Metal-based transparent heat mirror for ultraviolet curing applications

Metal-based transparent heat mirror for ultraviolet curing applications was designed in terms of induced transmission principle, good ultraviolet transparency and high infrared ray (IR) reflection properties can be obtained by the means of optimal layers design. After a comprehensive analysis to materials properties, TiO₂/Ag/TiO₂ nano-multilayers with a Ultraviolet (UV) transmission of 81% (at 365 nm) and an IR reflectivity of 90% (at 1600 nm) were designed and prepared by conventional evaporation. The multilayers exhibit a sharp interface between dielectric and metal layers by spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis. The experiment results prove that critical thickness of metal layer determined in light of admittance match and skin effect has no applicable meaning in long-wavelength UV region. Dependence of transmittance in near UV spectra on the thickness of metal layer is less sensitive than that in near IR. This transparent heat mirror can be applied in the “windows” of ultraviolet curing system for heat insulation.     

Design and fabrication of highly dispersive semiconductor double-chirped mirrors

We report on the development of semiconductor double-chirped mirrors with the group delay dispersion of ?3,800 ± 100 fs² in the wavelength range between 1,058 ÷ 1,064 nm and reflectivity of 99.1 %. The simplified plane-wave reflection transfer method was used to design the mirror multilayer stack. The mirror contains an epitaxial AlAs/GaAs structure topped with a SiNx antireflective layer.     

等效腔法研究低损介质镜的反射特性

利用多光束干涉原理的等效腔模型对四分之一波长多层介质镜进行了研究。证明在反射镜中心频率ωo附近，形为ρ(ω)exp[iψ(ω)]的反射系数中的ρ(ω)等于ρ(ω)，ψ(ω)与频率成正比。求得了在介质具有微弱吸收情况下，吸收引起的四分之一波长镜反射下降和反射时延的表达式，研究了反射率下降以及反射时延与膜层数目的奇偶性的关系。在此基础上还引入了一个具有一定普适性的权重因子，通过这个权重因子可以定量描述镜子中各层对多层介质镜反射率下降、反射时延等重要特性的影响。     

A dynamic phase-conjugate mirror based on CdF<Subscript>2</Subscript> crystals with bistable centers

A four-wave phase-conjugate mirror on reflection gratings recorded in a CdF₂ crystal with bistable centers has been studied experimentally. The mirror reflectivity and speed have been measured, and the coefficient of third-order nonlinearity of this medium has been estimated. The quality of the wave reflected from the phase-conjugate mirror has been investigated in model experiments.     

光腔衰荡法数据截取对时间常数测量精度的影响分析

光腔衰荡方法是目前测量光学元件超高反射率(反射率>99.9%)的唯一方法。介绍了一种对光腔衰荡法中激光信号强度与时间关系的优化提取方法。设计了基于光腔衰荡法的光学元件超高反射比的测试系统,通过对采集的光腔衰荡曲线数据进行分段指数拟合,将光腔衰荡曲线数据分为5段,对每段指数拟合结果对应的R² (R-square)和RMSE(root mean squared error)值进行对比分析,计算每段指数拟合的衰荡时间。实验结果表明:截取光腔衰荡曲线数据40%～60%部分拟合得到的结果最接近真实值,求得对应的腔镜的反射率为99.988 977%。最后通过与腔镜的自身反射率进行比较,表明该种数据拟合方法能有效地测量腔镜的反射率,并能减小实验数据本身带来的误差。     

Theoretical investigation of chirped mirrors in semiconductor lasers

This paper reports a theoretical design of chirped mirrors in 1.3-μm double-section semiconductor lasers to achieve high reflectivity and dispersion compensation over a broad bandwidth. Analytic expressions for reflectivity, group delay and group delay dispersion are derived. We use for the first time chirped air/semiconductor layer pairs as mirrors for higher-order dispersion compensation in semiconductor lasers. Our optimised calculations demonstrate that the broad-band mirrors designed consist of a total of only 12 air/semiconductor layers and achieve a reflectivity higher than 99.8%, a smooth group delay and almost stable dispersion in the laser cavity over a 100-nm bandwidth. Due to a high index contrast of both types of the layers, n _l = 1, n _h~ 3.5, a high-reflectivity bandwidth of > 700 nm is obtained in 1.3-μm semiconductor lasers. We also compare our results with that of a commercial simulation program and show a good agreement between them. As a conclusion, we assume from the theoretical results that air/semiconductor layer pairs with varying thicknesses used at one end of double-section semiconductor lasers can lead to femtosecond optical pulse generation using mode-locking techniques. An erratum to this article can be found at .     

