样品形态对燃煤的激光烧蚀特性影响分析

将激光诱导击穿光谱技术应用于煤质检测,分析了燃煤形态对激光烧蚀特性的影响.利用532 nm激光在大气常压环境下烧蚀样品.同时使用多通道光纤光谱仪和CCD探测器对激光烧蚀形成的等离子体发射信号进行分光和探测.对比分析两种不同形态煤样的等离子体温度、电子密度以及元素特征谱线强度随脉冲能量变化的规律.实验研究表明,样品形态对燃煤的激光烧蚀特性有显著影响.不问形态燃煤的等离子体温度、电子密度以及元素特征谱线强度随脉冲能量的变化规律有所不同.相同实验条件下,粉状煤样形成的等离子体温度和电子密度均比块状煤样的高,但块状煤样的元素特征谱线强度则更大.     

激光能量对粉煤灰未燃碳测量的影响

搭建了基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的成分分析应用研究台架,应用于粉煤灰未燃碳的检测,考察不同能量的脉冲激光烧蚀粉煤灰样品时的等离子体特性。使用多通道光纤光谱仪和CCD探测器对激光烧蚀形成的等离子体发射信号进行分光和探测。分析碳谱线强度、等离子体温度和电子密度随激光能量变化的趋势,掌握激光能量对粉煤灰未燃碳测量的影响规律。研究结果显示,随着激光能量的增大,碳谱线强度、等离子体温度和电子密度均先增大后减小,空气击穿明显增强。随后碳谱线强度的变化趋于平缓并开始下降。合适的激光能量可以增强等离子体发射信号,并避免强烈空气击穿的不利影响,有助于提高测量精度。     

类氢氖基态电离势随等离子体温度密度的变化

采用自洽场离子球模型,研究类氢氖基态1s的电离势随等离子体电子温度及电子密度的变化规律,计算得到基态电离势的百分偏移量随等离子体电子密度的变化关系,拟合结果表明两者的对数值满足很好的线性关系.该结果对计算等离子体电离态分布及光谱模拟具有一定意义.     

基频和三倍频Nd:YAG激光诱导熔石英损伤特性

 采用光电探测器和数字示波器检测散射光脉冲信号,研究了基频和三倍频Nd:YAG激光诱导熔石英损伤过程,给出了泵浦光和探针光的散射光光电信号;比较了基频和三倍频激光作用下熔石英烧蚀斑显微照片,并分析了其损伤机理。结果显示:在ns脉冲激光作用下,熔石英损伤均发生在泵浦激光脉冲峰值附近,且基频光作用下损伤开始时间点比三倍频作用下早;在多脉冲或高能量激光辐照下,检测到了等离子体闪光信号,等离子体闪光发生在时间延迟21 ns附近。基于Keldysh理论计算了基频光和三倍频光作用下,熔石英光致电离速率同激光强度的关系。     

Au等离子体M带5f-3d跃迁透射谱的理论模拟

基于细致组态(DCA)方法和跃迁系列群 (UTA) 模型,采用全相对论处理并结合量子亏损理论,计算了金Au激光等离子体的M带5f-3d跃迁的透射谱, 给出了金等离子体在不同电子温度和电子密度的时空电离态特性,平均电离度,离子丰度和离子内各能级的布居数,并模拟出Au等离子体的M 带5f-3d跃迁的细致谱线,其计算结果可对激光等离子体透射谱的电子温度和电子密度进行精密诊断.     

脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体反冲压力物理模型研究与应用

分析了脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体等温膨胀阶段的物理特性,建立了脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体压力三维方程与动力学模型.应用所建模型,数值分析了单脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体相关特性,得到等离子体的反冲压力最大值870 Pa出现在约25 ns后,距离砂轮表面距离约0.05 mm处.相关条件下开展脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮试验,采用高速相机观测烧蚀砂轮过程中的飞溅现象;采用光栅光谱仪测量等离子体空间发射光谱,计算了等离子体电子温度、电子密度以及反冲压力.实验表明脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体反冲压力可以不计,同时也验证了气体方程与动力学模型的正确性和可行性,对脉冲光纤激光烧蚀工艺优化具有启示意义.     

