演示记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的实验设计

设计了测试记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的物理实验.描述了实验装置的设计和结构,给出了实验内容的设计和实验方法,包括观察测试记忆合金弹簧的温度-形变记忆效应实验和电流-形变记忆效应实验.根据测量数据,描绘了用该仪器得到的温度-形变曲线和电流-形变曲线.该实验可作为设计性实验在大学物理实验课中开出.     

高精度气液相平衡实验系统的建立和实验测定

本文搭建了循环法气液相平衡实验系统,介绍了该实验系统的组成,设计了循环法实验系统的实验流程.本实验系统的温度、压力和摩尔组分浓度的测量不确定度分别为5 mK,600 Pa和0.001.使用该实验系统测定了R125和R290纯净物饱和蒸气压,并进一步开展了R125+R290体系的气液相平衡实验研究,给出了该体系在3个温度下的等温气液相平衡实验数据,采用状态方程法相平衡模型对实验数据进行了关联分析,并与文献值进行了比较,结果表明本文实验数据具有较高精度,也说明了实验系统的可靠性.     

基于C#的仿真示波器设计与实现

开发了仿真示波器和仿真实验程序,使示波器使用更加简单方便,激发了学生学习热情,提高了实验教学质量.通过采用仿真实验这一先进的教学手段,学生更快掌握实验仪器使用,更好理解实验内容,同时方便了实验维护和升级,节省了实验经费.     

物理实验仪器深度开发的试验与探讨

重点讨论实验室中现有物理实验仪器的深度开发,围绕相关的实验内容、实验材料、实验演示传播方式等方面展开探讨和深度开发,利用此方式拓展了物理实验内容,加深巩固了物理实验原理的理解,实现了实验仪器的最大程度利用和更大使用价值的发挥,提高了实验仪器的利用率,在节约能源上起到很好的示范作用。     

拉脱法测量纯水表面张力系数实验的研究

从实验和理论上对拉脱法测量表面张力系数的实验进行了研究.用微力传感器代替约利弹簧,并在此基础上改进了实验仪器.研究分析了使用约利弹簧和传感器测量表面张力系数实验的实验原理,指出了它们的区别,并给出了利用传感器测量表面张力系数实验的理论计算公式.改进后的实验降低了拉脱法测量表面张力系数实验的技术难度,提高了测量表面张力系数的精确度.     

大学物理实验教学改革的几点建议

文章针对我校学生的具体情况,结合近些年来自己在教学过程中实践和体会,分析了当前大学物理实验现状和存在问题,从基础性实验、综合性实验、设计性实验、演示性实验、仿真实验和网络选课方面提出了一些改革的思路和措施,对大学物理实验教学改革有一定的指导意义。     

光学实验的计算机仿真

基于计算机仿真技术,以光学干涉实验和滤波实验为研究对象,应用Matlab软件数值模拟了杨氏双缝干涉实验和多光束干涉实验干涉图形和光强分布图,数值模拟了光学滤波实验字母滤波后的频谱图和字母成像图,结果表明,计算机仿真结果能够清晰的表达出实验和理论的效果。研究结果为光学实验的课堂教学提供了参考。     

嫦娥一号卫星干涉成像光谱仪现场性能检测实验

介绍了嫦娥一号卫星有效载荷—干涉成像光谱仪现场性能检测实验,包括焦距检测实验、MTF检测实验、谱线位置和光谱分辨率定标检测实验、光谱辐射度定标检测实验.分析了检测的必要性,确定了检测判据,制订了检测方案,规定了实验条件,给出了检测结果.通过实验,保证了干涉成像光谱仪以确定的和良好的技术状态发射.     

在物理实验中变验证性实验为研究性实验

以塞曼效应为例,通过思考题的形式引导学生根据实验目的,对实验内容进行思考分析,设计出实验方案,并将实验方案在实验室中得以实施和优化,将传统的验证性实验变成了研究性实验。通过实验使同学们牢固地掌握了所学内容,对相关仪器设备的性能和使用有了更深入的理解,有效地培养了他们的创新意识和能力。     

光学虚拟实验系统研究

采用MATLAB技术,结合光学实验教学内容的特点,利用面向对象的方法开发构建了光学虚拟实验系统。该系统具有操作简单、界面直观、实验快速实施等特点。以空间滤波实验和偏振光实验为例,给出了设计思想和相应的仿真实现结果。学生通过对实验系统的操作,可以很快地掌握实验原理、内容和实验特点。该系统作为传统光学实验教学的补充,能够完成一般光学实验中难以实现的实验操作,使复杂的实验操作变得直观生动,提高了光学实验教学的效果,同时也为相关实验系统的设计研发提供了一条新的途径。     

