强流脉冲离子束辐照靶材烧蚀效应二维数值研究

对强流脉冲离子束(IPIB)辐照Ti靶的烧蚀效应进行了二维数值研究.得到了表面烧蚀物质随脉冲时间的变化关系.得出TEMP Ⅱ 型加速器产生的脉冲束流辐照靶材时引起的汽、液化均是从表面开始、并且汽化过程中表面物质被层层烧蚀的结论.同时，得到中心区的平均烧蚀速度为10m/s 数量级，它远小于产生的烧蚀等离子体的喷发速度.得到脉冲期间靶材内部不同位置烧蚀斑痕形状的时间演化过程，以及束流中含有的离子种类分额不同时IPIB辐照过程产生的不同效果. 关键词： 强流脉冲离子束 靶 烧蚀过程 二维数值模拟     

LY12铝靶激光热烧蚀的实验研究

给出波长为1.06μm的两种脉冲持续时间的会聚激光束照射LY12铝靶的热烧蚀结果。由金相显微仪、扫描电镜观察获得的烧蚀坑孔的显微照片表明,在脉冲持续时间为1.6ms光束照射下。铝合金不仅产生强汽化,而且伴随着严重的液相冲刷效应,其热烧蚀率在焦点处为360～500μg/J,在焦前40mm处为45～140μg/J。而在脉宽100ns的单脉冲激光束照射下,铝合金产生强汽化,但未发生液相冲刷,热烧蚀率为4～10μg/J。     

约束靶面黑漆涂层对激光冲击波的影响

 介绍了约束靶表面的黑漆涂层对激光冲击波的影响。激光功率密度 10⁹W/cm²量级，脉宽33ns，波长1.06μm。靶材选用两种不同厚度的铜和铝，靶表面用有机玻璃约束。通过对冲击波压力的直接测量发现，涂层不仅可以增加激光冲击波压力，而且还影响冲击波的演化过程。比较有无涂层的靶面SEM照片发现，黑漆涂层能有效地保护激光辐照表面，使之不受激光烧蚀。     

长脉冲高能激光对金属靶材烧蚀实验研究

为研究长脉冲高能激光与金属靶材相互作用的机理,使用2种激光器对铝、钢、铜和钛靶材进行烧蚀试验。记录靶材穿透时的激光轰击次数,测量穿过通孔的激光能量和孔的面积,得到不同材料在不同能量密度下的烧蚀率。实验表明：能量密度低的激光束,即使对靶材可能有烧蚀作用,它的烧蚀率要比能量密度高的激光束小很多。能量密度达到造成液态质量迁移条件的长脉冲激光,可获得较大的烧蚀率和截面积较大的通孔。     

激光辐照铝靶汽化过程的高速纹影诊断技术

应用高速纹影系统记录激光束辐照在Ly12铝靶时所产生的汽化羽扩张、空气爆炸波、熔融物质喷溅以及穿靶等现象.并由扫描摄影记录的轨迹图测出汽化羽的扩张速度为150～190m/s,空气冲击波速度为450～500m/s,靶表面高压蒸汽速度为5～7.8km/s。     

热阻塞效应对激光辐照靶材烧蚀过程的影响分析

研究了百兆瓦级激光烧蚀碳/碳复合材料靶材产生的等离子体吸收激光束能量引起的热阻塞效应。首先,基于逆轫致吸收理论,建立了激光在烧蚀靶材产生的等离子体中的传播模型;然后,基于磁流体理论,得到了等离子体在百兆瓦级激光形成的电磁场中的波动方程,建立了等离子体吸收激光能量引起热阻塞效应的模型。最后,对烧蚀过程中粒子的总密度、吸收系数、靶材表面等效热流随激光持续时间的变化规律以及是否考虑热阻塞效应时,靶面垂直方向的温度场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:等离子体的形成,对激光形成了明显的热阻塞效应,削弱了激光对靶材的烧蚀作用,使粒子总密度、吸收系数、靶材表面等效热流以及靶面垂直方向温度场的变化均呈现为非线性。     

激光烧蚀Al靶产生的等离子体中辐射粒子的速度及激波

在低真空条件下(5Pa),通过测量脉冲激光烧蚀平面Al靶产生的等离子体辐射谱的时间分辨特征,得到辐射粒子速度的空间分布.在激光脉冲宽度为10ns,烧蚀斑直径为200μm,靶面上功率密度分别为1.91×10¹⁰,5.10×10¹⁰和7.64×10¹⁰W/cm²时,测得辐射粒子Al的速度均在10⁶cm/s量级,且随着靶面径向距离的增大而近似呈指数衰减.在距靶面的相同距离处,激光功率密度的增大反而使速度减小.利用激波模型(shockwave model)较好地解释了实验结果,并得出激波的波面基本为柱对称 关键词： 激光等离子体 平面Al靶 粒子速度分布 激波     

线状聚焦激光与金属作用的离子速度分布

本文报道了利用法拉第筒飞行时间法进行的离子测量.通过比较高功率激光线状聚焦和点状聚焦在平面金属靶上产生的离子发射特性,总结出离子速度分布和激光辐照密度的定标规律,以及离子速度分布的空间各向异性.实验是在上海光机所钕玻璃激光装置上进行的,激光束的波长为1.06μm,脉宽为300ps,辐照密度为10~(12)～10~(14)W/cm~2.     

