准周期光子晶体平板透镜的光会聚

提出了一种能够实现负折射的准周期光子晶体(QPC).该准晶光子晶体具有十二重对称性,由介质背景下空气孔的准周期阵列组成.用时域有限差分方法研究了电磁波通过该十二重准品后的传播行为.对劈形准品样品的研究表明,电磁波在该准晶结构中发生了负折射现象.进一步利用该准晶制成平行平板,研究了平板的表面截面对电磁波传播的影响.发现改变平板的表面截面,可以调节电磁场在板后的分布.在合适的界面条件下,准晶平板对电磁波实现了会聚.因此,在实际应用中应仔细选择适当的界面参数.     

准晶结构的激光全息人工制作

报道了用激光全息刻写技术结合感光聚合材料体系制作介观尺度二维准周期结构(准晶). 并在前期工作的基础上，研究了不同曝光量对二维空气柱孔径的影响，不同偏振对准晶结构花样的影响. 实验结果显示，可以制作的二维准晶的空气柱孔径可达100nm，而且结构均匀，无缺陷面积大. 用此实验系统可以制作多种花样二维甚至是三维准晶结构. 目前，除激光全息刻写技术外，用其他传统精密机械加工技术来人工制作介观准晶体尚存在很大挑战性. 关键词： 准晶结构 光子晶体 激光全息技术     

二维空气环型光子晶体的负折射成像特性

采用平面波展开法和时域有限差分法研究了由空气环组成的二维三角晶格光子晶体平板的负折射成像特性.研究结果表明对于外半径为 0.4 a,内半径 0—0.13a的空气环型光子晶体,第二能带中归一化频率为 0.3 的电磁波可以实现有效折射率为-1的负折射成像.通过光子晶体有效折射率的计算,得到了有效折射率为-1的电磁波频率随空气环内径由0—0.2 a变化的规律,并由对应等频曲线的变化解释了结构参数对光子晶体平板成像的影响. 关键词： 光子晶体 空气环 负折射 等频曲线     

等效折射率为非-1时的亚波长成像

本文采用硅柱子周期性排列构成六角结构光子晶体,用平面波展开方法和FDTD方法研究表明,此结构光子晶体存在等效折射率接近-1的频率区域.在等效折射率趋于-1但不等于-1时,此光子晶体平板结构超透镜能形成一个非近场的像.模拟还发现,此结构平板光子晶体等效折射率为非-1时,可以亚波长成像. 关键词： 负折射 光子晶体 亚波长 成像     

单棱镜共光路干涉法制作多结构二维光子准晶

提出一种共路干涉装置用于复杂结构亚微米尺度光子准晶的大面积制作.改变样品旋转角度和曝光次数,设计多种不同旋转对称性的准晶结构,并给出相应的衍射模式以证明其多重旋转对称性.利用该装置可以制作任意复杂结构、任意旋转对称度的准晶结构.同时,分析了旋转轴和旋转角存在偏差时对准晶结构的影响.另外,采用该装置实验制作了十重准晶结构,并用原子力显微镜和衍射测量表征该准晶的长程指向性和十重旋转对称性,实验结果表明:十重晶格结构的直径为1.2μm,最小结构单元尺寸为377nm,与理论设计尺寸1.25μm和392.5nm相比,误差为4%.理论设计和实验结果一致性很好,对研究以光子带隙为基础的纳米光子学器件具有重要的指导意义.     

波状结构二维光子晶体近场亚波长成像的研究

研究了波状结构二维光子晶体(2DPC)在红外波段的负折射近场成像,对其等频面进行了分析,指出波状结构二维光子晶体无法实现负折射远场成像的原因在于缺少与入射介质等频面相匹配的光子晶体圆形等频面,所用的矩形等频面使波状膜层二维光子晶体不可避免地具有各向异性特征,进而将成像限制在近场范围内。采用时域有限差分(时域有限差分)方法模拟了不同厚度的波状结构二维光子晶体近场成像效果,当厚度为两倍栅格常量时,单光源的成像分辨力为0.28λ,达到亚波长分辨效果。分辨力随着光源逐渐远离近场范围而降低,而像点的位置基本不随光源距离和光子晶体厚度的变化而改变。双光源的成像模拟进一步验证了波状结构二维光子晶体的近场亚波长成像能力,分辨力达到0.35λ,但成像质量受光子晶体厚度变化的影响较大。     

二维光子晶体负折射现象条件及特性研究

结合光子晶体带隙图和等频率线图分析了二维光子晶体中出现负折射现象的条件,得出了负折射现象出现的频率范围.采用有限时域差分法模拟了光在光子晶体界面和内部的传输行为,验证了以上理论所给出的负折射出现的频段,观察到了明显的负折射现象.比较了不同介质、不同晶格结构光子晶体中不同频率的负折射行为.提出一种新结构的六角型二维三角晶格光子晶体分光镜的模型.     

