功能性近红外光谱系统及锁相放大器算法的研究

功能性近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)技术是一种新兴的非侵入式光学技术,该技术可以测量脑皮层的功能性活动信息。介绍了单通道fNIRS系统的开发,为了验证系统的性能,2人参与了算数运算任务,获得了氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白的浓度变化。锁相放大器在fNIRS系统中可以很好地提取淹没在噪声中微弱的光强信号,但是模拟锁相放大器价格昂贵,对多通道系统来说是很大的负担。设计了数字锁相放大器算法,通过与模拟锁相进行比较,结果表明设计的数字锁相放大器可以取代价格昂贵的模拟锁相放大器。     

基于CIC的数字正交锁相放大器的甲烷检测实验研究

针对甲烷在大气中背景气体成分复杂、检测难度大、稳定性差等问题,本文基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术和波长调制光谱技术,将积分梳状滤波器与有限脉冲响应滤波器相结合应用于数字正交锁相放大器,开展大气中甲烷气体的痕量检测实验研究。实验表明,与传统的数字正交锁相放大器相比较,改进的数字正交锁相放大器提取的二次谐波信号的信噪比从38.61 dB提高到44.95 dB;将非线性迭代最小二乘法-极限学习机算法模型应用于甲烷气体浓度反演,与经典的最小二乘法相比较,其均方根误差减小了0.907;通过16组浓度步进实验测试,该系统的实际检测下限为1 ppm;在压力为600 mbar,温度为25℃,甲烷浓度为50 ppm进行3 h的长期稳定性测试,检测的甲烷浓度变化范围为49.6~50.3 ppm,其标准差为0.0921 ppm。当积分时间达到56 s时,该系统的理论检测极限为25.6 ppb。积分梳状滤波器和非线性迭代最小二乘法-极限学习机算法模型在红外气体检测方面具有较高的优越性和实用前景。     

基于TDLAS技术的云水含量检测系统

针对传统云水含量传感器体积大,功耗大等问题,本文基于可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱技术,研制了一种云水含量检测系统.采用1 368.6nm分布式反馈半导体激光器作为检测光源,设计了基于TLC7528芯片的正交锁相放大器,提高了测量的稳定性和抑制噪声的能力;单板实现了激光器驱动、谐波信号处理、浓度反演功能.系统在不同浓度,不同温度下进行在线检测,实验结果表明,系统响应时间为10s左右,水含量在0~16g/m3范围内误差小于5%,在-55^+60℃条件下可正常工作.该系统体积小,检测精度高,响应速度快,性能不受温度影响,很好地满足了机载云层探测需要.     

变光外差为电外差的双频激光探测

演示一种双频激光位移探测系统,阐述光载波激光雷达的概念。由单块非平面环形腔固体激光器和声光调制器产生100MHz载波频率的双频激光束,作为探测光束,经过光路收发系统,探测位于电动导轨上目标的位移变化,信号处理部分采用高速光电探测器响应后信号的电子外差解调方式,位移量的获得通过高频锁相放大器解算参考光束与信号光束的相位差并计算获得。通过双频激光把光学外差探测变为了电子外差探测,系统重复误差小于3%。系统在利用无线电雷达信号处理方式的同时,保留了激光探测的优点,位移测量系统具有良好的重复性。     

利用数字锁相放大器对甲烷气体进行谐波探测的实验研究

利用数字锁相放大器探测了甲烷气体位于6 105.369 4 cm-1处的弱吸收线的高次谐波,并通过计算机实现了对数字锁相放大器的远程控制,用Visual Basic 6.0编制了一套通信应用程序,界面友好。实验结果与理论分析相吻合,充分验证了数字锁相放大器用于探测微量气体直接吸收光谱的高次谐波,能获得相当好的信噪比。可利用此结论对弱吸收线进行探测,从而为高灵敏探测污染气体提供了一种简单有效的实验方法。     

