Reflections from polished single mode fiber ends

Abstract

The performance of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with optical cross-connects (OXCs) and in the presence of polarization and nonlinear effects was analyzed. We determined the effect of PMD and PDL; nonlinearity such as XPM, SPM, and FWM; and CD on the system performance. We found that the system outage probability is highest at DGD threshold for the respective maximum eye closure (EC). We showed that the allowable DGD depends on the time slot for one bit T, which is the inverse of the network bit rate. Wider T is more immune to large PMD with the EC still maintained at the same level since DGD/T is unchanged. Our analysis also indicated that as DGD increases, BER increases. The BER also increases with increase in PDL and further increases with the presence of XPM, SPM, FWM, and CD.     

A model to characterize the effect of cross phase modulation on polarization in an optical fiber transmission system

This paper presents a model that described the process of inter-influence between cross phase modulation (XPM) and polarization effects such as polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependant loss (PDL) in an optical fiber communication system. Previous papers have discussed PMD-PDL and PMD-XPM effects in separate models, but in this work we developed a model that is capable of characterizing and evaluating PMD, PDL and XPM simultaneously. From the model, we found that PMD and PDL can be affected by XPM. The presence of XPM changed the vector directions of PMD and PDL in Stokes space.     

A detailed analysis of cross-phase modulation effects on OOK and dpsk optical WDM transmission systems in the presence of GVD,SPM, and ASE noise

A performance analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of cross-phase modulation (XPM) on a dispersion-managed 20 Gb/s optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission system using either the on-off keying (OOK) or the different-phase-shifting keying (DPSK) modulation, in the presence of the group-velocity dispersion (GVD), self-phase modulation (SPM), and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). It is found that to achieve a bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻⁹ at a distance of 160 km, a 1.0 dB XPM power penalty is incurred for input channel power of 3 dBm in the OOK transmission and 7 dBm in the DPSK transmission. The power penalty increases with input channel powers and is inversely proportional and exhibits oscillations with respect to the channel separation. The oscillation is evenly spaced for the DPSK but not for the OOK and suggests the presence of optimum separation values. The XPM penalty decreases when a high dispersion fiber is used and increases linearly with increasing dispersion slope. Small residual dispersion can reduce the penalty of nonlinear effects.     

Effects of polarization mode dispersion on cross-phase modulation in a WDM optical transmission system

The cross-phase modulation (XPM) changes the state-of-polarization (SOP) of various channels and leads to amplitude modulation of the propagating waves in a WDM system. Due to the presence of polarization mode dispersion (PMD), the angles between the SOP of the channels change randomly and cause the modulation amplitude fluctuation random in the perturbed channel. We analytically derive the dynamic equation of the perturbed channel, determine the combined probability density function of the random angle between the SOP of pumps and probe channel and evaluate the effects of PMD on XPM for a 4-channel IM-DD WDM system in terms of BER at bit rate of 10 Gb/s per channel. We also simulate the impact PMD on XPM for a 4-channel WDM system in terms of eye diagram and found that eye opening penalty is 1.85 dB higher when the fiber PMD coefficient increases from 0.5 to 1.5 ps/√km.     

光纤偏振效应导致脉冲展宽的解析模型

在10Gb／s,尤其是40Gb／s以上高速光纤通信系统中,光纤的偏振特性已成为限制系统传输距离的主要因素之一。光纤的偏振效应主要包括偏振模色散和偏振依赖损耗。而脉冲均方根展宽是判断信号传输性能的一个主要物理量。本文讨论了光纤线路偏振模色散与偏振相关损耗的相互作用及对信号脉宽的影响。给出了线路偏振模色散矢量和偏振相关损耗矢量之间的关系式,并基于严格的数学方法,导出了在光纤偏振模色散和偏振相关损耗共同作用下的信号均方根脉宽变化的解析形式,同时考虑了光纤色散,啁啾等。该模型可用于分析高阶偏振模色散和偏振相关损耗,任意线性光纤通信系统脉冲展宽分析。     

直接检测光OFDM系统中的偏振相关损耗研究

对于高速光传输,直接检测的光正交频分复用系统（direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, DDO-OFDM）中的偏振相关损耗（polarization dependent loss, PDL）与偏振模色散相互作用,对系统传输带来较大影响。对DDO-OFDM系统中PDL与一阶PMD作用机理和数学模型进行了分析,并通过数字仿真加以验证。结果表明:在PDL与PMD联合作用下,对OFDM信号幅度及相位均产生影响,通过发送导频序列可有效实现信号均衡;由于输出偏振态随频率产生旋转,PMD效应一定程度上缓解PDL所致系统损伤,差分群时延为50 ps条件下,以10 Gb/s的速率在单模光纤传输480 km,DDO-OFDM系统Q值提高约0.8 dB。     

