非线性拟合方法用于透射式脉冲红外技术测试碳/碳复合材料的热扩散系数

为了测试碳/碳复合材料的热扩散系数,本文提出了非线性拟合用于透射式脉冲红外检测的数据处理方法.非线性拟合通过循环迭代的方法持续调整拟合参数,让理论值不断逼近实验值,直至获得最佳结果.传统的透射式脉冲红外成像技术利用半高时间法测试材料的热扩散系数,但通常会受到采集时间不足和信噪比差的限制.本文提出的非线性拟合方法可以有效消除或减弱这两种影响.在使用该方法之前,首先选用常见的304不锈钢评估了该方法的测量精度及拟合长度对测试结果的影响.结果显示304不锈钢的测量精度达到0.3%,且当拟合长度不小于半高时间法采集时间的1/5时,拟合长度对非线性拟合结果影响很小.随后使用该拟合方法测试了不同厚度的碳/碳复合材料试件,并通过热扩散系数测量结果分析了试件之间的热参数差异性和材料自身的均匀性.     

红外热波成像法测量固体材料热扩散率

本文通过采用连续激光调制对试样周期加热产生稳定的温度波动和红外扫描动态测温的红外热波成像法获得温度波动的相位和幅值分布，测量固体材料热扩散率。介绍了红外热波成像法的测量原理和实验系统，推导了热扩散率测量的相位法、幅值法和相位－幅值复合法。对不锈钢和纯镍试样的热扩散率进行了测试。测量结果表明，该方法具有较高的精度。     

多层纳米薄膜结构热物性重构

基于谐波探测技术测量材料导热系数和热扩散系数的基本原理,给出3ω法用于多层纳米薄膜结构热物性实验表征的方法.考虑了层间接触热阻的作用,在频域内定义了热阻抗的概念.理论分析了各层纳米薄膜的导热系数、热扩散系数等热参数对加热膜温度波动影响的敏感性.将敏感系数与实验数据处理相结合,利用三次谐波的实部和虚部分量测量了ZrO2/SiO2增透膜多层膜结构中各层的导热系数和热扩散系数.该方法可用来有效表征其他微纳米结构的热性能.     

碳纤维复合材料内部缺陷深度的定量红外检测

利用脉冲红外热成像技术对碳纤维复合材料试件内部的模拟脱黏缺陷的深度进行测量, 研究在被测物热属性参数未知情况下,碳纤维增强塑料中缺陷深度的测量方法. 分析了平板材料在脉冲热源激励下的一维热传导模型;给出了内部缺陷深度的红外测量原理; 选用对数温度二阶微分峰值时刻作为特征时间测量缺陷深度; 考虑单点标定测量深度可能产生较大的随机误差,提出利用最小二乘法多项式拟合建立阶梯件中阶梯深度与其对应的对数温度时间二阶微分曲线峰值时间两者之间的标定关系式的方法, 选择在相对误差平方和最小情形下的拟合关系式作为脱黏缺陷深度测量的标定关系式. 实验结果表明,利用该方法测量脱黏缺陷深度的精度优于单点法标定测量结果, 实现了在被检测材料热属性参数未知的情况下仍能较准确地测量脱黏缺陷深度.     

亚表面异质缺陷对功能梯度材料表面温度场的影响

基于双曲型热传导方程,采用镜像法和波函数展开法,求解了含亚表面异质圆柱缺陷的半无限功能梯度材料的表面温度场,给出了功能梯度材料中热波散射的一般解.分析了亚表面异质圆柱缺陷的几何参数(如埋藏深度)和热物理参数(如导热系数、热扩散长度、热扩散率及热弛豫时间等)对功能梯度材料表面温度场的影响.温度波由调制的超短脉冲激光在功能梯度材料表面激发,异质圆柱缺陷表面的边界条件为导热边界.研究结果可望为功能梯度材料的红外热波无损检测、导热反问题提供计算方法和参考数据.     