A suite of 3D NMR methods for characterizing complex hydrocarbon structure fragments

A suite of triple resonance 3D NMR experiments is presented for the complete connectivity assignment of the hydrocarbon network in complex macromolecular and supramolecular organic structures. These new 3D NMR methods rely only on the presence of a unique set of (13)C resonances (from (13)C(X)) which are separated from the rest of the (13)C NMR spectrum. These experiments take the advantage of region selective excitation and selective inversion by composite pulses to provide correlations among H(A), (13)C(A); H(B), (13)C(B) and neighboring (13)C(X) resonances along three frequency dimensions. These methods include: gHC(A)C(X), gHC(A)C(X)-HH-TOCSY and gHC(A)C(X)-CC-TOCSY experiments. The utility of this approach is illustrated with spectra of selected structure fragments in poly(ethylene-co-n-butyl acrylate-co-carbon monoxide) (polyEBC) prepared from 1,2,3-(13)C(3)-n-butyl acrylate.     

卟啉配合物-巯基棉体系分光光度法测定中药中铅、镉、铜

研究了卟啉与铅、镉、铜的反应及配合物的电子吸收光谱。结合巯基棉分离富集方法 ,将此金属卟啉配合物体系成功地应用于中药中微量铅、镉、铜的测定。方法简便 ,测定体系抗干扰的效果好 ,灵敏度高。实际样品测定的RSD在 3 3%～ 9 6 %之间。样品加标回收率在 90 %～ 1 0 3%之间。     

双水相体系中Cu(Ⅱ),La(Ⅲ),U(Ⅵ),Ce(Ⅳ)光谱行为及萃取分离

利用聚乙二醇2000(PEG)-(NH)2SO4-萃取剂(铜试剂)双水相体系,采用液-液萃取的方法,研究了PEG相、单纯水相中金属离子络合物及萃取剂的光谱行为,探讨了金属离子络合物在PEG相中存在形态及萃取机理。同时实验了在不同酸度,不同盐用量,不同萃取剂用量,以及在不同表面活性剂的影响下,铜、镧、铀、铈的萃取率,通过控制一定条件,实现了Cu(Ⅱ)与La(Ⅲ),Cu(Ⅱ)与Ce(Ⅳ)之间的定量萃取分离。     

14N chemical shifts and quadrupole coupling constants of inorganic nitrates

The isotropic chemical shift and the nuclear quadrupole coupling constant for (14)N were obtained for 14 inorganic nitrates by solid-state MAS NMR measurements at two different field strengths, 9.4 and 11.7 T. The compounds studied were polycrystalline powders of AgNO(3), Al(NO(3))(3), Ba(NO(3))(2), Ca(NO(3))(2), CsNO(3), KNO(3), LiNO(3), Mg(NO(3))(2), NaNO(3), Pb(NO(3))(2), RbNO(3), Sr(NO(3))(2), Th(NO(3))(4)center dot4H(2)O, and UO(2)(NO(3))(2)center dot3H(2)O. Even though the spectra show broadening due to (14)N quadrupole interactions, linewidths of a few hundred hertz and a good signal-to-noise ratio were achieved. From the position of the central peaks at the two fields, the chemical shifts and the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants were calculated. The chemical shifts for all compounds studied range from 282 to 342 ppm with respect to NH(4)Cl. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants range from 429 kHz for AgNO(3) to 993 kHz for LiNO(3). These data are compared with those available in the literature.     

Characterization of microporous aluminophosphate IST-1 using (1)H Lee-Goldburg techniques

The presence of two independent methylamine species in microporous aluminophosphate IST-1 (|(CH(3)NH(2))(4)(CH(3)NH(+)(3))(4)(OH(-))(4)|[Al(12)P(12)O(48)]) has been shown previously by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. One of these species, [N(1)-C(1)], links to a six-coordinated framework Al-atom [Al(1)], while the other methylamine [N(2)-C(2)] is protonated and hydrogen-bonded to three O-atoms [O(1), O(2) and O(12)]. We revisit the structure of IST-1 and report the complete assignment of the (1)H NMR spectra by combining X-ray data and high-resolution heteronuclear/homonuclear solid-state NMR techniques based on frequency-switched Lee-Goldburg homonuclear decoupling and (31)P-(31)P homonuclear recoupling. Careful analysis of the 2D (1)H-X homonuclear correlation (X=(1)H) and 2D heteronuclear correlation (X=(13)C, (31)P and (27)Al) spectra allowed the distinction of both methylamine species and the assignment of all (31)P and (13)C resonances. For the first time at a relatively high (9.4 T) magnetic field, symmetric doublet patterns have been observed in the (13)C spectra, caused by the influence of the (14)N second-order quadrupolar interaction.     