激光诱导等离子体LTE态判定方法研究

针对目前等离子体温度测量中常用的Boltzmann平面法和双线法的测量精度较差的问题,提出结合Boltzmann-Maxwell分布和Saha-Eggert公式来提高等离子温度的测量精度;根据高斯公式的面积与峰值关系建立了发射谱线线宽的简便算法,并通过谱线的Stark展宽计算等离子体的电子密度;建立了以McWhirter准则的等离子局部热平衡(LTE)态判据。以铝为被测样品的实验结果表明,随着激光能量的增加,等离子体温度和电子密度随之呈线性上升趋势;激光能量在127～510 mJ范围内的等离子体电子密度变化范围为1.305 32×1017～1.873 22×1017 cm-3,等离子体温度的变化范围为12 586～12 957 K,根据McWhirter准则本实验中所有等离子体均满足LTE态阈值条件;针对在光谱仪波段内可观测到的处于同一电离态谱线相对较少的铝元素,在不适合用Boltzmann平面法计算温度时,利用Saha-Boltzmann方法对100组铝等离子体光谱进行温度测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%,相比于双线法的1.3%,大幅提高了测量精度。该计算方法可用于快速计算等离子体温度、电子密度及判断等离子体LTE态,在自由定标、光谱有效性分析、谱线的温度校正、确定最佳采光位置以及等离子体LTE分布状态等研究中都有较高的应用价值。     

激光诱导煤粉等离子体的特性研究

本文研究了煤粉形态对于激光诱导煤粉等离子体特性的影响,以指导应用激光感生击穿光谱进行煤质测量时最佳样品形态的选择.建立了一套激光诱导击穿光谱的实验台架,对同一煤种的4个不同粒径范围的粉状样品进行激光激发与光谱分析,利用钙原子不同跃迁能级发射谱线的强度分布计算了0.3～0.5μs区间内的等离子体温度,并依据谱线Stark展宽与电子密度的关系得到了等离子体的电子密度.再对激发不同粒径煤粉样品产生的等离子体温度与电子密度进行了对比.实验证明,煤粉粒径越小,等离子体温度越高且电子密度越大,也即样品的等离子化程度越高,越有利于煤中元素的定量分析.     

基于小波变换的Stark展宽算法的优化研究

为了提升Stark展宽计算等离子体电子密度的准确性,基于小波阈值去噪处理方法,对EAST氘原子光谱信号进行了处理,以信噪比(SNR)和均方根误差(RMSE)作为滤波效果的评价依据,通过对比确定了最优小波基db4,最优小波分解4层。根据噪声估计值计算适合的阈值参数进行信号重构,并将经过去噪处理后的数据应用到后期Stark展宽算法计算等离子体密度的分析过程中。结果表明,小波硬阈值去噪能够有效提高光谱信号信噪比、降低均方根误差,在消除光谱信号中噪声的同时,最大程度保留了有用的光谱细节特征信息,进而有利于光谱数据的建模效果,获得更为准确的等离子体电子密度。     

样品温度对纳秒激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射特性的影响（英文）

利用脉宽8 ns,波长为532 nm的Nd:YAG单脉冲纳秒激光器,在一个标准大气压下入射到土壤中(样品土壤来自蚌埠学院校园),改变样品温度,获得了不同样品温度下激光诱导击穿光谱.通过分析光谱,得到土壤中不同特征谱线的强度和信噪比.分别利用Boltzmann斜线法和Stark展宽法计算并分析了等离子体电子温度和电子密度随样品温度的演化规律;同时讨论了提高样品温度和激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射增强的原因.实验结果表明,随着样品温度的升高,等离子体的谱线强度、信噪比、电子温度和电子密度会逐渐增强,并且在温度为100℃时达到最大.     

Fresnel absorption and inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in an actual 3D keyhole during deep penetration CO2 laser welding of aluminum 6016

An actual keyhole is captured by a high-speed camera during deep penetration laser welding of aluminum alloy 6016. With the help of spectrograph, plasma spectra are acquired, and then after Abel transformation, electron temperature is calculated. Through Lorenz nonlinear fitting, the FWHM of Stark broadening lines is obtained to compute electron density. To know more about the mechanism of deep penetration laser welding, both the effect of Fresnel absorption and inverse bremsstrahlung absorption of plasma on the laser power distribution is considered. Results indicate that electron temperature is very unstable in the keyhole which has a declining tendency in the radius direction, electron density increases in the depth direction while it does not change too much along radius. Laser intensity absorbed on the keyhole wall through Fresnel absorption is hardly uniform and distributes mainly on the front wall and the bottom of keyhole wall, and inverse bremsstrahlung absorption of keyhole plasma plays a dominant role in absorbing laser power compared with Fresnel absorption.     