基于对数二阶微分极小峰值时间的测厚方法研究

本文提出了一种反射式脉冲红外热波技术中采用对数温度-对数时间二 阶微分极小峰值时间作为特征时间进行缺陷深度定量测量的方法. 首先, 介绍了反射式脉冲红外热波技术的基本原理, 在半无限厚平板解的基础上得到了对数温度-对数时间二阶微分极小峰值时间与缺陷深度平方的关系式. 其次, 利用不锈钢和铝材料制作平底洞试件并得到红外热图序列, 提取对数二阶微分极小峰值时间. 该特征时间与缺陷深度平方实验结果显示其具有很好线性关系, 该线性关系可用于实际缺陷深度定量测量, 并讨论了与应用广泛的对数二阶微分极大峰值法相比的优缺点. 关键词： 红外热波 定量测量 缺陷深度 极小峰值     

用激光引发热反射栅方法测量固体热扩散率

阐述了用脉冲激光引发瞬态热反射栅的方法来测量固体材料热扩散率的理论、实验装置和实验技术．给出用该实验方法测得的纯硅和纯铜的热扩散率，并与文献数据进行了比较，结果表明该方法是一种适用于不透明固体材料热扩散率测量的无损、快速和准确的方法．     

基于表面热透镜的薄膜弱吸收测量的调制频率研究

激励光辐照薄膜的表面热透镜效应中,调制频率的大小影响样品内热波的热扩散深度。通过频率控制热波扩散深度可以探测不同薄膜层面的吸收和热缺陷分布。理论分析了不同薄膜厚度下调制频率对热扩散深度的影响。结果表明,薄膜的热导率越小、膜厚越厚,基底中的热扩散深度就越浅,不同材料的基底对吸收测量带来的影响就越小;在膜厚一定的情况下,调制频率越高,基底中的热扩散深度越浅,不同基底样品的光热信号将趋于相等。     

含双圆柱亚表面缺陷板条材料的表面温度分布

基于非傅里叶热传导方程,采用复变函数法和镜像法,研究了含双圆柱亚表面缺陷板条材料热波散射的温度场,并给出了热波散射温度场的解析解。分析了入射波波数、热扩散长度、缺陷的埋藏深度以及板条材料的厚度等对板条表面温度分布的影响。温度波由调制光束在材料表面激发,缺陷表面的边界条件为绝热。该分析方法和数值结果可为工程材料结构的传热分析、热波成像和材料内部缺陷评估,以及热物理反问题研究提供参考。     

在瞬态自动测量仪上用脉冲法测量材料的热物理系数

简述了热物理性质瞬态自动测量仪的结构和原理，应用该仪器采用脉冲法测量了材料的热扩散系数和热导率。     

Quantification of defects in composites and rubber materials using active thermography

Active (lock-in and pulsed) thermography technique is used to quantify defect features in specimens of glass fiber reinforced polymer, high density rubber, low density rubber and aluminum bonded low density rubber with artificially produced defects. The relationship between phase contrast and thermal contrast with defect features are examined. Using lock-in approach, the optimal frequencies for different specimens are determined experimentally. It is observed that with increasing defect depth, the phase contrast increases while the thermal contrast decreases. Defects with radius to depth ratio greater than 1.0 are found to be discernible. The phase difference between sound and defective region as a function of square root of excitation frequency for glass fiber reinforced polymer specimen is found to be in good agreement with the predictions of Bennet and Patty model [1]. Further, using pulsed thermography, the defects depth could be measured accurately for glass fiber reinforced polymer specimen from the thermal contrast using the analytical approach of Balageas et al. [2].     

Absolute peak slope time based thickness measurement using pulsed thermography

Several methods have been reported in the literature using pulsed thermography for quantitative measurement of defect depth or sample thickness. In this paper, based on the analysis of a theoretical one-dimensional solution of pulsed thermography, we proposed to use the absolute peak slope time (APST) for quantitative measurement of defect depth. APST is the peak slope time of the curve which is obtained by multiplying the original temperature decay with the square root of the corresponding time. The theoretical model shows that APST has linear relation with square of defect depth, which was verified with the experimental results of an aluminum and a steel specimen with six flat-bottom wedges and holes as simulated defects respectively.     