LY12铝平面靶对1.06μm激光反射率的测量

采用激光反射率多路测试仪,测量了LY12铝平面靶对1.06μm激光的反射率和反射激光强度的空间分布。在大气、室温环境下,靶表面粗糙度为1.6～3.2μm,激光功率密度由16.8kW/cm~2上升至60.8kW/cm~2时,长脉冲激光反射率由0.90降至0.80。激光功率密度为283MW/cm~2时的短脉冲激光反射率为0.78。而激光反射率和反射激光强度空间分布与靶的温度场、后退的烧蚀面光学特性及蒸汽羽对激光的吸收性质有关。     

平面孔靶激光等离子体堵口

以波长为1.06μm的强激光束辐照金平面孔靶,在小孔边缘激光功率密度I为8.3×10~(12)Wcm~2—4.8×10~(13)W/cm~2条件下,由高速摄影获得的堵口图象,推得堵口速度c_T为4.5×10~(?)cm/s—1.0×10~(?)cm/s,定标式为c_T=101(?)。还研究了时间积分的能量透过率。它依赖于小孔直径、激光脉宽和激光能量等。实验还发现,孔靶等离子体X光辐射时间呈双峰特征、空间分布出现 形状的图象。     

辐射驱动下主动式高精度冲击波速度精密诊断技术

激光加载可以产生比气泡加载更高的压力,是高压状态方程研究中一种新的加载方式。在激光加载高压状态方程(EOS)研究中,台阶靶是常用的靶型。针对传统台阶靶存在的预热膨胀问题,提出了使用主动式任意反射面速度干涉仪(VISAR)进行台阶靶预热和冲击波测量的方法。该技术利用条纹图移动量计算厚度增加量,利用冲击波到达自由面产生条纹跳变的时刻来获得精确的冲击波到达时刻。通过修正已测量台阶厚度与膨胀量,可以获得更加精确的台阶厚度值。通过精确的时间间隔可以得到冲击波传输的时间。在匀速传输的条件下可以获得高精度的冲击波传输速度。该方法在辐射驱动超高压条件下具有很好的适用性,可以为状态方程实验提供高精度的冲击波速度数据。     

双束探测光测量激光等离子体动量

提出了一种对激光等离子产生的靶速度进行测量的新方法。该方法除了对烧蚀靶的速度进行直接测量外,而且测量结果不受靶宽度及探测光束的影响。与理论值相比,该方法的实验测量误差小于2%。此外,利用该测量方法对激光烧蚀不同温度下液体水的动量进行了测量,结果发现随水温度的降低,产生的动量呈现增加趋势。     

Impact of an extended source in laser ablation using pulsed digital holographic interferometry and modelling

Pulsed digital holographic interferometry has been used to study the effect of the laser spot diameter on the shock wave generated in the ablation process of an Nd:YAG laser pulse on a Zn target under atmospheric pressure. For different laser spot diameters and time delays, the propagation of the expanding vapour and of the shock wave were recorded by intensity maps calculated using the recorded digital holograms. From the latter, the phase maps, the refractive index and the density field can be derived. A model was developed that approaches the density distribution, in particular the ellipsoidal expansion characteristics. The induced shock wave has an ellipsoid shape that approaches a sphere for decreasing spot diameter. The ellipsoidal shock waves have almost the same centre offset towards the laser beam and the same aspect ratio for different time steps. The model facilitates the derivation of the particle velocity field. The method provides valuable quantitative results that are discussed, in particular in comparison with the simpler point source explosion theory.     