A novel “sandwich” method for observation of the keyhole in deep penetration laser welding

A sandwich method was used to observe the keyhole in deep penetration laser welding, which provided an effective way to analyze both the Fresnel and inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption. In the transparent metal-analog system, different densities of metal vapor, ionized atoms, and free electrons in the keyhole can be simulated by changing the thickness of aluminum films. The research results show that inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption exerts a tremendous influence on the energy absorption of the laser beam for CO₂ laser welding. Low density of keyhole plasma benefits the incident laser energy coupling to the materials. However, excess density of keyhole plasma baffles the transmission of the incident laser beam to the interior material. By comparing inflow energy and outflow energy, there exits an energy balance on the keyhole wall by balancing the absorbed laser intensity and heat flux on the wall.     

3D transient multiphase model for keyhole,vapor plume,and weld pool dynamics in laser welding including the ambient pressure effect

The physical process of deep penetration laser welding involves complex, self-consistent multiphase keyhole, metallic vapor plume, and weld pool dynamics. Currently, efforts are still needed to understand these multiphase dynamics. In this paper, a novel 3D transient multiphase model capable of describing a self-consistent keyhole, metallic vapor plume in the keyhole, and weld pool dynamics in deep penetration fiber laser welding is proposed. Major physical factors of the welding process, such as recoil pressure, surface tension, Marangoni shear stress, Fresnel absorptions mechanisms, heat transfer, and fluid flow in weld pool, keyhole free surface evolutions and solid–liquid–vapor three phase transformations are coupling considered. The effect of ambient pressure in laser welding is rigorously treated using an improved recoil pressure model. The predicated weld bead dimensions, transient keyhole instability, weld pool dynamics, and vapor plume dynamics are compared with experimental and literature results, and good agreements are obtained. The predicted results are investigated by not considering the effects of the ambient pressure. It is found that by not considering the effects of ambient pressure, the average keyhole wall temperature is underestimated about 500 K; besides, the average speed of metallic vapor will be significantly overestimated. The ambient pressure is an essential physical factor for a comprehensive understanding the dynamics of deep penetration laser welding.     

Characteristics of zinc behavior during laser welding of zinc “sandwich” sample

To address the problem of the zinc being easily gasified in laser welding of galvanized steel, laser welding of a zinc “sandwich” sample was performed to experimentally investigate the behavior and characteristics of the zinc inside and outside the keyhole, including the observation of the keyhole, the zinc vapor and zinc plasma, and the calculation of the electron temperature of the zinc plasma. Based on the principle of imaging amplification, the detected multi-points can be located precisely in order to study the distribution of the electron temperature of the zinc plasma. The results show that the zinc behavior played an important role in the formation of the weld-joint and the zinc plasma altered the energy distribution at the top of the keyhole whose diameter has been enlarged in the welding process. For both continuous-wave laser and pulsed laser welding of zinc “sandwich” sample, the average electron temperature of the zinc keyhole plasma was higher than that of the zinc plasma plume outside the keyhole. In the welding process, the continuous wave laser with higher input energy results in higher position of the zinc plasma with higher electron temperature above the sample surface. More zinc vapor resulted in a higher average electron temperature of the plasma.     

An experimental study on the keyhole shapes in laser deep penetration welding

In this paper, the laser spot diameter and its intensity distribution are measured with a scanning pinhole, and the keyhole shapes are observed using a specially designed setup in laser deep penetration welding of glass GG17. Based on the above experimental results, the effects of the following factors on the keyhole shapes are studied: the laser spot diameter and its intensity distribution, defocus, welding speed and inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of the plasma.     

激光焊接熔透特征信号同轴增效提取方法研究

熔透检测是实现高功率激光焊接质量在线控制的重要环节,但由于介观尺度下的低辐值熔透特征信号产生于激光匙孔底部被匙孔喷射物质和周围干扰信号完全掩盖,熔透状态难以被直接获取,常规检测多以间接测量为主。将光谱透视技术、红外显微成像技术、光电传感技术及空间定位提取技术相结合,提出一种激光焊接熔透特征信号同轴增效提取方法。以高功率激光在匙孔内壁激发的荧光辐射源作为直接检测信号,利用不同发光体的谱段特性在红外谱段有效分离并抑制激光焊接匙孔上方的等离子体、金属蒸汽焰、粒子团簇等强干扰信号,使红外荧光信号得到有效增强,实现光谱透视显像效果。同时采用自行研制的激光焊接同轴显微光路系统,利用红外显微成像原理提取到匙孔内壁受激辐射荧光的红外显微实像。并以此为基础对高功率激光焊接熔透状态与匙孔内部影像特征进行关联研究,发现与熔透状态直接相关的低辐射值特征现象及特征区域的存在。通过视觉辅助定位调节和熔透特征位置试验矫正等寻位方式,依次提高定位精度,直至将传感器光电感应芯片高精度定位至荧光辐射实像中的熔透特征区域。由此通过光谱透视-显微成像-介观寻位萃取的逐层光学分离方式,实现了对匙孔熔透特征数据的精准提取和最大化增强。试验结果表明,基于多种光谱及光学处理技术复合应用的大功率固体激光焊熔透特征同轴增效提取方法对激光熔透特征信号增强效果显著,可作为一种新型的高功率激光焊接熔透在线检测手段。     

