数字正交锁相放大器的研制及其在甲烷检测中的应用

利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术检测气体浓度时,为了从红外传感信号中提取一次及二次谐波信号来表征气体浓度,研发了一种基于数字信号处理器的数字正交锁相放大器.介绍正交锁相放大原理,设计谐波提取算法,给出数字正交锁相放大器的软硬件实现方案.利用配备的浓度为1%~5%的甲烷样品以及研制的锁相放大器,开展气体实验.实验结果显示,当甲烷浓度为5%时,在二次谐波对应的频率点处,测得的系统信噪比为34dB,表明设计的锁相放大器具有较好的性能;测得的二次与一次谐波信号峰峰值的比值与气体浓度成线性关系;考虑动态配气以及气体沿管道传输的时间,检测系统的响应时间约为96~98s;气体浓度为20 000ppm时,测试浓度波动范围为-92ppm~+118ppm;根据Allan方差预测的系统检测下限为29.52ppm.与模拟锁相放大器以及商用锁相放大器相比,本文研制的数字正交锁相放大器硬件结构简单、体积小、成本低、易于集成,在红外气体检测领域具有很好的应用前景.     

基于可调谐光纤激光器的C_2H_2气体光声光谱检测

研制了基于可调谐掺Er光纤激光器的共振式光声光谱乙炔气体检测系统,结合波长调制和锁相放大器的二次谐波信号检测技术,有效地消除了光声池窗片和池壁吸收入射光而引起的背景噪声,通过对该系统的光学、声学和电子检测系统的优化,实现了低浓度乙炔气体的流动式检测.实验结果证明,当气体浓度较低时,二次谐波振幅与气体浓度成正比,其线性响应相关度达到0.999 53.在常温常压和3.5 mW平均光功率以及100 ms锁相积分时间条件下,乙炔气体的极限检测灵敏度达到了0.3 ppm(1 ppm=1μg·mL-1)(SNR=1时),系统用可调谐掺Er光纤激光器代替半导体激光器作光源,降低了成本,为发展低成本、实用、便携式微量气体光谱榆测仪器奠定了基础.若采用多光程光声池,或者采用EDFA提高激光功率,可大幅度提高信噪比,将极限检测灵敏度提高至ppb(1 ppb=1 ng·mL-1)量级.     

利用数字锁相放大器对甲烷气体进行谐波探测的实验研究

利用数字锁相放大器探测了甲烷气体位于6 105.369 4 cm-1处的弱吸收线的高次谐波,并通过计算机实现了对数字锁相放大器的远程控制,用Visual Basic 6.0编制了一套通信应用程序,界面友好。实验结果与理论分析相吻合,充分验证了数字锁相放大器用于探测微量气体直接吸收光谱的高次谐波,能获得相当好的信噪比。可利用此结论对弱吸收线进行探测,从而为高灵敏探测污染气体提供了一种简单有效的实验方法。     

面向脉冲量子级联激光器气体检测的锁相放大器

为了在基于脉冲式中红外量子级联激光器的气体检测系统中,精确提取窄脉冲传感信号的幅度,设计并实现了一种微秒级窄脉冲锁相放大器.根据微秒级窄脉冲的特点,窄脉冲信号经过窄带通滤波电路,得到基频正弦波信号,再经过主放大、移相、相敏检波电路,得到与脉冲幅值有关的直流信号.利用信号发生器产生的幅度、频率、相位可调的窄脉冲待测信号,对锁相放大器进行功能验证实验.结果表明,锁相放大器输出直流信号与输入信号的幅度呈良好的线性关系,线性拟合度约为98.043%;信号幅值的相对测量误差不超过3%;在1 h的测试时间内,信号波动范围在1‰以内.利用配备的不同浓度的一氧化碳样品及研制的锁相放大器,开展了一氧化碳气体检测实验.在0~180 ppm范围内,随着一氧化碳浓度的增加,锁相放大器的输出电压值与一氧化碳浓度呈现良好的e指数关系.根据A11an方差预测的系统检测下限为0.4123ppm.与商用锁相放大器相比,该放大器具有体积小、成本低、易于集成等特点,在基于脉冲式中红外量子级联激光器的气体检测中具有较好的应用前景.     