一种具有低折射率的高对比度光栅反射镜的设计

设计并研究了一种工作于2 μm波段的GaSb基亚波长高对比度光栅反射镜,其具有低折射率光栅层结构。通过严格耦合波理论优化结构,以最大限度地满足VCSEL腔面反射镜对反射率带宽的要求。反射镜对2 μm波段的TM模式具有优良的反射效率,带宽与设计波长之比达15%（反射率R>99%）,在反射率R>99.9%的部分Δλ/λ₀>9.5%,带宽中心波长为2.003 μm,与此同时TE模的反射率不超过70.20%。该反射镜结构中几个参数的制作容差较大,且厚度低于1.1 μm,有利于在垂直腔面发射半导体激光器上的单片集成。     

Design and Fabrication of Chirped Mirror

Chirped mirrors （CMs） are designed and manufactured. The optimized CM provides a group delay dispersion （ODD） of around -60fs^2 and average reflectivity of 99.4% with bandwidth 200 nm at a central wavelength of 800nm. The CM structure consists of 52 layers of alternating high refractive index Ta2O5 and low refractive index SiO2. Measurement results show that the control of CM manufacturing accuracy can meet our requirement through time control with ion beam sputtering. Because the ODD of CMs is highly sensitive to small discrepancies between the layer thickness of calculated design and those of the manufactured mirror, we analyze the error sources which result in thickness errors and refractive index inhomogeneities in film manufacture.     

玻璃与液晶非线性光学界面反射特性的研究

本文系统地研究了由玻璃与液晶构成的非线性光学界面。用一台调Q的红宝石激光器研究了由玻璃与处于各向同性液相的液晶所构成的非线性界面。在不同入射角时非线性界面由内部全反射跃变到部分透射的阈值光强与Kaplen的平面波理论计算结果相一致。在T-T_c=2.5℃条件下测量了时间分辨的非线性界面的反射率。观察到了反射率的滞后迴线。非线性界面的这种反射率的滞后迴线可以归之于液晶分子退取向的弛豫过程。用Ar⁺激光器研究了玻璃与向列相液晶所构成的非线性光学界面,观察到了由相变而产 关键词：     

Optical properties of composites with nanodimensional oxide coatings versus the properties of film-forming sols. I. The influence of sol’s oxide composition

The influence of the aging period (duration) and the aging-related rheological characteristics of film-forming solutions (sols) on the refractive index and thickness of coatings, light reflection and light transmission coefficients, and optical losses in glass substrate-nanodimensional oxide (CuO-TiO₂) composites is considered. It has been shown that the increase in the CuO concentration in the coating and the extension of the sol aging period favor crystallization and change the form of inclusions in the coating from pseudospherical to dendritic with a different degree of branching. The refractive index of the film and its related coefficient of mirror reflection of the composite are functions of the density of packing sol disperse-phase particles into a nanodimensional layer. The packing density of dendritic particles drops decreases with the degree of their branching and transverse size of fragments. In every case, an optimal sol aging period should be found to obtain glass composites with nanodimensional coatings offering desired optical properties.     

Optical bistability induced by mirror absorption: measurement of absorption coefficients at the sub-ppm level

We have observed optical bistability caused by absorption-induced thermal expansion of mirrors forming a Fabry-Perot interferometer. From the resulting anomalous transmission line shapes, absorption coefficients of the mirror coatings as low as 0.2parts in 10(6) (ppm) have been successfully measured.     

Graphs for the design of laser mirrors at normal incidence

The results of computer calculations concerning the reflectivity in the stop-band at normal incidence are given for periodic multilayer systems made out of layers of ZnS and MgF₂ of equal optical thickness. General formulae are derived to distinguish between the maxima and minima of the reflectivity at the centre of the stop-bands and for the calculation of the width of the stop-band of higher order mirrors as a function of the wavelength.The bandwidth of higher order mirrors and the reflectivity at the centre of the stop-band are presented in a number of graphs for systems with up to 18 layers on substrates with varying refractive index. Quarter-wave layer anti-reflection coatings are treated as special cases. The process of designing laser mirrors can be simplified using the graphs. They may also be useful during the evaporation process when thickness monitoring is done by optical methods. An example of a partially reflecting mirror is given. This uses a flat minimum of reflectivity at the centre of the stop-band to obtain an almost constant reflectivity over the total width of the stop-band.     

A Novel Mirror for Cold Molecules with a Semi-Gaussian Beam

We propose a novel mirror for cold molecules with a blue-detuned semi-Gaussian beam and study the dynamic reflection process of cold molecules by Monte Carlo simulation. Our study shows that this mirror can realize a specular reflection of cold iodine molecular beam with a temperature of 30mK by a reflectivity of 58.2% when the semi-Gaussian laser power is 1.0 kW. When a semi-Gaussian CO2 laser beam with a power of 5.8 kW is used, the reflectivity of this mirror can reach about 100%.     

