Bi系高温超导带材交流传输损耗的研究和分析

本文研究了Bi-2223高温超导带材的交流传输损耗和频率及运行电流的关系, 调查了热循环过程对交流传输损耗的影响. 实验中, 使用了Lock-in 放大器, 利用四引线法来测量带材交流传输损耗. 实验在温度为77K频率从45Hz到135Hz下进行. 在调查损耗和频率及运行电流的关系时, 发现在运行电流幅值小于临界电流时, 每周传输损耗和频率无关, 说明这时的损耗主要来源于磁滞损耗, 实验结果和Norris椭圆模型的计算结果很接近. 在研究交流传输损耗和热循环的关系时, 发现随着冷热循环次数的增加, 交流损耗也在增加. 这种损耗的增加来源于冷热循环过程中产生的应力, 这种应力的释放减弱了晶粒间的Josephson连接, 使临界电流下降, 从而造成了交流传输损耗的增加.     

基于改进电测法的Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带的交流损耗研究

研究了B i-2223/Ag高温超导带材的交流传输损耗与频率及运行电流的关系。采用锁相放大器激励,内参考方式,首先对纯阻性相位进行定标的改良电测法,对带材的交流传输损耗进行测量。实验在温度77K,频率45-200Hz的范围内进行。实验结果显示:当运行电流幅值小于临界电流时,传输损耗与电流的关系式(P-In)中,指数n介于2-3之间,说明这时的损耗除来源于磁滞损耗外,涡流损耗的作用也不可忽略。鉴于电测法测得的交流损耗与Norris模型的理论计算值差别较大,分析了这种差别产生的原因,并与另一种B i系高温超导带的交流损耗情况进行了对比;此外还对实验误差的大小进行了理论估测。     

外场因素对高温超导堆叠带材交流损耗的影响

REBCO高温超导带材在传输电流时会产生交流损耗,从而影响超导设备的稳定运行。基于麦克斯韦方程组,结合超导体的非线性E-J关系,使用H方法推导求解超导体交流损耗的数值计算公式,利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件建立二维轴对称模型并进行计算。结果表明,在通入交变电流后,超导带材由于抗磁性会出现部分零磁通区域,随着传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数、频率及环境温度的增大,磁通穿透深度逐渐增大,零磁通区域逐渐减小,传输电流主要分布于带材两端。增大传输电流幅值、磁通蠕变系数以及环境温度中任一变量,交流损耗随之增大,而交流损耗随频率的增大而减小。合理选取超导带材参数可有效降低交流损耗,保障超导设备安全运行。     

高温超导磁体系统发热仿真及实验研究

本论文对高温超导磁体在传输直流电流时产生的损耗进行了理论分析和实验验证.本文考虑了高温超导带材非线性模型磁场方向对带材临界电流和n值的影响,用Bi2223超导带材绕制了(一个由20个双饼组成的高温超导磁体,用数值仿真和实验方法研究了此磁体传输直流电流时的指数损耗.并对每个双饼以及每匝线圈的损耗进行了分析.在液氮温度下对一个双饼线圈进行了指数损耗的测量,测量结果与数值仿真结果相当吻合.利用高温超导体临界电流此非线性模型,本文对此磁体快速励磁情况下的交流损耗的特点进行了数值模拟.     

基带材料对单层高温超导电缆模型交流损耗的影响

高温超导(HTS)带材的基带可以改变带材的磁场分布,从而影响到带材的交流损耗。从实验和数值分析两个角度计算了不同高温超导带材的自场损耗,并分析了不同基带对带材自场损耗的影响。利用不同高温超导带材制作了多个单层高温超导电缆模型,并从磁性基带的角度分析了各模型的交流损耗特性。结果显示非磁性基带不影响带材的交流损耗。对于超导电缆模型而言,当磁性基带位于模型外侧时,模型外部空间不存在损耗磁通。此外BSCCO模型和YBCO模型的交流损耗特性相似,NY模型和YN模型的损耗相比前两个模型偏大。尤其在低电流区域,YN模型的交流损耗最大。     

具有不同临界电流的Bi2223/Ag多芯超导带材的自场损耗和交流电流电压特性

对具有不同临界电流的Ｂｉ２２２３／Ａｇ多芯超导材的交流电流电压特性进行了测量和评价,当传输电流的有效值Ｉｎｎｓ小于临界电流Ｉｃ时,交流电压的大小与传输电流的频率成正比;但Ｉｎｎｓ接近临界电流时,不同频率所对应的交流电压的大小之间的差别减小了,所有的曲线都汇聚成一条曲线,传输电流的频率分别为４０Ｈｚ,６０Ｈｚ,８０Ｈｚ,２００Ｈｚ及３００Ｈｚ时,我们测量了交变传输电流在Ｂｉ２２２３／Ａｇ带材中产生的自场损耗。结果表明当传输电流的频率较低时,实验结果与基于Ｂｅａｎ模型的Ｎｏｒｒｉｓ方程预期的结果一致;另外,实验结果表明存在一个电流Ｉ′,它的值小于任何一个样品的临界电流,本实验中Ｉ′的值是１０安培,在传输相同大小的电流Ｉｎｎ且Ｉｎｎｓ〈Ｉ′时,Ｂｏｉ２２２３／Ａｇ带材的交流损耗与它的临界电流成正比;但当Ｉｎｎｓ〉Ｉ′     

