基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的混合溶液重金属元素检测

利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对混合溶液中的Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd四种重金属元素进行实验测量,实验中采用波长为1 064 nm,脉宽10 ns,重频10 Hz的激光器。在蒸馏水中加入CuSO₄,Mg(NO₃)₂,Zn(NO₃)₂和Cd(NO₃)₂四种溶质,配置7种不同Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd浓度的混合溶液,采用统计探索性数据分析方法处理LIBS实验数据,得到水溶液中Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd元素的定标曲线,拟合度系数R2均大于0.99,计算出Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd四种元素的检测限分别为5.62,4.71,13.67和4.43 ppm,单一溶质CuSO₄溶液中的Cu元素的LOD值为3.98 ppm。最后对单一溶质和四种溶质的LIBS检测结果差异进行了分析。研究结果表明激光诱导击穿光谱技术在环境水污染多种重金属元素检测方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量分析食用明胶中的铬元素

利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对食用明胶样品中的铬元素进行定量分析.采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器三倍频输出的355 nm激光诱导击穿食用明胶产生激光等离子体,测量等离子发射光谱.实验数据表明:使用内标法定量分析食用明胶样品中铬元素浓度分别为10—200 ppm(1 ppm=10-6)时,铬元素含量与分析谱线(CrI:245.43 nm)强度之间具有很好的线性关系.分析了光谱探测延迟时间对明胶中铬元素激光诱导击穿光谱的影响,利用信号强度与信噪比获得了优化的光谱探测延迟时间实验参数.     

特征变量提取方法对脐橙皮中Cu元素LIBS检测精度的影响

食品重金属污染日趋严重,常规的实验室化学分析方法难以满足现代农业发展的需求。激光诱导击穿光谱是一种新兴的快速无损检测新方法,但该技术存在检测稳定性、灵敏度和精确度不高的瓶颈问题。本工作以江西特色水果赣南脐橙中的Cu元素为研究对象,探讨采用LIBS技术检测的可行性问题。首先对脐橙样品进行实验室污染处理,再利用优化的试验参数(激光能量120 mJ、光谱采集延迟时间1.14 μs、采集积分时间2 ms)采集样品表皮的LIBS光谱信息,然后利用AAS对激光击打部位果皮进行Cu元素真实含量检测。提取Cu Ⅰ324.7 nm与Cu Ⅰ 327.4 nm作为Cu元素定量分析特征光谱,建立Cu元素真实浓度与Cu Ⅰ 324.7强度、Cu Ⅰ 327.4强度、Cu Ⅰ 324.7与Cu Ⅰ 327.4强度之和的关系模型,并对模型的灵敏度和预测准确度进行了分析。结果显示,三个关系模型的浓度预测相对误差均在7.01%以下,最小分别达到了0.02%,0.01%和0.02%,平均相对误差分别为2.33%,3.10%和2.63%。试验表明,寻找合适的特征变量能明显提高定量分析结果的精确度。此外,该研究有助于为重金属元素在果皮果肉中的传输规律提供理论依据。     

基于飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱探测土壤重金属Cr元素含量

本文基于飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱对土壤重金属Cr元素含量进行了实验研究.利用荧光法对等离子体丝的长度进行测量,给出了在不同焦距聚焦透镜作用下土壤中Cr425.5 nm的谱线强度空间分布,实验给出了Cr元素的定标曲线.实验结果表明,土壤中Cr元素浓度分析测量的相对标准偏差小于5%,土壤中重金属Cr元素的检测极限为7.85 ppm.表明飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱技术在土壤重金属Cr元素含量的定量探测方面是完全可行的.     

水溶液中微量Cu元素的激光诱导光谱检测

采用普通打印纸作为基底置于含有痕量重金属离子的水溶液中,用于富集溶液中的重金属Cu元素,烘干后用激光诱导击穿光谱进行定量分析。该方法克服了用激光诱导击穿光谱方法直接分析液相样品中重金属含量时存在水的溅射和灵敏度低等不足。实验中选用324.7 nm的光谱线作为分析线,研究了光谱强度与富集时间的关系,建立了用于溶液中Cu元素定量测量的校正曲线,检测限达到0.023 mg·L-1。为水体中重金属检测提供了一个可行的具有良好灵敏度分析技术。     

激光诱导击穿光谱法定量分析水泥中的铜元素

为定量分析水泥中的铜(Cu)元素,根据激光诱导击穿光谱分析方法(Ll BS)的特点,建立了激光诱导击穿光谱分析系统。采用标准加入法为定标方法,制备了5个不同含铜量的水泥样品。根据LIBS谱图,以213.598 nm和219.958 nm作为分析线。应用Savitzky-Golary卷积平滑方法对光谱数据进行了预处理,比较了Guass、Lorentz和Voigt拟合方法对光谱曲线的拟合效果。对测量结果采用一元线性拟合建立了相应的定标曲线,213.598 nm和219.958 nm定标曲线的校正决定系数分别为0.994 8和0.986 4,平均相对误差分别为3.20%和5.78%。实验结果表明:213.598 nm作为分析线的准确度优于219.958 nm分析线,该方法能够满足水泥中Cu元素定量分析的要求。     