基于谱线频率特征的调谐二极管激光吸收光谱参数分析

调谐激光二极管吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术因其高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等优点在工业生产、环境污染监测等方面受到广泛应用。波长调制光谱（wavelength modulation spectrum, WMS）的二次谐波信号经常用作气体浓度反演的检测信号。TDLAS检测性能与系统参数,如锁相放大器的时间常数、扫描幅度、扫描频率、调制幅度、调制频率等的选取紧密相关,实际测量中各参数的选择多以谱线形态特征为依据,参数之间的关联性未能得到较好体现。由于信号的采样与处理均在频域对谱线产生作用,各参数之间的作用相互关联。然而很少有研究参数对谱线频域的影响,针对此问题,在一定的理论基础上通过实验分别观察各调制参数对二次谐波信号的影响。通过保持其他参数不变,只改变一个参数的方法,得出各个参数对信号线型、频率特征及噪声引入的影响规律,继而分析并验证了多参数联合变化对谱线频带的决定作用。与基于时域特征的传统方法相比,基于谱线频率特征分析一方面具有与谱线信号采集检测处理机理相近的优点,另一方面可以直观得到各参数对主频带的影响和不同频率信号的衰减趋势。总结出基于频率特征的各参数的基本选取方法,以谱线频带和截止频率相互关系为判定标准,截止频率的大小由锁相放大器时间常数决定。通过设置合适的时间常数和扫描参数使信号频带与截止频率相近但不相交,使谱线频带内频率分量不产生衰减,频带外噪声得到最大抑制;再根据锁相放大器的性能和信号信噪比来确定调制参数,使谱线主频幅度最大;最后根据系统需求确定采样率。单周期采样点不变时,低扫描频率时检测精度相对提高但耗时较长;反之,扫描频率提高,速度变快但检测精度下降。通过联合影响规律调整关联参数,减小硬件限制对参数最优值选取造成的影响。可在考虑系统检测需求与硬件条件限制的前提下,通过参数选择得到最优二次谐波信号,为此技术的实际应用提供了参数优化的实验依据与参考方法。     

双向反射率测量中锁相放大器的设计

均匀材料表面除镜反射方向的其他散射方向光辐射强度都较微弱.采用信号参量估计中行的最大似然估计,应用相关检测技术,利用被测信号与背景噪声不相关特性,设计了适于微弱光电信号检测的装置--锁相放大器.对金刚砂反射天顶角-55°～55°范围测量的实验结果与双向反射率(BRDF)模型比较显示,在可见光0.632 8 μm波段,误差为3.43%;近红外1.34 μm波段,误差只有0.01%.该锁相放大器适用于材料表面双向反射率的测量.     

基于低功率分布反馈激光器和数字锁相技术的高灵敏光声气体传感器

光声信号强度与光功率成正比,然而,高功率激光光源存在功耗高、驱动控制电路复杂、低成本高质量的光源可选择范围窄等缺点,此类光源多集中在>6 μm波段,难以实现对基频吸收带位于2～6 μm波段的分子进行有效探测。而且,基于商用驱动控制仪器的光声气体传感器体积较大,不能满足多点连续移动监测工作的需要。利用输出功率为5.2 mW的分布反馈、带间级联激光器(ICL)和基于石英音叉的光声光谱探测方法,在3～4 μm波段实现了nmol·mol-1水平气体分子浓度测量。使用的ICL靶向乙烷(C₂H₆)基频吸收带的强吸收线2 996.88 cm-1。通过使用自主研制的数字锁相放大器及数字激光驱动控制方法,结合波长调制光谱技术,实现了高灵敏检测,同时,有效减小了系统体积并简化了数据获取和处理过程。首先,结合系统原理结构,顺次介绍了设计方案以及光、电等模块的设计细节。分析了目标气体及其临近干扰气体吸收谱线的模拟情况,以及不同气压对谱线展宽及重叠干扰的影响,最终确定系统工作气压为200 Torr。然后,通过对100～1 000 nmol·mol-1共6种浓度C₂H₆进行单周期光谱扫描测试分析,推断系统最低检测下限(MDL)<100 nmol·mol-1。对上述各浓度样品分别进行~10 min二次谐波(2f)信号峰值提取测试,系统线性性能良好,相关度为0.999 65,同时,明确了气体浓度与2f信号峰值的对应关系。最后,通过对氮气连续1小时测试得出系统噪声为~0.347 V,由此估算信噪比和系统灵敏度分别为~28.56和~40 nmol·mol-1。介绍的新型中红外C₂H₆传感器不仅实现了nmol·mol-1级测量,而且,使用自主研制的数字驱动和锁相放大器有效减小了系统体积,弥补了使用商用仪器占用体积大的不足,为将来实现小型化、移动式测量的目标奠定了一定基础。此外,对于功率消耗无限制的其他应用,可通过进一步完善和改进锁相和前置放大等模块的性能以及使用输出功率更高的光源进一步提高传感器灵敏度,并应用于更多场景。     