基于TDLAS的近红外甲烷高灵敏检测技术

为增强甲烷气体检测技术的气体吸收率,提高检测灵敏度,利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术,采用中心波长为1 653.7 nm的分布反馈激光器作为光源,研制了有效光程为14.5 m的Herriott型气体吸收池,并采用波长调制光谱法进行甲烷气体浓度检测。结果表明,二次谐波峰值信号与甲烷气体浓度成较强的线性关系,线性度为0.998 52,检测下限为4.82 ppm;初始积分时间为1 s时的Allan方差为6.37 ppm;积分时间到112 s时,Allan方差为427 ppb,检测灵敏度为4.27×10^-7。     

基于FPGA的多通道同步数字锁相放大器

针对多通道弱信号检测的需求,提出了基于FPGA的多通道数字锁相同步检测技术方案。锁相放大器的相敏检波和低通滤波功能采用数字互相关算法实现。通过理论分析,优化了系统设计参数,减少了离散化效应和量化误差对锁相高次谐波抑制能力和动态储备的影响,并用仿真程序对互相关算法和选定的参数进行了验证。所研制的基于FPGA的四通道同步数字锁相放大器具有体积小和成本低等特点,其动态储备达100 dB,极限检测灵敏度达到10 nV,输入噪声密度为■,通道隔离度大于80 dB。     

AOTF-NIR光谱仪用于混合气体定量分析的探索

探索了以声光可调滤波器(acousto-optic tunable filter,AOTF)为分光器件的新一代近红外(NIR)光谱仪用于气体检测的可行性,并提出一种多组分混合气体近红外光谱分析的新方法。将一个自制的气室与AOTF-NIR光谱仪配接,从而实现了当前仅限于固体和液体检测的AOTF-NIR光谱仪对气体的检测。实验首先获取并比较了甲烷在不同浓度下的近红外光谱。结果显示,当浓度大于0.1%时,甲烷的吸光度明显地随其浓度的增加而增加。随后参照仪器对甲烷的检测低限设计了甲烷、乙烷和丙烷三组分混合气体样本,并采集了它们的近红外光谱。三种组分气体的定量分析模型由核偏最小二乘(kernel partial least squares,KPLS)回归法建立,模型的预测能力采用检验集的预测均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)评定。与偏最小二乘(PLS)回归分析效果的对比研究表明,KPLS回归较PLS回归在NIR光谱数据的分析上更具优越性。     

基于可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱的高灵敏度甲烷浓度遥测技术

讨论了一种新的高灵敏度甲烷遥测方法,利用可调谐激光二极管的调制光谱技术扫描甲烷的吸收峰,通过在测量光路中插入参考气池,增强低浓度情况下的吸收峰辨识能力,以提高甲烷浓度遥测信号的信噪比.此外,可以将激光器的中心波长锁定至气体吸收峰的峰值位置从而使仪器工作于吸收峰锁定模式,进行甲烷浓度的连续监测.实验结果表明,在测量距离分别为10 m和20 m时,周围环境中的甲烷积分浓度探测极限可以分别达到5 ppm·m和16 ppm·m.在吸收峰锁定工作模式下,系统在37 m距离处具有22 ppm·m的检出限,并可以监测甲烷浓度的快速变化.     

基于TDLAS技术的天然气中痕量硫化氢分析的PLS算法应用

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术的光谱分析仪测量天然气中硫化氢浓度的过程中,各种轻烃和二氧化碳等背景成分对光谱产生干扰,导致多个吸收峰叠加,对提取吸收光谱真实特征造成影响.应用偏最小二乘法消除背景成分的干扰,设计了检测天然气中硫化氢气体的可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱实验系统,采用偏最小二乘法和最小二乘法模型,分别检测了天然气中0~50ppm硫化氢成分的直测光谱和差分光谱.偏最小二乘法算法的测量结果均优于最小二乘法算法,且偏最小二乘法算法对于直测谱的测量误差保持在±1ppm范围内,满足分析仪器2%的准确度要求.利用偏最小二乘法算法避免了最小二乘法所必须的大量参考光谱数据的存储,分析仪可省掉复杂的差分光谱系统,从而达到降低成本、提高系统鲁棒性和实时性的效果.     