Performance limitations of an optical heterodyne CPFSK transmission system due to self-phase modulation

A detailed theoretical analysis is presented to evaluate the combined influence of self-phase modulation (SPM) and group velocity dispersion (GVD) of optical fiber on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a heterodyne optical CPFSK system. The power penalty suffered by the system due to the combined influence of GVD and SPM is evaluated from the BER performance results. It is found that the penalty due to SPM at a BER of 10⁻⁹ is significant when the input power exceeds 7 dBm. Further, the CPFSK system with modulation index of 0.5 is less sensitive to the effects of GVD and SPM compared to the system with a modulation index of 1. The theoretical results are in conformity with the experimental results reported earlier.     

光纤非线性效应对10 Gb/s波分复用色散补偿系统的限制

对信道间距为１００ＧＨｚ的８倍１０Ｇｂ／ｓ波分复用色散补偿系统进行了计算机仿真,分析了光纤的色散和自相位调制（ＳＰＭ）、互相位调制（ＸＰＭ）、四波混频（ＦＷＭ）等非线性效应在具有级联光放大器系统中的作用。四种色散补偿方案是：ＳＭＦ（常规单模光纤）＋ＤＣＦ１（色散斜率为正的色散补偿光纤）、ＳＭＦ＋ＤＣＦ２（色散斜率为负的色散补偿光纤）、ＴＷ１（色散为正的非零色散光纤）＋ＴＷ２（色散为负的非零色散光纤     

用电功率反馈控制信号实现10Gbit/s系统的PMD补偿实验

光纤通信线路检测到的电功率随差分群延迟变化, 可以作为PMD补偿的反馈控制信号.给出了这一变化关系的理论计算和曲线并通过实验验证这一关系, 确定电压信号与DGD的变化关系.建立了一套完整的实验系统, 并考虑了影响反馈电压信号的多种因素以及减小这些影响的措施.眼图给出的实验结果说明了补偿的效果, 还利用误码测试仪测量了补偿前后的接收灵敏度的改变以定量说明补偿的效果, 最后比较了不同情况下的补偿结果.     

Impact of polarization mode dispersion on the performance of optical CDMA transmission system

The impact of fiber polarization mode dispersion (PMD) on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a direct sequence optical code-division multiple-access system is analyzed by the split-step Fourier method based on the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the three-dimensional Poincare sphere theory and the Jones matrix method. When the incident pulse's width is bigness than the chip duration, which causes spreading and overlapping of chips and degrades system performance due to increased interchip interference and reduced received optical power conduce cannot decoding or error decoding. When the incident pulse's width is less than the chip duration, good encoding/decoding performance can be achieved.     

Simultaneously compensating tunable CD and adaptive PMD using two different nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings

Experimental research of simultaneous tunable chromatic dispersion(CD)and adaptive polarization mode dispersion(PMD)compensations in optical fiber communication system was reported.Two different nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings fabricated through the equivalent chirp technology were adopted in the experiment.One of the gratings was used as CD compensator,with a tunable dispersion range from 300 to 600 ps/nm.The other made of photosensitive polarization maintaining fiber was used as a tunable delay line of PMD compensator,which provided a varying amount of differential group delay(DGD)from 40 to 110 ps.Our experiment was operated at 10-Gb/s non-return-to-zero(NRZ)system and the results showed that the eye pattern recovery is excellent after both PMD and CD are compensated.Especially,the power penalty at a bit error rate(BER)of 10-9 is about 1 dB.     

高速传输系统中高阶PMD的影响

研究由于偏振模色散(PMD)引起的时域脉冲响应从传输矩阵的角度分析了包含各阶与频率相关的差分相时延(DPD)、主偏振态(PSP)对脉冲波形的影响,并通过仿真结果验证理论的有效性同时,也分析了PMD对系统带来的眼图代价,对40Gb/s系统做出了预测.     

基于PLC的PMD补偿器中PDL效应的分析

应用穆勒（Müller）矩阵对硅基平面光波导线路（Planar lightwave circuit PLC）补偿器中PDL对差分群时延(Differential group delay DGD)分布的影响进行了分析，在不同的PDL值下对各种不同级次的PLC单元级联情况的DGD值分布进行了讨论，并与Maxwell分布进行了比较，得到了在特定PDL值情况下最为优化的PLC级次.     