A three-dimensional model of multiple reflections for high-speed deep penetration laser welding based on an actual keyhole

Keyhole shapes are observed experimentally by two high-speed cameras from two perpendicular directions in high-speed laser welding of glass. From the obtained keyhole pictures, it can be seen that in high-speed deep penetration laser welding, the keyhole is not only seriously bent in the direction opposite to that of welding speed, but also elongated along the direction of the welding speed. Based on the so-obtained keyhole photograph, the keyhole profiles in both the symmetric plane and its perpendicular plane (i.e., the cross-section plane) are determined by the method of polynomial fitting. Then, under the assumption of elliptical cross-section of the keyhole at each keyhole depth, a 3D bending keyhole is reconstructed, the behavior of focused Gaussian laser beam in the keyhole is analyzed by tracing a ray of light using geometrical optics theory. Fresnel absorption and multiple reflections in the keyhole are systematically studied, and the laser intensities absorbed on the keyhole walls are calculated. In determining the distribution of laser intensity on the keyhole wall, the bending of the keyhole plays the dominant role, elongation of the keyhole plays just a minor role. Because of the bending of the keyhole, not all the keyhole wall can be irradiated directly by laser beam. The absorbed laser intensity cannot be uniformly distributed on the keyhole wall even after multiple reflections. The keyhole wall absorbs laser intensity mainly on the small area near the front keyhole wall. Recoil pressure plays a dominant role in forming a keyhole and keeping it open.     

Stability information in plasma image of high-power CO2 laser welding

In deep penetration laser welding, a capillary called keyhole is formed when the energy intensity reaches 10⁶ W/cm². During this process, the vaporized metal and the surrounding atmosphere can be ionized to form plasma both in and above the keyhole. The stability of the keyhole has an important influence on the properties of welded components and the fluctuations of plasma. In this paper, a method was developed to acquire the stability information from plasma images taken by high-speed photography. The influences of surface impurity and the flowrate of side-assist gas on the stability were investigated. Bead-on-plate welding was performed on 12 mm E-grade shipbuilding steel plates using a 15 kW CO₂ laser, with helium as the blowing gas. Three characteristic parameters were used to evaluate the stability. It was found that these three characteristic parameters can effectively indicate the stability variation caused by the surface impurity and gas flowrate. The present research provides important insights into developing image-based sensors to monitor the welding process.     

Effect of electric and magnetic fields on plasma control during CO2 laser welding

Feasibility in using electric and magnetic fields as a plasma control tool during high-power laser welding is explored in this paper. Preliminary results indicated that both fields can influence the shielding effect of the plasma above the keyhole. It was found that at suitable field parameters the penetration depth can be increased by more than 13%. Moreover, under the effect of both fields, the interrelation between the penetration depth and the width of bead was found. In addition, the influence of both electric and magnetic fields strength, field direction and laser power on the penetration depth and the width of bead were also investigated.     

预制小孔对激光诱导不锈钢等离子体辐射的增强作用

为了研究预制小孔对激光诱导不锈钢等离子体辐射特性的影响,在常压下空气中,利用高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光烧蚀不锈钢样品,由组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD光谱采集处理系统记录等离子体光谱,并通过测量光谱线的强度和半高全宽度分别计算了等离子体电子温度和电子密度。研究结果表明,当一束高能量激光(～5J)作用于表面放置直径为1.5 mm、深度为0.8 mm的预制小孔的不锈钢样品时,激光等离子体发射的谱线强度提高了71.5%～125.8%,光谱信背比提高了7.6%～18.5%;而等离子体温度和电子密度分别提高了1 200 K和1.21×1016cm-3。证明了预制小孔对激光诱导不锈钢等离子体辐射有明显的增强作用。