煤中痕量元素在低温燃烧下的分布规律

为了解流化床燃烧过程中痕量元素的分布与富集规律,以流化床燃煤过程为研究对象,在实验室的小型机理性试验台架上进行实验,研究了煤中痕量元素的排放特点。实验模拟流化床低温燃烧的特点, 6种典型煤分别在650℃、800℃、950℃三个工况下燃烧,分析得到Pb、Cr、Cd等痕量元素大部分留在灰中。Hg在灰中的富集规律不明显。     

燃煤过程中As,Se的挥发行为的研究

本文首先运用热平衡分析法对不同气氛下三种煤样的燃烧系统中As,Se物质的分布及含量进行了预报,并以此来指导实验方案的设计,最后,进行相应的实验研究,来探究燃煤过程中As,Se的挥发行为特性。从研究结果我们可以得出: (1)As,Se的挥发量都随着温度的升高而增加,并且Se的挥发百分比要比As要大。(2)在氮气气氛下,As挥发量大幅提升的现象发生在600-900℃这一温度范围,而Se的大量挥发现象比As要早,大约在200-600℃的温度范围内。 (3)氧化性气氛有助于As,Se在更低的温度下的挥发。 (4)SO2在某一温度范围内对于两种痕量元素的挥发有微弱的促进作用。     

顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定化肥中砷、汞、锑和硒

本文建立了一种顺序注射氢化物发生 -原子荧光光谱法测定化肥中 As、Hg、Sb、Se含量的方法。在最佳条件下 ,As、Hg、Sb和 Se的检出限分别为 0 .1 5μg/ L、0 .0 6 1μg/ L、0 .0 4 6μg/ L、0 .2 5μg/ L。测定化肥中 As、Hg、Sb和 Se,回收率均在 94 .6 7%— 1 0 6 .81 %之间。该方法用于检测化肥中 As、Hg、Sb和 Se具有很好的可行性和实用性。     

氧燃烧方式下重金属Se挥发行为的研究

在氧燃烧方式和空气燃烧方式下对Se的氧化物及其与CaO的混合物进行了热重红外实验,通过TG、DTG、DSC以及X射线衍射分析考察了升温速率、气氛和矿物质对重金属Se在燃烧过程中挥发行为的影响。实验结果显示:氧燃烧气氛下se02的挥发率以及释放总量较之空气气氛发生了较大变化,氧燃烧气氛下,Se化合物的释放总量比空气气氛下低;在同一气氛下,钙硒比越大,钙的固硒效果越明显;升温速率对SeO2挥发的影响较小,主要在于加速或推迟其挥发;氧燃烧方式有助于抑制重金属Se的释放。     

原子荧光法测定刺五加不同部位中的砷、锑、汞、硒

采用微波消解处理样品,建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定刺五加不同部位中的As, Sb, Hg, Se的分析方法。在最佳工作条件下,Se, Sb, Hg, Se的浓度与荧光强度均呈现良好的线性关系。砷的检出限为0.068 ng·mL-1,RSD为1.05%;锑的检出限为0.155 ng·mL-1,RSD为1.32%;汞的检出限为0.014 ng·mL-1,RSD为2.03%;硒的检出限为0.052 ng·mL-1,RSD为2.34%。并选用标准物质人发(GBW07601)对测定方法的准确度进行考察,该方法灵敏、快速准确。实验结果表明,刺五加不同部位中As, Sb, Hg, Se的含量有所差异。As, Hg和Se主要在叶中含量较高,锑在根中的含量高于其他部位。     

连续氢化法电感耦合等离子体发射光谱同时测定生物样品中痕量硒、砷、锡、锑

本文叙述用氢化法电感耦合等离子体发射光谱同时测定生物样品中痕量硒、砷、锡、锑的方法。比较了浓度为2.88mol/L,4.8mol/L和6.0mol/L的HCl对Se,As,Sn,Sb,Hg和Ge谱线强度的影响,也比较了NaBH_4溶液中VC对测定Se,As,Sb,Sn,Hg和Ge的影响。在4.8mol/L HCl浓度下,在1％NaBH_4溶液中加0.5％VC,HY-ICP-AES的检出限是:Se 0.3ng/ml,As 2.5ng/ml,Sn 5.0ng/ml,sb 0.4ng/ml,Hg 0.3ng/ml,Ge 8.0ng/ml。用国家标准物质GBW09101来检验本方法的准确性,得到的se,As,Sn和Sb结果良好。     

