荧光光谱图中荧光峰的位置、数量、强度的变化及荧光峰之间的相关性,初步判断了荧光物质的种类、分布和来源。东海水体中检测到七种荧光峰,分别为高、低激发波长类色氨酸和类酪氨酸荧光峰、紫外腐殖质荧光峰、可见腐殖质荧光峰和海洋腐殖质荧光峰,其中荧光峰B, S和A出现在整个调查海区中;荧光峰T和D出现在调查海域的北部;类腐殖质荧光峰M和C只出现在部分站位的水样中。荧光物质在研究海域表层的主要来源为长江输入,在中层,荧光物质是长江输入和浮游植物共同作用的结果。不同荧光峰强度之间具有较好的正相关性,表明调查海域水体中的类蛋白荧光物质和类腐殖质荧光物质有着相同的来源或在结构上具有某种联系。     

Speckle characteristics of a broad-area VCSEL in the incoherent emission regime

We present a technique to reduce the speckle contrast of a NIR broad-area VCSEL based on the spatially incoherent emission regime that can be obtained when using the proper driving conditions. We evaluate the efficiency of this technique to reduce the speckle contrast by comparing it with the speckle characteristics in multimode emission under cw operation. Depending on the illumination setup, the incoherent emission regime can lead to a strongly reduced speckle contrast down to 1.3%. This is in agreement with estimates of the expected speckle contrast reduction when three contrast reducing effects are taken into account. These low contrast values make the investigated sources attractive for several applications that suffer from speckle noise.     

XYZ particles at Belle

In this paper, I review recent progress in the study of the XYZ particles at Belle. I only focus on studies with charmonium and one or more light mesons in the final states. This covers the X(3872), X(3915),Y(4140), X(4350), and the charged Z states.     

Optical transmission through an interface between subwavelength slits

This paper studies optical transmission through an interface between two slits with different widths in a sheet composed of an ideal conductor. Such a structure is of potential use in fabricating optical diode and may be the simplest one compared to other designs. Our calculations show that there is a critical wavelength. When the light wavelength is below the critical wavelength, the transmissivity is unidirectional. The expression of the stable transmissivity as a function of the ratio of the widths of the two slits was obtained analytically. Particularly, at the critical wavelength, the transmissivities are zero. This phenomenon has great potential for application in the manufacture of wavelength blockers.     

Beyond the LAN: Ethernet’s Evolution into the Public Network

This article details the evolution of Ethernet into Gigabit Ethernet and how this LAN-based technology has undergone major transformations over time. From its data rates and distances to supported media and functionality, Ethernet has greatly improved, enabling it to surmount many of its former limitations and in so doing to expand beyond the LAN into the MAN and now even the WAN. In this article, Pioneer Consulting explores the evolution further by focusing on some of the major technological directions in the Ethernet equipment industry.     

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on photoluminescence properties of ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films

We report a study on the SHI induced modifications on structural and optical properties of ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films. The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical route using 2-mercaptoethanol as a capping agent. The structure of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD, SEM and TEM. These ZnO nanoparticles were dispersed in the PMMA matrix to form ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films by the solution cast method. These ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films were then irradiated by swift heavy ion irradiation (Ni⁸⁺ ion beam, 100 MeV) at a fluence of 1×10¹¹ ions/cm². The nanocomposite films were then characterized by XRD, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. As revealed from the absorption spectra, absorption edge is not changed by the irradiation but the optical absorption is increased. Enhanced green luminescence at about 527 nm and a less intense blue emission peak around 460 nm were observed after irradiation with respect to the pristine ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite film.     

带有碳杂质的钨中氢稳定性的第一性原理研究

应用第一性原理计算方法研究了碳(C)原子对钨(W)中氢(H)原子稳定性的影响. 本征W中, 当C-H间距离为～2.5 Å时, H的溶解能出现最低值, 此时为H最稳定的位置. W中存在空位时, 由于C的影响, H占据的最佳电子密度面值为0.10 Å^-3. 研究发现, W中单空位最多能容纳10个H原子, 且不能形成H分子, 不同于没有C存在的情况, 表明C对W中H稳定性存在很大影响. 此外, 当两个C原子存在于空位中时, H占据的最佳电子密度面值变为0.13 Å^-3.     

Grain boundary potential and charge density at grain boundaries of chemically prepared thin silver sulfide films

The grain boundary potential and interface state charge density at the grain boundaries of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) thin films prepared by chemical conversion of cadmium sulfide (CdS) films have been determined from the dc resistance of the material and are found to be sensitive to annealing. A reduction in the grain boundary potential and the grain boundary charge density of the film has been noticed when the source CdS film is annealed at different temperatures prior to chemical conversion. The variation in the grain boundary charge density of the grown Ag₂S film with source annealing temperature has been found to be similar to that of thin cadmium sulfide film, reported earlier. An additional low temperature heat treatment of the sample results in an enhancement in the charge density at the grain boundaries. The change in the silver vacancy and/or oxygen and sulfur content of the films as revealed from the energy dispersive spectra of the films suggests possible role of film composition on the grain boundary charge density.     

Reflections from polished single mode fiber ends

Abstract

The performance of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with optical cross-connects (OXCs) and in the presence of polarization and nonlinear effects was analyzed. We determined the effect of PMD and PDL; nonlinearity such as XPM, SPM, and FWM; and CD on the system performance. We found that the system outage probability is highest at DGD threshold for the respective maximum eye closure (EC). We showed that the allowable DGD depends on the time slot for one bit T, which is the inverse of the network bit rate. Wider T is more immune to large PMD with the EC still maintained at the same level since DGD/T is unchanged. Our analysis also indicated that as DGD increases, BER increases. The BER also increases with increase in PDL and further increases with the presence of XPM, SPM, FWM, and CD.     

The Effects of Polarization and Non-Linearity on the Performance of WDM System with Optical Cross-Connects

The performance of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with optical cross-connects (OXCs) and in the presence of polarization and nonlinear effects was analyzed. We determined the effect of PMD and PDL; nonlinearity such as XPM, SPM, and FWM; and CD on the system performance. We found that the system outage probability is highest at DGD threshold for the respective maximum eye closure (EC). We showed that the allowable DGD depends on the time slot for one bit T, which is the inverse of the network bit rate. Wider T is more immune to large PMD with the EC still maintained at the same level since DGD/T is unchanged. Our analysis also indicated that as DGD increases, BER increases. The BER also increases with increase in PDL and further increases with the presence of XPM, SPM, FWM, and CD.     

化学发光法测定巯嘌呤的含量

在流动注射系统中,利用巯嘌呤在碱性Luminol-K₃Fe(CN)₆化学发光体系中发光信号强的特点,建立了一种测定巯嘌呤的新方法。在优化条件下,方法的线性范围是1.02×10-7～1.02×10-9mol·L-1, 回归方程是Y=36.315c+140.72(Y是相对发光强度,c是巯嘌呤浓度与10-8 mol·L-1的乘积), 相关系数是0.998 2,检出限(S/N=3)是6.33×10-10mol·L-1,RSD为3.54%（c_i=2.0×10-9mol·L-1, n=12）。该法用于合成样品的测定,简便、灵敏、快速,结果令人满意。文章简要地探讨了巯嘌呤在碱性Luminol-K₃Fe(CN)₆化学发光体系中的化学发光机理：在反应过程中,产生大量的过氧自由基和羟基自由基,自由基与鲁米诺反应,形成激发态的鲁米诺分子,鲁米诺分子由激发态回到基态产生化学发光现象。