应力对M-Z型InP/InGaAsP-EAM偏振

采用Agilent 81910A光子全参量测试仪,首次实验研究了InP/In1－xGaxAs1－yPy-MQW（Multiple-Quantum-Well,MQW）材料与衬底间因应力而产生的M-Z型光调制器的PDL影响以及由此引起的由差分群时延(Differential Group Delay,DGD)表征的偏振模色散(Polarization Mode Dispersion,PMD).研究结果表明,半导体MQW光调制器的PDL与DGD是一致的.因此在半导体光器件的制作过程中,应尽可能地减小衬底与波导芯层之间的因残存应力的存在造成对光器件的高速性能的不利影响.     

Gamma-Gamma湍流信道中大气光通信系统误码特性分析

大气信道中的大气湍流是影响无线激光通信系统性能的主要因素之一, 其引起的强度闪烁效应会对接收信号的提取和还原造成很大干扰。基于Gamma-Gamma概率分布的大气湍流信道统计模型, 研究了利用副载波相移键控(PSK)强度调制技术的大气光通信系统的误码特性; 推导了副载波二进制相移键控(BPSK)及开关键控(OOK)两种调制模式下的系统误码率表达式; 对在一定条件下的大气光通信系统, 比较了副载波BPSK和OOK两种调制模式的误码特性; 分析了链路特征、接收口径尺寸、通信波长和天顶角等因素对系统误码率的影响。结果表明, 增大接收孔径和通信波长都能有效地降低系统误码率, 而天顶角的增大则会使系统误码率增加, 副载波BPSK调制模式的误码特性要优于OOK调制模式的误码特性。     

高速光纤通信系统中抑制偏振模色散的新机制

重点研究了偏振模色散、群速度色散、自相位调制三者之间在高速光纤通信系统中的相互作用，从时域角度分析脉冲的演变，从频域角度分析频谱的变化，提出一定条件下，啁啾、色散、自相位调制可以部分补偿偏振模色散的思想。通过对40Gbit／s系统进行偏振模色散、群速度色散和自相位调制共同作用的仿真，从统计意义上验证了它们之间的相互影响，并找到最佳传输方案，对系统设计提供了参考。     

Impacts of dispersion maps on nonlinear distortion in distributed Raman amplified multi-span systems

The influences of dispersion maps on three major nonlinear effects (SPM, XPM and SRS) in distributed Raman amplified fiber transmission systems with periodic dispersion compensation are numerically investigated at identical nonlinear phase shift. The results show that compared with lumped amplification, distributed amplification tends to enhance the SPM/XPM induced penalties provided per span complete DC is used. However, these performance differences can be canceled out by means of optimal dispersion managements. Moreover, distributed Raman amplification can change the optimal dispersion maps for XPM effects. On the other hand, the impacts of SRS crosstalk are mainly determined by wavelength spacing and walk-off parameter, and the effects of dispersion management are quite limited. For a system with properly designed fiber dispersion characteristics, SRS induced waveform distortion can be well suppressed.     

Performance Evaluation of a Gigabit Optical CDMA Network for Two Distinct Families of Two-Dimensional Codes and Different Transmission Rates

This paper investigates the performance of a given gigabit optical code division multiple access (O-CDMA) network for two distinct families of two-dimensional (2-D) codes. The purpose of this analysis is to provide additional information regarding code adequacy to a given system availability so that performance optimization can be more efficiently carried out. The analysis takes into account construction aspects of the codes as well as dispersive and nonlinear effects in the single-mode fiber (SMF), such as group velocity dispersion (GVD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), self-phase modulation (SPM), and cross-phase modulation (XPM). The analysis focuses on four different transmission rates, i.e., 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 Gbit/s, and describes how signal degradations impact the performance of the network. The simulations are carried out for a back-to-back system and for a 50-km dispersion-compensated fiber-optic link.     

Impact of PDL-induced crosstalk on 100-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK in PMD-affected metro networks

The impact of PDL-induced crosstalk on 100-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK performance in direct detection systems is experimentally assessed in presence of a moderate amount of PMD. In particular, RZ-interleaving and RZ-overlapping schemes have shown opposite behaviours towards PMD and PDL. Measurements carried out confirm the less robustness of RZ-interleaving than RZ-overlapping towards PMD, but highlight a much stronger tolerance of RZ-interleaving to PDL with respect to RZ-overlapping. When PDL combines with moderate PMD, as in metro networks, it is shown that RZ-overlapping high tolerance to PMD drastically fails, RZ-interleaving proving more efficient to deal with polarization issues in case of direct detection of polarization-multiplexed signals.