Electroabsorption modulators operating at 1.3 μm on GaAs substrates

This paper describes the growth and device performance of electroabsorption modulators on GaAs substrates operating near 1.3 m, the dispersion minimum for silica fibres. The key to the successful molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of these devices was the incorporation of a linearly-graded buffer layer beneath the InGaAs/AlGaAs multi-quantum-well active layer. Both transmission and reflection modulators are produced. For transmission devices, larger modulation is achieved when the buffer is graded more slowly: The maximum modulation reported was 22% for T/T _O corresponding to a 0.86 dB contrast ratio with an insertion loss of roughly 5 dB at 1.34 m. Antireflection coating a transmission modulator yields a reasonable reflection modulator. However, improved performance is reported for a reflection modulator using a novel technique of integrating the bottom quarter-wave mirror into a buffer with linearly-graded In composition. At 1.33 m, a normally-off reflection modulator with an integrated mirror exhibited a R/R _O of 73%, a constrast ratio of 2.38 dB, and an insertion loss of 4 dB.     

Rate equations studies on coherently combined fiber lasers connected by an optical coupler

Attempt has been made to apply the steady-state rate equations to study two coherently combined Er³⁺-doped fiber lasers joined by an optical fiber coupler. In order to establish the boundary conditions, which are necessary for solving the equations, we have taken into consideration the fact that a constructive interference at the coupler assures that the laser radiations from both constituent lasers are directed to the coupler output port to which a reflection mirror defining both lasers is attached. Consequently, effective reflectivity, provided by the coupler-mirror combination, can be specified in terms of the laser powers of both laser signals, and the rate equations describing the compound system can be solved. Using the derived solutions, quantitative investigations can be made on the influences of different laser parameters. For example, the influence of the length difference between doped fibers, the splitting ratio of the coupler and power difference between the two pump radiations have been given in this report.     

半导体远红外反射镜中反射率和相位研究

以GaAs材料为例，研究了半导体远红外反射镜中的反射率和相位.通过拟合不同掺杂浓度下样品的远红外反射谱，得到了自由载流子的弛豫时间随掺杂浓度变化的经验公式，并把该规律应用到数值计算中.详细讨论了反射镜的结构和材料参数对反射率R和相位φ的影响.根据腔体内吸收率最高的判据得到了最优的反射镜的参数，并计算了这种优化后的反射镜的波长选择特性.最后，通过远红外反射光谱的测量，从实验上验证了这种反射镜的实际效果. 所得结论为半导体远红外器件中的反射镜设计提供了参考. 关键词： 远红外反射镜 反射率 相位     

太赫兹自由电子激光光腔光子晶体镜的设计

利用传输矩阵法对太赫兹自由电子激光光腔光子晶体镜进行了模拟设计,中心波段在1~3 THz。对光腔镜的光子晶体结构参数如介质厚度、层数、折射率与反射率的关系等进行了研究,并给出了一维光子晶体用于高反镜的设计方法。通过对耦合输出镜光子晶体中引入缺陷层情况的数值模拟,发现通过对缺陷层的调节设计,可以实现耦合输出率的可调谐;并给出了可用于THz 自由电子激光光腔耦合输出镜的调节方法。通过对介质层厚度的调节设计,可以实现反射光谱的整体移动,从而实现宽谱可调谐,扩大了高反镜及耦合输出镜的调节范围。     

Birefringence of interferential mirrors at normal incidence Experimental and computational study

In this paper we present a review of the existing data on interferential mirror birefringence. We also report new measurements of two sets of mirrors that confirm that mirror phase retardation per reflection decreases when mirror reflectivity increases. We finally developed a computational code to calculate the expected phase retardation per reflection as a function of the total number of layers constituting the mirror. Different cases have been studied and we have compared computational results with the trend of the experimental data. Our study indicates that the origin of the mirror intrinsic birefringence can be ascribed to the reflecting layers close to the substrate.     

Theoretical analysis of widely tunable external cavity semiconductor laser with sampled fiber grating

Combination of equivalent reflection cavity model and transmission line theory is applied in theoretical analysis of external cavity semiconductor lasers with sampled fiber Bragg grating. The effects of device parameters on the resonant cavity mode and the side mode suppression ratio have been discussed. For a perfect anti-coated facet and the high coupling efficiency, it is found that the Vernier effect between combed reflectivity peaks and F-P cavity modes can be destroyed and the laser will work on multi-wavelength. The high coupling efficiency plays the same role as the lower anti-reflection coating reflectivity in the side mode suppression ratio and the mode resonance. Finally, the side mode suppression ratio is investigated in detail depending on the anti-coating reflectivity, the coupling efficiency and the high-reflection coating reflectivity.     

External electro-optic sampling utilizing a poled polymer asymmetric Fabry–Perot cavity as an electro-optical probe tip

External electro-optic sampling utilizing a poled polymer asymmetry Fabry–Perot cavity as electro-optic probe tip has been demonstrated. Electro-optical polymer spin coated on the high-reflectivity mirror (HRM) was corona poled. Thus, an asymmetric F–P cavity was formed based on the different reflectivity of the polymer and HRM and it converted the phase modulation that originates from electro-optic effect of the poled polymer to amplitude modulation, so only one laser beam is needed in this system. The principle of the sampling was analyzed by multiple reflection and index ellipsoid methods. A 1.2 GHz microwave signal propagating on coplanar waveguide transmission line was sampled, and the voltage sensitivity about was obtained.