辐射驱动实验中预热对冲击波速度诊断的影响

使用主动式任意反射面速度干涉仪进行了平面靶预热膨胀量的观测,并对间接驱动下不同能量和靶型的预热膨胀量进行了计算。实验发现,在5kJ单端驱动的激光能量作用下,平面样品后界面的膨胀量可达2.1μm左右。优化靶设计后,在冲击波速度测量实验中使用双端驱动方式,通过测量膨胀量修正台阶厚度,可以获得更加精确的动态台阶厚度值。结合精确获得的冲击波传输时间,在匀速传输的条件下可以获得高精度的冲击波传输速度值。该方法在辐射驱动超高压条件下具有很好的适用性,可以为状态方程实验提供高精度的冲击波速度数据。     

利用激光溅射原子束装置结合时间切片速度成像技术对于金属态-态反应动力学的相关研究

利用新建激光溅射交叉分子束装置,结合时间切片速度成像技术开展了金属原子态-态反应动力学的相关研究. 超声金属原子束是由激光溅射金属棒产生,结合无气体溢流通道的自由扩散设计,得到了质量很好的金属原子超声束. 本文选择Al+O₂反应体系来测试新建金属交叉分子束实验装置的性能. 通过(1+1) 共振多光子电离技术,以AlO(D²∑⁺)为中间态来探测特定转动态的产物AlO自由基. 相同波长下可以同时得到反应产物AlO(X²∑⁺,v=0,N和N+14)两个转动态的速度成像,分别对应着Δv=1的P(N)和R(N+14)跃迁. 在244.145 nm同时探测到P(15)和R(29)的跃迁,形成的两个环在切片成像图中可以完全区分开,这两个跃迁分别对应着反应产物AlO(v=0,N=15)和AlO(v=0,N=29)两个转动态. 对应此两个转动态的能级差为403 cm^-1. 这两个反应产物转动态的区分表明了该实验装置与最近的一篇研究报道[J. Chem. Phys. 140, 214304 (2014)]相比较,具有较好的碰撞能量分辨率.     

Shockwave and spallation in silver and other materials by sub-ns laser pulse at 1016 W/cm2 intensity

The laser spallation effect due to intense shockwaves caused by a brief and intense laser pulse irradiating a target surface, 2 mm thick, has been investigated for silver and other materials. For 300 ps IR laser pulse, at intensities of the order of 10¹⁶ W/cm², the shockwave may produce deformations of the back-face in ductile materials, such as Ag, Cu and Al. In heavy materials with high tensile strength, such as Ta, the shockwave produces cracks in the bottom of the laser crater but not deformation in the back-face, while in brittle materials, such as monocrystalline Ge, it produces only superficial cracks and flaking, but not deformation and spallation of the back-face. In thick polymeric materials, such as high-density polyethylene, the ablated crater shape is well defined and the shockwave is strongly damped, and no deformation has been observed in the back-face. The laser ablation yield and the ion acceleration in the backward direction have been measured by mass lost and time-of-flight measurements. SEM microscopy of the different irradiated targets, showing details of the crater size, edges, flaking and deformation in the back-face, useful for a discussion on the shockwave propagation and shock pressure calculation, is presented.     

Physical mechanism of silicon ablation with long nanosecond laser pulses at 1064 nm through time-resolved observation

Nanosecond (ns) laser ablation can provide a competitive solution for silicon micromachining in many applications. However, most of the previous studies focus on ns lasers at visible or ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. The research is very limited for ns lasers at infrared (e.g., 1064 nm) wavelengths (which often have the advantage of much lower cost per unit average output power), and the research is even less if the ns laser also has a long pulse duration on the order of ∼100 ns. In this paper, time-resolved observation using an ICCD (intensified charge-coupled device) camera has been performed to understand the physical mechanism of silicon ablation by 200-ns and 1064-nm laser pulses. This kind of work has been rarely reported in the literature. The research shows that for the studied conditions, material removal in laser silicon ablation is realized through surface vaporization followed by liquid ejection that occurs at a delay time of around 200-300 ns. The propagation speed is on the order of ∼1000 m/s for laser-induced plasma (ionized vapor) front, while it is on the order of ∼100 m/s or smaller for the front of ejected liquid. It has also been found that the liquid ejection is very unlikely due to phase explosion, and its exact underlying physical mechanism requires further investigations.     

Simulation of ultrashort double-pulse laser ablation

In this paper, we study the mechanisms of femtosecond double-pulse laser ablation of metals. It was previously shown experimentally that the crater depth monotonically drops when the delay between two successive pulses increases. For delays longer than the time of electron-ion relaxation the crater depth can be even smaller than that produced by a single pulse. The results of the performed hydrodynamic simulation show that the ablation can be suppressed due to the formation of the second shock wave. The modeling results of the double-pulse ablation obtained for different delays correlate with the experimental findings.     

相速和群速的演示实验

本文介绍了演示相速和群速的演示实验装置和方法。     

Pulsed laser deposition of PbTe under monopulse and multipulse regime

The aim of this paper is to compare PLD technique with monopulse and multipulse nanosecond laser excitation. We show the feasibility of depositing nanometric layers of PbTe employing the regimes already mentioned. Each of the grown layers were characterized by XRD, EDXS, SEM, Spectroscopic Elipsometry, AFM and the thickness was measured by mechanic profilometry. We have conducted comparative experiments to show the advantages and drawbacks of making PLD with mono and multipulse nanosecond laser.