可调谐二极管吸收光谱痕量气体浓度算法的研究

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱学的大气痕量气体在线监测分析仪具有高灵敏、快速响应和高选择性的特点。分析了可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)二次谐波信号的特征,以高浓度谐波信号作为标准,采用线性最小二乘拟合的方法对谐波信号进行数值拟合,高精度的反演出了痕量气体浓度值。并对标准信号和检测信号之间的相关系数和浓度反演规律进行了研究。以甲烷气体的测量信号和浓度反演为例,验证了算法。     

Near-infrared methane sensor based on a distributed feedback laser

In this article, a near-infrared methane detection system using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy technology was designed and implemented. The distributed feedback laser was driven by a self-developed temperature and current controller to allow scanning the selected absorption wavelength at 1654?nm. Laser temperature fluctuation was lower than 0.01%, and the output emission wavelength was linear and stable. The emitted beam passed a reflective gas chamber and was received by the Indium Gallium Arsenide photodiode detector. Through a data acquisition card, a digital lock-in amplifier was developed to extract the second harmonics with real-time monitoring and adjustment. Based on Allan deviation analysis, the limit of detection was about 48?ppm with a path length of 30?cm, at an integration time of 6?s. The experimental results revealed a maximum detection error of less than 3% at a gas concentration higher than 100?ppm. The fluctuations rates in long-term (9?hr) stability measurements for 1?×?10³?ppm and 1?×?10⁴?ppm methane samples were 0.8% and 0.48%, respectively, indicating good stability for the sensor. In the control module design, compared with previous reports on methane detection systems, the current system uses a self-developed temperature controller, a current driver and a signal processor, to allow real-time display and adjustments. The potential for adjustable wavelength scanning is available for multi-gas detection based on a single detection system.     

Switchable multi-wavelength fiber laser based on modal interference

A comb fiber filter based on modal interference is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. Here two cascaded uptapers are used to excite the cladding mode, and a core-offset jointing point is used to act as an interference component.Experimental results show that this kind of structure possesses a comb filter property in a range of the C-band. The measured extinction ratio is better than 12 dB with an insertion loss of about 11 dB. A switchable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on this novel comb filter is demonstrated. By adjusting the polarization controller, the output laser can be switched among single-, dual-, and three-wavelengths with a side mode suppression ratio of better than 45 dB.     

激光外差光谱仪的仪器线型函数研究

激光外差是一种基于相干探测原理的高灵敏度光谱检测技术,因其同时具有很高的光谱分辨能力,被广泛应用于诸多研究领域.在光谱测量过程中,仪器线型函数对吸收谱线的平滑作用,会对气体浓度的反演结果产生影响.为了获取激光外差光谱仪的仪器线型函数,基于激光外差原理和信号处理过程,对影响仪器线型函数的射频滤波带宽和积分时间等参数进行了分析,获得了仪器线型函数表达式.利用自行建立的激光外差光谱仪,多次测量了3.53μm波段内水汽、甲烷的吸收谱线,分别将射频滤波频域响应函数和本文获得的仪器线型函数耦合进水汽、甲烷柱浓度的反演.结果表明,射频滤波带宽为30 MHz、积分时间分别为10 ms和100 ms时,光谱仪的实际分辨率分别约为0.005 cm~(-1)和0.025 cm~(-1);使用仪器线型函数对积分时间为100 ms时测量的数据进行反演,透过率残差平方和与甲烷吸收峰值处的残差分别减小16%和100%,提高了气体浓度反演的准确度.     

