高温超导磁体系统发热仿真及实验研究

本论文对高温超导磁体在传输直流电流时产生的损耗进行了理论分析和实验验证.本文考虑了高温超导带材非线性模型磁场方向对带材临界电流和n值的影响,用Bi2223超导带材绕制了(一个由20个双饼组成的高温超导磁体,用数值仿真和实验方法研究了此磁体传输直流电流时的指数损耗.并对每个双饼以及每匝线圈的损耗进行了分析.在液氮温度下对一个双饼线圈进行了指数损耗的测量,测量结果与数值仿真结果相当吻合.利用高温超导体临界电流此非线性模型,本文对此磁体快速励磁情况下的交流损耗的特点进行了数值模拟.     

高温超导磁体指数损耗分析

本论文对高温超导磁体指数损耗(HTS index loss)的特点进行了分析.通过数值模拟,研究了由20个双饼组成的高温超导磁体在20k的温度下磁体的指数损耗,对每个双饼以及每匝线圈的指数损耗进行了计算,对整个磁体的指数损耗随电流变化情况进行了研究.在磁体的两端加上铁轭改变磁场的分布后,可以看出,铁轭可以有效地减少磁体上的指数损耗.     

千匝量级高温超导YBCO磁体交流损耗的仿真分析

高温超导YBCO带材严重的各向异性,使得YBCO磁体的交流损耗特性比BSCCO磁体更加复杂。利用有限元方法研究了匝数多达1000匝的YBCO磁体的交流损耗特性。该方法基于H方程,考虑了YBCO带材与磁场强度和方向相关的临界电流密度以及高温超导体高度非线性的E-J关系。由于磁体匝数众多,采用均质化bulk近似方法简化了磁体建模,加快了计算速度,并以200匝带材组成的双饼为例,对比均质化Bulk模型和考虑超导层实际尺寸的参考模型,验证了该方法的可靠性。此外,还详细分析了不同传输电流上升率、幅值以及带材的n值和临界电流等参数对YBCO磁体交流损耗的影响。     

一种基于阶梯电流的高温超导储能磁体优化方法

高温超导带材的各向异性特性一直影响着它工程使用中性能的充分发挥,为了提高带材的利用率,本文提出了一种基于阶梯电流的优化方法,利用MATLAB对YBCO高温超导储能单螺管磁体的结构进行优化获得初步模型,对双饼线圈进行分组,以两阶梯电流和三阶梯电流为例对磁体进行了优化.分析了各组双饼线圈的磁场分布和临界电流,计算了各部分带材性能的利用率.利用有限元软件分析阶梯电流引起的磁场变化,在充分考虑带材的临界特性和各向异性的前提下优化各组线圈的电流大小.仿真计算表明,和统一电流磁体相比,采用阶梯电流法能够优化磁体磁场构型,提高平均储能密度,最终提高磁体带材的利用率从而提升储能.阶梯电流法同样适用于多螺管磁体,对于超导储能磁体的优化是一种行之有效的方法.     

YBCO线圈交流损耗的有限元分析与实验验证

随着高温超导YBCO带材载流能力的不断提高和成本的逐渐降低,YBCO线圈及磁体的应用将日益广泛。文中利用有限元方法研究了YBCO线圈的交流损耗特性,计算了50Hz下线圈的瞬时交流损耗,分析了每匝带材中的电流和磁场分布。仿真结果表明,线圈内侧承受的磁场最大,但线圈中部每周期的交流损耗最大,且线圈中始终存在未被磁场穿透的区域。除此之外,文中实验测量了YBCO线圈的临界电流和交流损耗,实验结果良好地验证了仿真方法的正确性。     

HTS双饼线圈的加工工艺及实验研究

详细介绍了高温超导双饼线圈的加工工艺和流程,针对绕制时带材弯曲形变使临界电流退化的技术难点,重点阐述了其解决方法。在液氮温度、自场环境下对采用该加工工艺制作的YBCO双饼线圈及Bi2223/Ag双饼线圈进行低温实验,测试其V-I特性曲线。实验结果表明:该工艺制作的双饼线圈性能良好,工艺安全可靠,是合适的。同时,实验测量数据也为线圈在磁体中的进一步应用提供了可靠依据。     