燃烧烟气中镉和锌的在线监测实验研究

本文发展一种基于电感耦合等离子体(ICP)技术的烟气镉和锌的在线测量方法,连续测定煤燃烧烟气中镉和锌的瞬时浓度,从而全面跟踪镉和锌的挥发释放过程。实验得到优化的ICP(功率1400W)进气流速为:样品气体,0.03L/min;氩气,0.16 L/min。在线测量系统与流化床实验装置配备在一起,对煤燃烧烟气中镉和锌的浓度进行在线测量。温度对重金属的蒸发有很大影响,温度增加有利于其蒸发,但不是呈线性关系。重金属与飞灰颗粒在高温下反应生成稳定化合物,从而抑制了重金属的挥发。该技术对于研究燃烧过程重金属的释放和控制过程,是一种有用的工具。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光法测定不同产地绞股蓝及其根际土壤中As,Hg,Se

通过优化了的氢化物发生—原子荧光法测定了7个省产绞股蓝及其根际土壤中As,Hg,Se三种元素的含量,研究结果表明:7个省产绞股蓝中As,Hg,Se的含量存在较大差异,但As和Hg两种重金属元素含量均低于《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》中As和Hg的限量标准。Se元素含量同根际土壤中Se元素含量显示极显著相关性,故湖北恩施富硒区产绞股蓝中Se含量明显高于其他6省产绞股蓝。研究结果可以初步判定,绞股蓝中Se元素主要来源于土壤,而As和Hg元素的积累则不同于Se元素,还可能受到大气气溶胶的干、湿沉降等因素的影响。     

有机酸在电感耦合等离子体质谱中基体效应的研究

研究了乙二酸、乳酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸等有机试剂对不同质量和不同电离电位元素电感耦合等离子体质谱信号的影响。结果表明,随着雾化气流速的调节,低浓度有机酸介质对所分析元素具有增强效应,尤其是对电离电位在9～11 eV的Be,Zn,As,Se,Sb和Hg等高电离电位元素的影响。酒石酸的增强效应显著大于乙二酸、乳酸、柠檬酸。探讨了有机酸的增强机理。利用酒石酸对Be,Zn,As,Se,Sb和Hg等的增强特性,测定了水标准物质SRM 1640中的Be,Zn,As,Se,Sb和SRM 1641d中Hg,其测定结果与标准样品提供的标准值基本一致。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法研究藏香燃后起源颗粒态砷镉铜铅的排放特征

燃香产生大量的颗粒物和挥发性物质已经成为室内空气污染的重要来源之一。目前有关燃香对局部大气环境影响的研究主要集中在燃香起源颗粒物浓度、挥发性气体、有机污染物等含量的测定。有关燃香所排放颗粒态重金属的排放率、排放因子以及所排放的颗粒态重金属对室内空气环境质量影响研究未见报道。使用微波消解仪对9种(S1—S9)线型藏香样品及其燃烧后所释放的总悬浮颗粒物进行程序升温消解，并采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)分别在波长188.980, 214.439, 327.395及220.353 nm下对藏香及其燃烧所释放的总悬浮颗粒物中As, Cd, Cu和Pb含量进行检测，分析藏香燃后起源颗粒态重金属的排放特征，为评估室内藏香密集性使用所排放的颗粒态重金属对人体健康的潜在影响以及制定藏香重金属限量标准提供参考。实验发现：(1)不同种类藏香样品中四种重金属含量不同，平均含量从高到低依次为Cu, Pb, As和Cd元素。不同种类藏香样品中Cd和Pb的来源相似、而As和Cu的来源明显不同。(2)不同种类藏香燃烧后烟尘量不同，最高为94.75 mg·kg^-1,最低为38.52...     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.