高温超导磁体系统发热仿真及实验研究

本论文对高温超导磁体在传输直流电流时产生的损耗进行了理论分析和实验验证．本文考虑了高温超导带材非线性模型磁场方向对带材临界电流和n值的影响，用Bi2223超导带材绕制了（一个由20个双饼组成的高温超导磁体，用数值仿真和实验方法研究了此磁体传输直流电流时的指数损耗．并对每个双饼以及每匝线圈的损耗进行了分析．在液氮温度下对一个双饼线圈进行了指数损耗的测量，测量结果与数值仿真结果相当吻合．利用高温超导体临界电流此非线性模型，本文对此磁体快速励磁情况下的交流损耗的特点进行了数值模拟．     

高温超导方形细线的交流损耗特性研究

当前超导电缆能否实现大规模应用还面临着多项关键技术问题,进一步改进超导电缆的结构和绕制技术、进一步降低交流损耗就是其中的两个方面。将多根高温超导方形细线(Soldered-Stacked-Square HTS wire)通过并联形成一根双根结构的高温超导缆线,采用电测量法,在77 K、零外场及不同频率条件下,对高温超导方形细线通以不同运行电流时产生的交流传输损耗进行测量,可以获得双根高温超导方形细线的交流损耗与传输电流频率之间的关系,结果表明两者无关,并且超导方形细线的双根并联结构对减小线材的交流损耗能够产生一定影响。     

传输交流的Bi2223/Ag高温超导带在不同取向交流外场下的交流损耗

在高温超导的电力应用中，如超导电机、变压器等，多数情况下，高温超导带材在通以交流传输电流的同时还处于交变磁场中。此时，超导体的交流损耗不仅依赖于磁场的大小，还与磁场相对于超导带面的取向有关。本文在77K及工频50Hz情况下，实验研究了单根多芯Bi2223/Ag高温超导带及两带并联时的交流损耗随着外磁场与带面夹角的变化情况；以及交流磁场对临界电流的影响情况；并对单根带及两带并联的实验结果进行了比较与分析。     

直流偏置下YBCO单层导体的交流损耗特性研究

在高压直流输电系统中,高温超导直流电缆具有高功率密度特点被广泛使用。然而,电网中的直流以及开关器件和环境产生的交流纹波,都造成交流损耗。由第二代(2G)带材组成的五边形单层导体在交流和直流作用下,进行了交流损耗特性研究。该次实验从电压引线高度,接触位置和频率等不同角度测量分析了五边形单层导体的交流损耗。结果表明,尽管电压引线的接触位置不同,由于五边形单层导体的对称结构,每根带材的交流损耗几乎相同;当总电流大于临界电流时交流损耗取决于频率。此外,对五边形单层导体进行了仿真计算,与实验结果做了比较分析。结果表明,交流损耗实验测试结果与模型仿真结果基本吻合。     

AC losses in multifilamentary HTS-composite tapes based on BiPbSrCaCuO

Some results of AC loss measurements are presented for 19, 61, 127-filamentary Bi-2223/Ag tapes prepared by the ‘powder-in-tube' method. All measurements have been made at T=77 K under sinusoidal transport current with frequency in the range of 30–600 Hz and the current amplitude up to 30 A. The measurements have been carried out both in self field conditions and at the external magnetic field applied to the tape at the different angles. The dependencies of the AC losses on current amplitude and frequency have been obtained. It is found that for all tapes the current amplitude dependencies of the AC losses show good agreement with the Norris prediction for an elliptical or strip geometry. The AC loss dependencies on frequency were linear. The measurements of AC losses in external magnetic field show that the change of AC losses is only through the change of the critical current. So the transport AC losses in the tapes are the ‘saturation losses' that is they are different from classic hysteresis losses.     

AC losses in multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes with an interfilamentary resistive carbonate barrier

For the most common AC application frequencies, the main component of the AC losses in multifilamentary Bi(2223) tapes are caused by hysteresis- and coupling losses. These losses can be reduced enhancing the matrix resistivity and applying a twist to the filaments. We report on the AC loss properties of 37-filament tapes with AgAu (8 wt.%) matrix, and novel 19-filament tapes with SrCO₃ barriers between the filaments. We performed transport AC loss and magnetic AC loss measurements in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields. Both kinds of tapes were also prepared with filament twists below a twist pitch of 20 mm. The influence of the different tape modifications on the AC loss behaviour is presented and compared with theoretical models to understand the effect of the resistive matrix. In the case of magnetic AC loss measurements, reduced AC losses due to decoupled filaments were observed for the twisted tapes with a resistive matrix in low parallel fields.     