改变光子晶体表面结构对负折射透射光强的影响

以砷化镓圆形介质柱在空气中构成二维六边形排列结构的光子晶体为例,利用时域有限差分法模拟研究了光子晶体表面结构改变对负折射透射光强的影响.模拟结果表明：针对同一结构光子晶体,在可产生负折射现象的入射光频率范围,改变光子晶体表面两侧圆形介质柱的半径和顺向侧移两侧表面最外层圆形介质柱都会均对负折射透射光强产生影响.     

改变光子晶体表面结构对负折射透射光强的影响

以砷化镓圆形介质柱在空气中构成二维六边形排列结构的光子晶体为例,利用时域有限差分法模拟研究了光子晶体表面结构改变对负折射透射光强的影响.模拟结果表明:针对同一结构光子晶体,在可产生负折射现象的入射光频率范围,改变光子晶体表面两侧圆形介质柱的半径和顺向侧移两侧表面最外层圆形介质柱都会均对负折射透射光强产生影响.     

二维蜂窝格子光子晶体的远场成像特性及界面对成像质量的影响

利用有限时域差分法研究了一种二维蜂窝格子光子晶体的远场亚波长成像特性，发现和折射率为-1时的负折射成像规律符合得很好.但是由于晶格结构本身的特性，入射光以大角度入射时，这种结构的耦合效率很低，影响了像的强度和质量.通过适当改变界面上介质柱的半径的方法可以提高耦合效率，进而有效提高成像的质量和强度.     

Negative refraction and focusing of electromagnetic wave through two-dimensional photonic crystals

The negative refraction of electromagnetic waves in photonic crystals was recently demonstrated experimentally, and the physical properties were analyzed. Microsuperlenses based on two-dimensional photonic crystals were designed and the subwavelength images were observed. In this review, after providing a brief history of the research related to the above phenomena, we will summarize our research works in this field including the method of creating a negative refraction region, generating an absolute negative refraction, the focusing of unpolarized electromagnetic waves, and the effect of interface and disorder on the image by the two-dimensional photonic crystal flat lens. The discussion on the negative refraction and the focusing by high symmetric quasicrystals is also presented.     

基于一维金属光子晶体平凹镜的柱矢量光束亚波长聚焦

柱矢量光束具有柱对称性的偏振分布,其独特的光场分布和聚焦特性被广泛应用于光学微操纵及光学成像等领域,并迅速向亚波长尺度拓展.通常,亚波长尺度聚焦采用等离激元透镜实现,但存在光场调控的偏振态局限性.而借助光子晶体的负折射效应,不仅能够实现亚波长聚焦或成像,而且应对正交偏振态同时有效.采用对电磁波具有更强调控能力的一维金属光子晶体结构,计算得到的能带结构和等频曲线表明其负折射效应在特定波段对正交偏振态同时有效.在此基础上设计出一维金属光子晶体柱对称平凹镜结构,通过有限元算法模拟显示了可见光波段的径向和旋向偏振光的同时亚波长聚焦行为.进一步的结果表明,改变柱矢量光束的偏振组分能够直接有效地调节焦场空间分布及偏振分布特性.所提出的平凹镜结构能够实现对任意偏振组分的柱矢量光束的亚波长尺度聚焦,且该结构的设计对于各波段情况均有参考意义.该研究结果对小尺度粒子的光学微操纵、超分辨率成像等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

Physics and applications of photonic crystals

In this article, we investigate how the photonic band gaps and the variety of band dispersions of photonic crystals can be utilized for various applications and how they further give rise to completely novel optical phenomena. The enhancement of spontaneous emission through coupled cavity waveguides in a one-dimensional silicon nitride photonic microcrystal is investigated. We then present the highly directive radiation from sources embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The manifestation of novel and intriguing optical properties of photonic crystals are exemplified experimentally by the negative refraction and the focusing of electromagnetic waves through a photonic crystal slab with subwavelength resolution.     