300 kvar超导同步调相机样机的转子磁体设计与测试

正在研制的300 kvar高温超导同步调相机样机采用二极转子结构,每极上堆叠四组跑道形双饼高温超导线圈,线圈之间使用增强型超导电流桥接头结构来降低磁体内部的接头电阻。通过有限元软件对超导转子磁体的静态磁场分布进行了三维仿真计算,根据计算结果和超导带材临界电流-磁场-角度依赖性数据,得到该超导转子磁体在30 K温度的工作电流不能超过333 A。磁体制造完成后,对磁体以不同的升流速度进行了液氮下的通流实验,结果显示,超导转子磁体在液氮下能够安全通流50 A。在通流实验中,测量得到超导转子磁体内部各接头的电阻值均小于1μΩ。     

不同温区下准各向同性超导股线传输损耗研究

对第二代高温超导带材堆叠的准各向同性高温超导股线进行仿真，研究其在不同温区下的交流损耗。首先采用自洽模型获得20 K至77.5 K下超导股线的自场临界电流和磁场分布，然后通过T-A算法计算超导股线在不同温区下的传输不同幅值、频率的传输交流损耗。仿真结果表明，准各向同性高温超导股线在不同温区下的传输交流损耗与传输电流大小成正比，且温度越低传输交流损耗越大；不同温区下超导股线的传输损耗与频率无关。这对准各向同性超导股线应用于高场强磁体的冷却系统效率及热负荷的预估具有重要的参考意义。     

基于YBCO的3MJ超导储能线圈模型样件的测试

高温超导储能磁体(HTS-SMES)是超导在电力系统中的重要应用之一。项目设计的3MJ级SMES装置采用YBCO高温超导带材绕制为16组线圈饼,每组线圈饼由8个双饼线圈组成,工作电流超过500A。文中选取3MJ储能线圈中的1个双饼作为模型样件,在完成该模型样件制造及装配后,对其进行了77K液氮环境下的临界电流、磁场分布、应力应变等项目的测试,测试结果满足测试样件的设计条件,可以为工程化SMES装置的设计和运行提供参考。     

基于改进电测法的Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带的交流损耗研究

研究了B i-2223/Ag高温超导带材的交流传输损耗与频率及运行电流的关系。采用锁相放大器激励,内参考方式,首先对纯阻性相位进行定标的改良电测法,对带材的交流传输损耗进行测量。实验在温度77K,频率45-200Hz的范围内进行。实验结果显示:当运行电流幅值小于临界电流时,传输损耗与电流的关系式(P-In)中,指数n介于2-3之间,说明这时的损耗除来源于磁滞损耗外,涡流损耗的作用也不可忽略。鉴于电测法测得的交流损耗与Norris模型的理论计算值差别较大,分析了这种差别产生的原因,并与另一种B i系高温超导带的交流损耗情况进行了对比;此外还对实验误差的大小进行了理论估测。     

Analytical modeling of loss characteristics of a polymer arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer

Theoretical analysis is performed for the loss characteristics of a polymer arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer around the central wavelength of 1.55 μm with the wavelength spacing of 1.6 nm. The total loss of the device includes the diffraction loss in the input and output (I/O) slab waveguides, bent loss caused by the AWG and I/O channels, leakage loss resulted from the high refractive index substrate, and propagation loss due to the absorption and scattering of the materials of the device. The effects of some structural parameters on the loss characteristics are investigated and discussed. The computed results show that when we select the core thickness as 4 μm, core width as 6 μm, pitch of adjacent waveguides as 15.5 μm, diffraction order as 50, the number of the arrayed waveguides as 91, that of the I/O channels as 17, confined layer thickness between the core and the substrate as 10 μm, distance between the focal point and the origin as 5500 μm, and central angle between the central waveguide and the x-axis (i.e. the vertical of the symmetrical line of the device) as 60°, the total loss of the device can be dropped to the range 3.79–7.93 dB.     

螺旋线型倍压器传输线损耗参数

 通过介绍螺旋线型倍压器的结构参数和工作原理,分析了影响螺旋线型倍压器输出特性的3个损耗参数：开关电阻损耗因子。螺旋线型倍压器传输线电阻损耗因子和传输线相邻同轴电容之间漏感损耗因子;螺旋线型倍压器的损耗参数主要由其结构参数所决定,通过实验研究,给出了各结构参数对螺旋线型倍压器输出特性的影响关系,并且给出了传输线电阻损耗因子和相邻同轴电容间漏感损耗因子与传输线结构参数间的经验公式,为螺旋线倍压器的电路模型构建提供参考数据。     

A study of scattering of neon and argon ions by polycrystalline cobalt

The effect of polymorphous transitions on the temperature dependence of the number of ions scattered in a given direction has been studied for different scattering angles.     