Equilibrium signal intensity mapping, an MRI method for fast mapping of longitudinal relaxation rates and for image enhancement

INTRODUCTION: Inhomogeneity of magnetic fields, both B(0) and B(1), has been a major challenge in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Field inhomogeneity leads to image artifacts and unreliability of signal intensity (SI) measurements. This work proposes and shows the feasibility of generating equilibrium signal intensity (SI(Eq)) maps that can be utilized either to speed up relaxation-rate measurement or to enhance image quality and relaxation-rate-based weighting in various applications. METHODS: A 1.5-T MRI scanner was used. In canines (n=4), myocardial infarction was induced, and 48 h after the administration of 0.05 mmol kg(-1) Gd(ABE-DTTA), a contrast agent with slow tissue kinetics, in vivo R(1) mapping was carried out using an inversion recovery (IR)-prepared, fast gradient-echo sequence with varying inversion times (TIs). To test the SI(Eq) mapping method without the confounding effects of motion and blood flow, we carried out ex vivo R(1) mapping after the administration of 0.2 mmol kg(-1) Gd(DTPA) using an IR-prepared, fast spin-echo sequence in another group of dogs (n=2). R(1,full) maps and SI(Eq) maps were generated from the data from both sequences by three-parameter nonlinear curve fitting of the SI versus TI dependence. R(1,full) maps served as the reference standard. Raw IR images were then divided by the SI(Eq) maps, yielding corrected SI maps (COSIMs). Additionally, R(1) values were calculated from each single-TI image separately, using the SI(Eq) value and a one-parameter curve-fitting procedure (R(1,single)). Voxelwise correlation analysis was carried out for the COSIMs and the R(1,single) maps, both versus the standard R(1,full) maps. Deviations of R(1,single) from R(1,full) were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: In vivo, COSIM versus R(1,full) showed significantly (P<.05) better correlation [correlation coefficient (CC)=0.95] than SI versus R(1,full) with a TI=700-800 ms, which is 200-300 ms longer than the tau(null) (500 ms) of viable myocardium. With such TIs, SI versus R(1,full) yielded CCs of 0.86-0.88. R(1,single) versus R(1,full) yielded a peak CC of 0.96 at TI=700-900 ms. Mean deviations of R(1,single) from R(1,full) were below 5% for TIs between 500 and 1000 ms. Ex vivo, where tau(null) was 300 ms, the advantage of correction with SI(Eq) was not in the improvement of linear correlation but more in the reduction of scatter. Peak CCs for SI versus R(1,full) and COSIM versus R(1,full) at TI=500 ms were 0.96 for both. The ex vivo CC for R(1,single) versus R(1,full) at TI=500 ms was 0.98. Mean deviations of R(1,single) from R(1,full) were below 5% for TIs between 400 and 700 ms. CONCLUSIONS: Once the corresponding SI(Eq) map is obtained from a control stack, R(1) can be obtained accurately, using only a single IR image and without the need for a stack of TI-varied images. This approach could be applied in various dynamic MRI studies where short measurement time, once the dynamics has started, is of essence. When using this method with IR-prepared T(1)-weighted images, it is essential that the single TI be chosen such that the longitudinal relaxation in all voxels of interest would have passed tau(null). SI(Eq) maps are also useful in eliminating confounders from MR images to allow obtaining SI values that reflect more faithfully the relaxation parameter (R(1)) sought.     