功能性近红外光谱系统及锁相放大器算法的研究

功能性近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)技术是一种新兴的非侵入式光学技术,该技术可以测量脑皮层的功能性活动信息。介绍了单通道fNIRS系统的开发,为了验证系统的性能,2人参与了算数运算任务,获得了氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白的浓度变化。锁相放大器在fNIRS系统中可以很好地提取淹没在噪声中微弱的光强信号,但是模拟锁相放大器价格昂贵,对多通道系统来说是很大的负担。设计了数字锁相放大器算法,通过与模拟锁相进行比较,结果表明设计的数字锁相放大器可以取代价格昂贵的模拟锁相放大器。     

Near-Infrared Methane Detection Device Using Wavelength-Modulated Distributed Feedback Diode Laser around 1.654 µm

By using a wavelength-modulated distributed feedback laser centered at 1.654 µm, a stand-alone near-infrared methane detection device was experimentally proposed based on the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy technique. An intelligent temperature controller, a scan and modulation module, and a cost-effective lock-in amplifier were developed to drive the distributed feedback laser and extract the second harmonic signal. Experimental results show that the relative detection error is less than 7% within the detection range of 0–10⁶ ppm, and the limit of detection is about 11 ppm with an absorption length of 0.2 m. Long-term monitoring on two gas samples (10³ ppm and 2 × 10⁵ ppm) suggests good stability with the maximum detection errors smaller than 7% and 2.5%, respectively. Due to careful design and integration, the developed near-infrared sensor reveals competitive performances compared with our previously reported sensing devices at the mid-infrared region.     

Comb filter with independently tunable wavelength spacing and bandwidth using cascaded variable differential group delay elements

An all-optical comb filter with independently tunable wavelength spacing and bandwidth (BW) is proposed. Using three cascaded variable differential-group-delay elements, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the tunability of the comb filter with >10 dB sidelobe reduction by adjusting three elements. The wavelength spacing is determined by the first filter module, while the sidelobe suppression ratio and the BW are defined by the middle and the last one, respectively.     

Ammonia trace measurements at ppb level based on near-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy

A photoacoustic sensor using a laser diode emitting near 1532 nm in combination with an erbium-doped fibre amplifier has been developed for ammonia trace gas analysis at atmospheric pressure. NH₃ concentration measurements down to 6 ppb and a noise-equivalent detection limit below 3 ppb in dry air are demonstrated. Two wavelength-modulation schemes with 1f and 2f detection using a lock-in amplifier were investigated and compared to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio. A quantitative analysis of CO₂ and H₂O interference with NH₃ is presented. Typical concentrations present in ambient air of 400 ppm CO₂ and 1.15% H₂O (50% relative humidity at 20 °C) result in a NH₃ equivalent concentration of 36 ppb and 100 ppb, respectively. PACS 42.62.Fi; 43.35.Ud; 42.55.Px     

相敏式激光啁啾色散光谱技术在高吸收度情况下的应用

研究了相敏式激光啁啾色散光谱法在高吸收度情况下的应用.用窄频半导体激光器作为光源,利用一工作于载波抑制模式的铌酸锂电光强度调制器调制单频激光,在单频激光两侧产生两个边频分量,并通过两边频分量产生外差干涉信号.利用外差干涉的相位波动来测量甲烷气体位于1653.7 nm附近的折射率波动,通过气体折射率与吸收系数之间的Kramers-Kronig关系计算甲烷气体浓度.传统的波长调制光谱法受限于郎伯-比尔定律,在应用于高吸收度的情况时,存在灵敏度下降的问题,甚至出现随气体浓度上升输出信号反而下降的现象.实验结果显示,相同实验条件下,波长调制光谱法的线性测量范围为38.1—1500 ppm·m,线性测量的动态范围仅为16 d B;而相敏式激光啁啾色散光谱法在很大的吸收度范围内均具有线性输出,检出限低至47.3 ppm·m,线性测量范围上限为174825 ppm·m,具有超过35 d B的动态范围.     

Linearization and dispersion tolerable technique for remote access unit in uplink RoF system based on gain-saturated RSOA cascaded EAM

A novel scheme of a remote access unit which is based on an electroabsorption modulator cascaded by a gain-saturated reflective semiconductor optical amplifier is proposed to improve a transmission performance of uplink signal. The cascaded gain-saturated reflective semiconductor optical amplifier plays a role in enhancing linearity of the electroabsorption modulator as well as suppressing dispersion-induced carrier suppression in the uplink transmission using its nonlinear gain property. In the proposed scheme, carrier-to-interference ratio of transmitted 10-GHz band uplink signal was improved by 10.7 dB and the dispersion-induced carrier suppression of 5.65-GHz RF carrier was greatly mitigated by 33.4 dB through the 75.6-km optical link.