超导变压器绕组环流及漏磁场计算

高温超导变压器的漏磁场降低绕组中的临界电流并增加交流损耗;超导材料的零电阻特性使得绕组限制环流的能力极低.因此,在设计超导变压器时,进行磁场分析和环流计算显得尤其重要.本文采用场-路结合的方法,即在用ANSYS求得反映变压器各支路之间电磁耦合的电感矩阵的基础上列出电路方程,计算了变压器低压绕组5种不同形式的各支路电流分布,并进而分析了磁场.同时提出了减小环流和改善磁场分布的一些措施.     

Finite element analysis of AC loss in non-twisted Bi-2223 tape carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC external magnetic field

AC losses in Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC magnetic field are calculated with a numerical model based on the finite element method. Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law using equivalent conductivity. First, transport loss and magnetization loss are calculated numerically and compared with measured values. The calculated losses almost agree with the measured losses. Frequency dependencies of calculated and measured transport losses are compared with each other. Next, the influence of DC external magnetic field on the transport loss is studied. DC external magnetic field reduces n that is an exponent in the power law connecting resistivity and current density. The numerically calculated transport loss increases with increasing DC magnetic field. Finally, the total loss of superconducting tape carrying AC transport current in AC magnetic field is calculated. In the perpendicular magnetic field, the calculated total loss is lager than the sum of the transport loss and the magnetization loss, while they almost agree with each other in the parallel magnetic field.     

45 kVA单相高温超导变压器交流损耗特性研究

本文研究以多芯不锈钢加强Bi2223/Ag带材绕制的45 kVA单相高温超导变压器的交流损耗特性.变压器绕组置于具有室温孔径的环形玻璃钢杜瓦内,铁芯穿过杜瓦室温孔径以保证铁芯与绕组分离并工作于室温环境.在77 K和工频下,基于Bean模型和绕组中的磁场分布计算了绕组的交流损耗,计算结果与传统电测法和热测法测量的变压器交流损耗结果一致;表明在77K绕组中交流损耗以磁滞损耗为主,涡流损耗和耦合损耗可以忽略不计.     

A simple electromagnetic method of cyclic loss measurement for superconducting wires in a combined alternating transverse magnetic field and transport current

We measured cyclic losses in a superconducting wire, carrying alternating transport current, simultaneously exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field. Samples of Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes have configuration of a double-layer non-inductive coil, which itself is a pickup coil to measure the AC losses. Potential taps were attached to both terminals of the sample coil. The external field was applied along the axis of the sample coil. In this procedure, we can estimate an averaged Poynting's vector on a cylindrical surface between the two layers by means of signals from a pair of the potential taps and from pickup coils for the external magnetic field and the transport current. We can also measure a magnetization and an extended transport-current components of AC losses in addition to a total cyclic loss for a combined alternating external field and transport current. Obtained results are compared with numerical predictions of the critical state model taking into account the magnetic field dependence of critical current density.     

Evaluation of geometrical effect on magnetization loss in GdBCO coated conductor

The magnetization loss density in stacked GdBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ coated conductor was measured using a SQUID magnetometer in a magnetic field normal to the tape surface to investigate the effect of stack on the magnetization loss. The AC loss characteristics are successfully collapsed to a single curve by the normalization at all the measurement temperatures. The losses are similar at high magnetic fields regardless the number of tapes. In addition, the AC loss decreases with increasing the number of tapes in stack at low magnetic fields.     

AC transport current loss of assembled conductor of HTS tapes

We study experimentally and theoretically the AC transport current loss characteristics of a tape in multiple tapes assembled in single layer and subject to external field produced by transport currents of adjacent tapes. We measured the AC transport current losses of a Bi2223 silver-sheathed tape in a single layer arrangement of three tapes using our newly developed potential leads arrangement to avoid spurious loss components caused by the magnetization in the adjacent tapes. In the paper, the influence of the external AC field produced by adjacent tapes on the loss characteristics is studied based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis.     

Decrease of magnetic AC loss in twisted-filament Bi-2223 tapes

In AC power-engineering applications, a large part of the AC loss in the superconductor is due to magnetization by the external field. This magnetic AC loss has been well described for the low-T_c conductors. In Bi-2223 tapes the picture is different due to strong anisotropy, granularity and flux creep. Magnetic AC loss in various twisted and non-twisted Bi-2223 tapes has been measured at power frequencies by a pickup method. The results are compared to theoretical models of magnetization loss. When the field is parallel to the tape plane, the filaments in twisted tapes can be decoupled and the AC loss is decreased even when the matrix is pure silver. The extra effect of higher-resistance matrix materials is studied. In perpendicular field it is more difficult to decouple the filaments, due to the particular tape geometry. Contrary to a wire, there are essential differences between the AC loss mechanisms in a long twisted tape and those in a short piece of non-twisted tape. Finally, the dynamic resistance caused by the AC magnetic field is examined.