利用激光诱导击穿光谱对铝合金成分进行多元素同时定量分析

利用激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析了铝合金中多种元素的成分。采用Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器,在空气环境下烧蚀铝合金固体样品获得等离子体。利用多通道光栅光谱仪和CCD检测器对200～980 nm波长范围的光谱进行同时检测。研究了检测时延、激光脉冲能量、元素深度分布对光谱强度的影响,考虑这些因素之后对实验参数进行了优化。在优化的实验参数下对国家标准铝合金样品中的八种元素Si,Fe,Cu,Mn,Mg,Zn,Sn及Ni进行了定标,并利用定标曲线对一种铝合金样品进行了定量分析。实验结果表明,测量结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)最大为5.89%,相对误差在-20.99%～15%范围内,说明对铝合金样品成分进行定量分析,激光诱导击穿光谱是一种有效的光谱分析工具,但是分析结果的准确度仍需要提高。     

明胶水凝胶固化方法的水体中铜元素LIBS检测研究

水污染已是当今世界最严重的环境问题之一,如何提高水体重金属污染检测灵敏度、降低检测限、减少样品预处理程序、实现原位分析等已成为科研工作关注的热点。基于明胶水凝胶固化方法开展了CuSO₄溶液中Cu元素的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)检测研究。采用Nd∶YAG激光器（输出波长1 064 nm,脉宽8 ns）作为激光光源,将明胶与CuSO₄溶液混合并通过加热、搅拌、老化等操作将CuSO₄溶液制成凝胶状固体,选取Cu Ⅰ 324.7 nm和Cu Ⅰ 327.4 nm作为分析谱线,通过研究铜等离子体光谱强度随明胶与CuSO₄溶液质量比例的变化关系,获得了明胶CuSO₄溶液质量比例为2.5%的最佳实验条件,与直采CuSO₄溶液相比Cu Ⅰ 324.7 nm和Cu Ⅰ 327.4 nm的光谱强度分别增加了2.26和2.11倍,信背比分别增强了190.74和318.77倍。在明胶与CuSO₄质量分数比为2.5%的最佳实验条件下,制备了Cu2+浓度分别为8,12,16,24,48和64 mg·L-1的CuSO₄标准溶液的明胶凝胶样品,分别采用100,80和60 mJ激光能量对制备的6种浓度的CuSO₄标准溶液的明胶凝胶样品进行LIBS检测分析,建立了分析线Cu Ⅰ 324.7 nm和Cu Ⅰ 327.4 nm的定标曲线。在激光能量100,80和60 mJ下,Cu Ⅰ 324.7 nm的线性拟合系数R2分别为0.999,0.989,0.984,检测限分别为0.30,0.66和6.37 mg·L-1;Cu Ⅰ 327.4 nm的线性拟合系数R2分别为0.997,0.973和0.956,检测限分别为0.45,0.88和10.20 mg·L-1。研究结果表明：明胶水凝胶固化方法能够增强CuSO₄溶液中铜元素LIBS光谱强度,有效提高了LIBS在水体重金属检测中的灵敏度,减低了检测限。分析线Cu Ⅰ 324.7 nm线性拟合系数和检测限均优于Cu Ⅰ 327.4 nm,检测限和线性拟合系数随激光能量的增加改善程度增强,在激光能量100 mJ时,Cu Ⅰ 324.7 nm的定标曲线的线性拟合系数R2为0.999,检测限为0.30 mg·L-1,达到了富集方法的检测水平。明胶水凝胶固化方法样品制备程序简单,未引入污染元素,为LIBS技术应用于水体重金属污染检测提供了一种新方法。     

共线DP-LIBS定量分析水中Cu含量的试验研究

为研究双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(DP-LIBS)对水体中铜(Cu)元素检测灵敏度的影响,采用共线双脉冲LIBS检测装置对所配置的含Cu水溶液进行激光诱导击穿光谱试验。结果显示：与运用单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(SP-LIBS)检测水体中Cu元素相比,运用DP-LIBS探测到的光谱明显增强,并且其检测结果受光谱仪采集的延迟时间、两脉冲之间的脉冲延迟时间、双脉冲激光能量等因素的影响显著。确定最佳的试验条件为：光谱采集延迟时间为1 380 ns,脉冲延迟时间为25 ns,双脉冲激光能量为100 mJ。分别对铜元素324.7和327.4 nm的特征谱线进行定量分析,两谱线的检测限分别是3.5和4.84 μg·mL-1,且相对标准偏差都在10%以内。用500 μg·mL-1样品对特征谱线为324.7 nm所建立的定标曲线进行验证,反演得出该样品的浓度为446 μg·mL-1,相对误差为10.8%。研究表明DP-LIBS能够提高Cu元素的检测灵敏度,同时具有较高的稳定性。     

应用LIBS技术测量土壤重金属Cr含量

应用激光诱导击穿光谱分析技术(laser-induced break-down spectroscopy, LIBS)开展了土壤中重金属铬元素含量探测研究。实验中激光波长为1 064 nm, 脉冲宽度为8 ns, 重复频率10 Hz,选取Cr 427.4 nm作为光谱分析谱线。实验结果表明,在光谱采集相对于激光脉冲延迟时间为4.78 μs, 土壤样品表面位于聚焦透镜焦后1 mm的实验条件下, Cr元素浓度测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为12.1%, 检测限为2.01 ppm, 元素实验测量与标准值的相对偏差为5.15%。可以看出LIBS技术具有低检测限、测量精度高等优点, 这对土壤中重金属污染和监测环境质量的精确、快速检测等问题具有重要意义。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.