Polymer-based waveguides with low propagation loss and polarization-dependent loss

Polymeric optical waveguides based on a new synthesized bisphenol A–aldehyde polymer (PA-1 resin) have been fabricated using photolithography and reactive ion etching technique. The polymer is novel with relatively high refractive index, low birefringence and absorption at the optical communication wavelengths. The single-mode channel waveguides exhibit a propagation loss of 0.41±0.05 dB/cm at a wavelength of and 0.5±0.05 dB/cm at for both the TE and TM polarizations. The polarization-dependent loss of the waveguides is 0.1±0.05 dB/cm at these wavelengths.     

Numerical analyses of splice losses of photonic crystal fibers

Splice losses between a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a single mode fiber (SMF) or a PCF are numerically investigated by using finite element method (FEM) with the circular perfectly matched layer (PML). Results show that the splice loss between a SMF and a PCF with air holes completely collapsed can reach many times of that between a SMF and a PCF without air-hole collapse. We calculate the rotation losses between two identical PCFs of three kinds: large mode area, polarization maintaining and grapefruit. It is shown that for the large mode area PCF and the grapefruit PCF, the rotation losses are sensitive to the wavelength when the rotation angle is larger than zero degree. The non-circular mode field distribution is the main source of the rotation loss.     

新型全固态准晶体结构大模场光纤特性研究

大模场单模光纤在高功率激光器、高功率光传输和高灵敏度传感器等领域具有重要意义.设计了一种新型超低损耗大模场单模光纤,包层空气孔由掺氟硅玻璃棒代替,掺氟硅玻璃棒排列呈六重准晶体结构.基于有限元法对光纤的传输特性进行了数值模拟.研究了光纤结构参量变化对模式特性和有效模场面积的影响.结果表明:波长在1064 nm处,有效模场面积高达5197μm2,基模的限制性损耗低于10-5dB/km,解决了大模场与低损耗之间的冲突;在1064—2000 nm波段内,基模与二阶模的限制性损耗相差7个量级,实现单模传输;半径为10 cm时,弯曲损耗小于0.01 dB/m,具有良好的低弯曲损耗特性.此光纤能够提高光纤热损伤阈值,减少接续损耗,全固态结构有效避免了空气孔塌陷,简化制备工艺,对高功率激光传输、光纤激光器和光纤放大器的发展具有重要意义.     

托卡马克中带电粒子的直接损失问题研究

首次发现了托卡马克中存在迥异于通行粒子和香蕉粒子的第三种粒子, 这种粒子会由于漂移运动而摆脱磁场的约束. 研究了该类粒子在其速度空间上的类磁镜损失锥, 给出了这一损失锥的数学表达式, 分析了存在这一类粒子的物理成因, 模拟与数学分析的结果基本一致. 研究还发现, 回旋半径在二阶条件下带电粒子的轨道损失高于零阶情况, 且与装置参数密切相关.     

Broadband and low-driving-power LiNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript>electrooptic modulators

Microwave and optical properties of lithium niobate electrooptic modulators are investigated in this paper. The effect of simultaneous matching of optical and microwave velocities and impedance matching, conductor loss, dielectric loss on the optical bandwidth of an ultra-high-speed lithium niobate modulator are presented here. The metal electrode design, buffer thickness, ridge depth, and the gap between electrodes at different operating frequencies on device performance are thoroughly investigated by using the finite element method.     

Energy dependence of electron energy loss processes in Ge 2s photoemission

Deep core Ge 2s photoelectron spectra from polycrystalline Ge films induced by monochromatic synchrotron radiation, of 4, 6 and 8 keV were measured and analysed using two different methods, the partial intensity analysis and the extended Hüfner method to determine the spectral contributions from different electron energy loss processes due to bulk extrinsic, intrinsic and surface excitations. The obtained photon energy dependence of the ratio of these contributions was compared as a function of the photoelectron kinetic energy. It was found that the relative contribution of intrinsic excitations increase with the photon energy.     

Flattened chromatic dispersion in square photonic crystal fibers with low confinement losses

This research presents a simple index-guiding square photonic crystal fibers (SPCFs) that has a silica core surrounded by air hole with two different diameters. It is demonstrated that the designed two-different-size hole-arrayed index-guiding SPCFs has a ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion of 0 ± 0.9 ps/(nm·km) in a wavelength range of 1.34 to 1.61 μm and low confinement loss of less than 10⁻⁷ dB/m in a wavelength range of 1.2 to 1.7 μm. It has also been shown that the proposed SPCFs show reasonable dispersion tolerance.