Ammonia trace measurements at ppb level based on near-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy

A photoacoustic sensor using a laser diode emitting near 1532 nm in combination with an erbium-doped fibre amplifier has been developed for ammonia trace gas analysis at atmospheric pressure. NH₃ concentration measurements down to 6 ppb and a noise-equivalent detection limit below 3 ppb in dry air are demonstrated. Two wavelength-modulation schemes with 1f and 2f detection using a lock-in amplifier were investigated and compared to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio. A quantitative analysis of CO₂ and H₂O interference with NH₃ is presented. Typical concentrations present in ambient air of 400 ppm CO₂ and 1.15% H₂O (50% relative humidity at 20 °C) result in a NH₃ equivalent concentration of 36 ppb and 100 ppb, respectively. PACS 42.62.Fi; 43.35.Ud; 42.55.Px     

Detection of formaldehyde using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy with an interband cascade laser

A continuous-wave, mid-infrared, distributed feedback, interband cascade laser was used to detect and quantify formaldehyde (H₂CO) using off-axis, integrated cavity output spectroscopy in gas mixtures containing ≈1–25 parts in 10⁶ by volume (ppmV) of H₂CO. Analysis of the spectral measurements indicates that a H₂CO concentration of 150 parts in 10⁹ by volume (ppbV) would produce a spectrum with a signal to noise ratio of 3 for a data acquisition time of 3 s. This is a relevant sensitivity level for formaldehyde monitoring of indoor air, occupational settings, and on board spacecraft in long duration missions in particular as the detection sensitivity improves with the square root of the data acquisition time. PACS 07.07.Df; 82.80.Ch     

Automatic optical activity measurement system

The present note proposes a simple, fast and accurate experimental technique to measure the specific optical activity coefficients in fibre-like crystals. The system is based on the automatic electronic phase shift detection by a lock-in amplifier in a dynamic polarimetric system.     

Near-infrared methane sensor based on a distributed feedback laser

In this article, a near-infrared methane detection system using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy technology was designed and implemented. The distributed feedback laser was driven by a self-developed temperature and current controller to allow scanning the selected absorption wavelength at 1654?nm. Laser temperature fluctuation was lower than 0.01%, and the output emission wavelength was linear and stable. The emitted beam passed a reflective gas chamber and was received by the Indium Gallium Arsenide photodiode detector. Through a data acquisition card, a digital lock-in amplifier was developed to extract the second harmonics with real-time monitoring and adjustment. Based on Allan deviation analysis, the limit of detection was about 48?ppm with a path length of 30?cm, at an integration time of 6?s. The experimental results revealed a maximum detection error of less than 3% at a gas concentration higher than 100?ppm. The fluctuations rates in long-term (9?hr) stability measurements for 1?×?10³?ppm and 1?×?10⁴?ppm methane samples were 0.8% and 0.48%, respectively, indicating good stability for the sensor. In the control module design, compared with previous reports on methane detection systems, the current system uses a self-developed temperature controller, a current driver and a signal processor, to allow real-time display and adjustments. The potential for adjustable wavelength scanning is available for multi-gas detection based on a single detection system.     

低频波长调制光谱的理论与实验研究

通过调制半导体激光外腔压电陶瓷的电压实现低频波长调制 ,并慢扫描激光器的波长 ,测量了CS 原子D2线 [6S1 2 (F =4)→ 6P3 2 ]的吸收光谱 ,利用锁相放大器处理了二次、四次、六次谐波信号 ,实验结果与理论分析相吻合 ,在实验过程中还发现高次谐波探测可以有效地提高探测信号的信噪比     

Continuous wave,distributed feedback diode laser based sensor for trace-gas detection of ethane

The development of a continuous wave (CW), thermoelectrically cooled (TEC), distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode based spectroscopic trace-gas sensor for ultra-sensitive and selective ethane (C₂H₆) concentration measurements is reported. The sensor platform used tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) based on a 2f wavelength modulation (WM) detection technique. TDLAS was performed with a 100 m optical path length astigmatic Herriott cell. For an interference free C₂H₆ absorption line located at 2976.8 cm⁻¹ a 1σ minimum detection limit of 240 pptv (part per trillion by volume) with a 1 second lock-in amplifier time constant was achieved. In addition, reliable and long-term sensor performance was obtained when operating the sensor in an absorption line locked mode.     