The effect of spin relaxation on ENDOR spectra recorded at high magnetic fields and low temperatures

A simple theoretical model that describes the pulsed Davies electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) experiment for an electron spin S = (1/2) coupled to a nuclear spin I = (1/2) was developed to account for unusual W-band (95 GHz) ENDOR effects observed at low temperatures. This model takes into account the thermal polarization along with all internal relaxation processes in a four-level system represented by the electron- and nuclear-spin relaxation times T(1e) and T(1n), respectively, and the cross-relaxation time, T(1x). It is shown that under conditions of sufficiently high thermal spin polarization, nuclei can exhibit asymmetric ENDOR spectra in two cases: the first when t(mix) > T(1e) and T(1n), T(1x) > T(1e), where ENDOR signals from the alpha manifold are negative and those of the beta manifold positive, and the second when the cross- and/or nuclear-relaxation times are longer than the repetition time (t(mix) < T(1e) < t(R) and T(1n), T(1x) > t(R)). In that case the polarization of the ENDOR signals becomes opposite to the previous case, the lines in the alpha manifolds are positive, and those of the beta manifold are negative. This case is more likely to be encountered experimentally because it does not require a very long mixing time and is a consequence of the saturation of the nuclear transitions. Using this model the experimental t(mix) and t(R) dependencies of the W-band (1)H ENDOR amplitudes of [Cu(imidazole)(4)]Cl(2) were reproduced and the values of T(1e) and T(1x) > T(1e) were determined. The presence of asymmetry in the ENDOR spectrum is useful as it directly provides the sign of the hyperfine coupling. The presented model allows the experimentalist to adjust experimental parameters, such as t(mix) and t(R), in order to optimize the desired appearance of the spectrum.     

ICP-AES研究纳米TiO2材料对Ga,In, Tl的吸附性能

研究了纳米TiO2材料对Ga,In,Tl的吸附性能,考察了吸附动力学、最佳酸度、富集倍数和吸附容量,确定了待测金属离子的最佳吸附条件。实验结果表明:在最佳pH条件下,Ga,In,Tl能定量、快速地被吸附在纳米TiO2材料上;其静态吸附容量为:Ga48·6mg·g-1,In46·6mg·g-1和Tl23·4mg·g-1;被吸附在纳米TiO2上的金属离子能采用0·1mol·L-1EDTA 1·0mol·L-1HNO3混合溶液定量洗脱,其回收率均大于92%。当富集倍数为12·5时,本法对Ga(Ⅲ),In(Ⅲ),Tl(Ⅰ)的检出限分别为3·0,6·0,13ng·mL-1。计算了相应的相对标准偏差(RSD%)分别为1·85%,1·96%,3·40%,该方法已成功地应用于地质样品中痕量Ga(Ⅲ),In(Ⅲ),Tl(Ⅰ)的测定,结果满意。     

Zn1-xMgxO薄膜p型导电和光学性能

采用超声喷雾热分解(Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis,USP)方法,以醋酸锌、醋酸镁、醋酸铵、氯化铝的混合水溶液为前驱溶液,在单晶Si(100)衬底上制备了ZnO,Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O,N-Al共掺杂ZnO和N-Al共掺杂Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O薄膜。以X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射-扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、霍尔效应(Hall-effect)、光致发光(Photoluminescence,PL)谱等手段研究了薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌、电学性能、光学性能和带隙变化。电学测试结果表明,未掺杂ZnO及Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O薄膜为n型导电;而N-Al共掺杂ZnO和N-Al共掺杂Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O薄膜呈p型导电。Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O和N-Al共掺杂Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O(p型)薄膜在维持ZnO纤锌矿结构的前提下,光学带隙随Mg掺杂量增加而增大。初步结果显示,优化工艺参数下通过Mg掺杂制备光学带隙可调的p型Zn_0.81Mg_0.19O薄膜,对于试制Zn_1-xMg_xO基同质p-n结、短波长(紫外、深紫外)器件等方面有重要意义。     

Co掺杂对铁磁金属La0.8Sr0.2MnO3磁电阻影响机理

通过对La_0.8Sr_0.2Mn_1-yCo_yO₃(y≤02)饱和磁矩和输运的测量,研究了Co对La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃的磁电阻影响机制.结果表明,在La_0.8Sr_0.2Mn_1-yCo_yO₃（y≤02）中Co³⁺离子是低自旋态.由于Mn³⁺—O—Co³⁺—O—Mn³⁺类型的磁交换与Mn³⁺-Mn⁴⁺离子间双交换作用相比较弱,Curie温度T_C附近的磁电阻随着Co掺杂量的增加而降低.与此相反,由于Co²⁺离子与e_g巡游电子的反铁磁交换耦合作用,低温区间的磁电阻随着Co掺杂量的增加而升高. 关键词： 低自旋 磁电阻 磁交换作用