Square pulse thermography in frequency domain as adaptation of pulsed phase thermography for qualitative and quantitative applications in cultural heritage and civil engineering

A methodical approach for qualitative and quantitative non-destructive testing of near-surface structures in civil engineering (CE) with active thermography is presented. It adopts the non-destructive testing (NDT) method of pulsed phase thermography (PPT) for the special requirements of CE and cultural heritage. The concept might be understood as a square pulse thermography (SPT) in frequency domain or an amplitude-expanded PPT with square pulse heating.After a discussion of the material spanning concept and qualitative results in cultural heritage a new approach for quantitative non-destructive testing (NDT) of near-surface structures in CE with active thermography is introduced and tested by investigations on concrete specimen with artificial defects. It is based on the thermal diffusivity of the material and the characteristic frequency of the first extrema of phase and amplitude contrast and aims at complementing the established approaches for defect depth calculation for measurements with long heating and observation times. It should be easily extendable to other fields of application.     

Analysis of the accuracy of a neural algorithm for defect depth estimation using PCA processing from active thermography data

In the paper a neural algorithm, which uses an active thermography for defect depth estimation, is presented. Simulations of the algorithm, for three datasets representing different phases of the heat transfer process developing in the test sample were performed. The influence of the emissivity error of the test sample surface on the accuracy of defect depth estimation is discussed. The investigations were performed for test sample made of the material with low thermal diffusivity.     

Frequency modulated infrared imaging for thermal characterization of nanomaterials

The paper presents frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) as a fast and efficient non-contact technique for in-plane thermal characterization of thin plate nanomaterials. A novel excitation signal in the form of an up-chirp is applied and the thermal response is monitored using an infrared (IR) thermography based temperature sensing system. The in-plane thermal diffusivity of any sample can be measured using the multiple phase information extracted from a single run of the experiment. This feature provides a time efficient approach for thermal measurements using infrared thermography techniques. The theoretical background and experimental details of the technique are discussed, with practical measurement of thermal diffusivity of an empty anodic alumina (AAO) template in direction perpendicular to the nanochannel axis, in support.     

Ageing evaluation of thermal barrier coatings by thermal diffusivity

Ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are widely applied for protecting from combustion gases hot path components of gas turbines for both aero- and land-based applications. In order to prevent the detachment of TBC, it would be essential to monitor their degradation in terms of sintering kinetic. As sintering strongly affects also the thermal diffusivity of TBC, the idea is to measure the latter parameter to account for the former. The technique to measure thermal diffusivity using pulsed thermography is described, together with the model that leads to the identification of TBC diffusivity. Tests and results on specimens artificially aged are reported.     

Evaluation of paint coating thickness variations based on pulsed Infrared thermography laser technique

In this paper, a pulsed Infrared thermography technique using a homogeneous heat provided by a laser source is used for the non-destructive evaluation of paint coating thickness variations. Firstly, numerical simulations of the thermal response of a paint coated sample are performed. By analyzing the thermal responses as a function of thermal properties and thickness of both coating and substrate layers, optimal excitation parameters of the heating source are determined. Two characteristic parameters were studied with respect to the paint coating layer thickness variations. Results obtained using an experimental test bench based on the pulsed Infrared thermography laser technique are compared with those given by a classical Eddy current technique for paint coating variations from 5 to 130 μm. These results demonstrate the efficiency of this approach and suggest that the pulsed Infrared thermography technique presents good perspectives to characterize the heterogeneity of paint coating on large scale samples with other heating sources.     

A simple method for defect area detection using active thermography

In this paper a simple method for defect area detection in the subsurface layer of materials was presented. The method uses active infrared thermography. A statistical detectivity ratio was introduced for a quantitative characterization of areas containing defects. The described algorithm of defect area detection was tested for a material with a low thermal diffusivity. The results of experimental and simulation investigations are presented. It was stated that the statistical detectivity ratio can be used to detect regions of defect presence, even for the non-uniformly heated surfaces.