基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱的乙炔在线检测系统

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,研制了一种近红外乙炔气体检测系统。通过分析近红外波段乙炔分子的吸收谱线特性,选择了1.534 μm附近乙炔分子的吸收峰作为吸收谱线。该系统主要由分布反馈激光器、激光器驱动器、单光程对射式气室、光电探测模块及数字式锁相放大器构成。为了测试该检测系统的性能,配备了乙炔气体样品并开展了气体检测实验。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为0.02%;在体积分数为0.02%～1%范围内,二次谐波幅值与乙炔气体浓度呈现出良好的线性关系。通过长达20 h的稳定性实验测试了检测系统稳定性。鉴于近红外波段石英光纤传输损耗很小,可以将气室及光路部分与电路部分分离,从而可以进行远程气体检测,这是基于量子级联激光器、热光源的乙炔检测系统难以实现的。该系统采用了自主研制的分布反馈激光器驱动器和锁相放大器,结构简单,性价比高,便与集成,在工业现场乙炔浓度检测方面有着良好的应用前景。     

A new method for measuring electrooptic constants at high frequencies

The frequency dependence of some electrooptic tensor coefficients of KDP, LiIO₃, and benzil was measured by means of a lock-in amplifier. The technique was also used above the upper frequency limit of the lock-in amplifier. This was achieved by modulating the high frequency voltage at a fixed low frequency and inserting a fast demodulator into the receiving circuit. The resolution in phase shift was 10⁻⁵ degree and when modulated about 10⁻⁴ degree.     

CW DFB RT diode laser-based sensor for trace-gas detection of ethane using a novel compact multipass gas absorption cell

The development of a continuous wave, thermoelectrically cooled (TEC), distributed feedback diode laser-based spectroscopic trace-gas sensor for ultra-sensitive and selective ethane (C₂H₆) concentration measurements is reported. The sensor platform used tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and wavelength modulation spectroscopy as the detection technique. TDLAS was performed using an ultra-compact 57.6 m effective optical path length innovative spherical multipass cell capable of 459 passes between two mirrors separated by 12.5 cm and optimized for the 2.5–4 μm range TEC mercury–cadmium–telluride detector. For an interference-free C₂H₆ absorption line located at 2,976.8 cm^?1, a 1σ minimum detection limit of 740 pptv with a 1 s lock-in amplifier time constant was achieved.     

Optical pumping and modulation techniques with a molecular Ramsey–Bordé interferometer

Using the example of a matter-wave interferometer with K₂ molecules, we present different methods to simplify the observed interference structures within a hyperfine pattern for improving phase measurements of the interference structure. We consider optical pumping for depletion of specific components to simplify the observed spectra. In connection with a lock-in amplifier, amplitude modulation as well as frequency modulation of laser beams in the interferometer are investigated for better detection of the interference pattern. As a follow-up treatment, digital filtering is demonstrated. Received: 22 December 2000 / Revised version: 30 April 2001 / Published online: 18 July 2001     

Near-infrared laser based cavity ringdown spectroscopy for applications in petrochemical industry

A simple, economic diode laser based cavity ringdown system for trace-gas applications in the petrochemical industry is presented. As acetylene (C₂H₂) is sometimes present as an interfering contaminant in the gas flow of ethylene (ethene, C₂H₄) in a polyethylene production process, an on-line monitoring of such traces is essential. We investigated C₂H₂–C₂H₄ mixtures in a gas-flow configuration in real time. The experimental setup consists of a near-infrared external cavity diode laser with an output power of a few mW, standard telecommunication fibers and a home-made gas cell providing a user-friendly cavity alignment. A noise-equivalent detection sensitivity of 4.5×10^-8 cm^-1 Hz^-1/2 was achieved, corresponding to a detection limit of 20 ppbV C₂H₂ in synthetic air at 100 mbar. In an actual C₂H₂–C₂H₄ gas-flow measurement the minimum detectable concentration of C₂H₂ added to the C₂H₄ gas stream (which may already contain an unknown C₂H₂ contamination) increased to 160 ppbV. Moreover, stepwise C₂H₂ concentration increments of 500 ppbV were resolved with a 1-min time resolution and an excellent linear relationship between the absorption coefficient and the concentration was found. PACS 07.07.Df; 42.62.Fi; 82.80.Gk