Negative refraction and subwavelength imaging of a photonic-crystal slab for the frequencies in the third band

Negative refraction and subwavelength imaging properties of a two-dimensional （2D） photonic crystal （PC） slab are studied by the finite-difference time-domain method. The PC consists of a triangular lattice of air holes immersed in a dielectric. For a certain frequency range in the third photonic band, the directions of the group velocities and the phase velocities can be opposite, so the PC can work as a kind of negative refractive-index material. The light radiated from a point source can form a subwavelength image spot through the PC slab. Negative refraction and an effective refractive index of the PC slab n = -1 can be achieved for the incident wave with its incident angle within a certain range.     

Three-dimensional subwavelength imaging by a photonic-crystal flat lens using negative refraction at microwave frequencies

We experimentally demonstrate subwavelength resolution imaging at microwave frequencies by a three-dimensional (3D) photonic-crystal flat lens using full 3D negative refraction. The photonic crystal was fabricated in a layer-by-layer process. A subwavelength pinhole source and a dipole detector were employed for the measurement. By point-by-point scanning, we obtained the image of the pinhole source shown in both amplitude and phase, which demonstrated the imaging mechanism and subwavelength feature size in all three dimensions. An image of two pinhole sources with subwavelength spacing showed two resolved spots, which further verified subwavelength resolution.     

FDTD study of subwavelength imaging by a photonic crystal slab

The problem of subwavelength imaging via a photonic crystal slab lens made of two-dimensional (2D) square arrays of parallel dielectric cylinders in air is studied and discussed theoretically. The finite-difference time-domain method is employed to investigate the unique features of imaging by such lens. We confirm earlier findings that a photonic crystal slab lens can provide the imaging of a point source. By analysing the transmission properties of the proposed structure, we demonstrate that inside the all-angle negative refraction, there are some favourable directions for waves to travel. We show that the surface termination of the photonic crystal is a key parameter to obtain a good quality image. The super-resolution of two sources separated by a distance less than the wavelength is also considered. It is shown that the achievable resolution is limited by the slab length.     

含负折射率材料的一维光子晶体的光学传输特性

采用光学传输矩阵方法,模拟研究了由正折射率材料和负折射率材料交替组成的一维光子晶体的光学传输特性.计算了这种含负折射率材料的一维光子晶体的透射谱和色散关系.结果表明,在正入射时,含负折射率材料的光子晶体的带隙要比传统的光子晶体要大得多,并具有狭窄的透射带,从光学薄膜理论的色散关系出发解释了形成上述现象的原因.讨论了在不同的偏振模式下,光以中心波长入射时,反射率随着入射角度的变化关系.发现含负折射率材料的一维光子晶体具有更好的角度特性,可以用来实现对中心波长的全方位反射.     

Negative refraction and imaging beyond the diffraction limit by a two-dimensional left-handed metamaterial

We report our experimental results on two-dimensional left-handed metamaterials (LHM) exhibiting negative refraction and subwavelength imaging. Transmission and reflection spectra of LHM are studied and a left-handed transmission band is observed at the frequencies where both dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability are negative. Impedance matching is verified both with the experiments and simulations. The two-dimensional LHM structure is verified to have a negative refractive index. We employed three different methods to observe negative refraction; refraction through prism-shaped LHM, beam shifting method, and phase shift experiments. We further demonstrated subwavelength imaging and resolution using LHM superlenses. The effect of thickness on the resolving power is investigated experimentally.     

Subwavelength resolution in a two-dimensional photonic-crystal-based superlens

We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate single-beam negative refraction and superlensing in the valence band of a two-dimensional photonic crystal operating in the microwave regime. By measuring the refracted electromagnetic waves from a slab shaped photonic crystal, we find a refractive index of -1.94 that is very close to the theoretical value of -2.06. A scanning transmission measurement technique is used to measure the spatial power distribution of the focused electromagnetic waves that radiate from a point source. The full width at half maximum of the focused beam is measured to be 0.21 lambda, which is in good agreement with the finite difference time domain method simulations. We also report a subwavelength resolution for the image of two incoherent point sources, which are separated by a distance of lambda/3.