Influence of nitrogen doping on the defect formation and surface properties of TiO2 rutile and anatase

Nitrogen doping-induced changes in the electronic properties, defect formation, and surface structure of TiO2 rutile(110) and anatase(101) single crystals were investigated. No band gap narrowing is observed, but N doping induces localized N 2p states within the band gap just above the valence band. N is present in a N(III) valence state, which facilitates the formation of oxygen vacancies and Ti 3d band gap states at elevated temperatures. The increased O vacancy formation triggers the 1 x 2 reconstruction of the rutile (110) surface. This thermal instability may degrade the catalyst during applications.     

Quadrupolar transitions evidenced by resonant auger spectroscopy

From absorption spectra, the only way to bring to the fore the occurrence of quadrupolar transitions is to study their angular dependence. Resonant spectroscopies offer a new opportunity to obtain more insight into excited electronic states by studying lineshape and intensity of decay processes. We show here that resonantly excited Ti KL(2,3)L(2,3) Auger spectra of TiO2(110) carry a clear signature of quadrupolar transitions to localized e(g) and t(2g) d-like states, giving access to a direct measurement of crystal field splitting.     

Ab initio study of neutral (TiO2)n clusters and their interactions with water and transition metal atoms

We have systematically investigated the growth behavior and stability of small stoichiometric (TiO(2))(n) (n = 1-10) clusters as well as their structural, electronic and magnetic properties by using the first-principles plane wave pseudopotential method within density functional theory. In order to find out the ground state geometries, a large number of initial cluster structures for each n has been searched via total energy calculations. Generally, the ground state structures for the case of n = 1-9 clusters have at least one monovalent O atom, which only binds to a single Ti atom. However, the most stable structure of the n = 10 cluster does not have any monovalent O atom. On the other hand, Ti atoms are at least fourfold coordinated for the ground state structures for n ≥ 4 clusters. Our calculations have revealed that clusters prefer to form three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, all these stoichiometric clusters have nonmagnetic ground state. The formation energy and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap for the most stable structure of (TiO(2))(n) clusters for each n have also been calculated. The formation energy and hence the stability increases as the cluster size grows. In addition, the interactions between the ground state structure of the (TiO(2))(n) cluster and a single water molecule have been studied. The binding energy (E(b)) of the H(2)O molecule exhibits an oscillatory behavior with the size of the clusters. A single water molecule preferably binds to the cluster Ti atom through its oxygen atom, resulting an average binding energy of 1.1 eV. We have also reported the interaction of the selected clusters (n = 3, 4, 10) with multiple water molecules. We have found that additional water molecules lead to a decrease in the binding energy of these molecules to the (TiO(2))(n) clusters. Finally, the adsorption of transition metal (TM) atoms (V, Co and Pt) on the n = 10 cluster has been investigated for possible functionalization. All these elements interact strongly with this cluster, and a permanent magnetic moment is induced upon adsorption of Co and V atoms. We have observed gap localized TM states leading to significant HOMO-LUMO gap narrowing, which is essential to achieve visible light response for the efficient use of TiO(2) based materials. In this way, electronic and optical as well as magnetic properties of TiO(2) materials can be modulated by using the appropriate adsorbate atoms.     

Intrinsic nature of the excess electron distribution at the TiO2(110) surface

The gap state that appears upon reduction of TiO2 plays a key role in many of titania's interesting properties but its origin and spatial localization have remained unclear. In the present work, the TiO2(110) surface is reduced in a chemically controlled way by sodium adsorption. By means of resonant photoelectron diffraction, excess electrons are shown to be distributed mainly on subsurface Ti sites strikingly similar to the defective TiO2(110) surface, while any significant contribution from interstitial Ti ions is discarded. In agreement with first principles calculations, these findings demonstrate that the distribution of the band gap charge is an intrinsic property of TiO2(110), independent of the way excess electrons are produced.     

Hydrogen bonding, H-D exchange, and molecular mobility in thin water films on TiO2(110)

Hydrogen bonding, H-D exchange, and molecular mixing in water films on TiO2(110) have been studied using water electron-stimulated desorption. For T<70 K, films with different water isotopes adsorbed on the Ti4+ and bridging oxygen rows can be prepared. For T>70 K, H-D and molecular exchange between these "layers" occur with a distribution of activation energies and is surprisingly efficient. The results demonstrate that all the water molecules that are directly bound to TiO2(110) -- i.e., in the first and second monolayers -- are also hydrogen bonded to each other.     

Defect states at the TiO2(110) surface probed by resonant photoelectron diffraction

The charge distribution of the defect states at the reduced TiO(2)(110) surface is studied via a new method, the resonant photoelectron diffraction. The diffraction pattern from the defect state, excited at the Ti-2p-3d resonance, is analyzed in the forward scattering approach and on the basis of multiple scattering calculations. The defect charge is found to be shared by several surface and subsurface Ti sites with the dominant contribution on a specific subsurface site in agreement with density functional theory calculations.     

前驱溶液的pH值对制备Ca2Zn4Ti16O38 ∶ Pr3+,Na+ 发光粉物相、形貌和发光性质的影响

以钛酸丁酯、醋酸钙、醋酸锌、柠檬酸和乙二醇为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈ ∶ Pr³⁺, Na⁺ 发光粉。研究了前驱溶液的pH值对溶胶-凝胶转变过程、发光粉物相组成、样品形貌和发光性质的影响。通过热重-差热分析(TG/DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对前驱物分解、发光粉物相和颗粒大小进行了研究。采用荧光光谱对材料的光谱性质进行了表征。研究发现前驱溶液pH ≤ 3时,所得发光粉样品为蓬松的、颗粒均匀的单相Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈粉末,红色余辉时间较长;随着pH值增大,逐渐有杂质相TiO₂、CaTiO₃和Zn₂TiO₄生成,并且样品颗粒逐渐变大,颗粒团聚呈现不规则形状,余辉时间变短。结果表明,只有在pH ≤ 3条件下以溶胶-凝胶法制备Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈ ∶ Pr³⁺, Na⁺ 发光粉下才能获得被日光有效激发,并呈现余辉衰减慢的红色长余辉(644 nm)发光。     

Si掺杂锐钛矿TiO2的第一性原理研究

为了研究Si掺杂对锐钛矿TiO2的电子蛄构和光催化性能的影响,利用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论计算了纯TiO2及Si掺杂TiO2的杂质形成能、能带结构及态密度.研究蛄果表明,Si的掺杂位置与制备条件有关,富钛和富氧条件下,Si最容易代替TiO2中Ti的位置.几何优化后Si掺杂TiO2超晶胞的晶格参数和晶胞体积都发生一定...     

甲醇/TiO2(110)界面激发态的表征

用光电子能谱的方法研究了甲醇/TiO₂(110)界面的电子结构．在激发波长为400 nm的双光子光电子能谱(2PPE)中,探测到了一个末态能量在费米能级以上5.5 eV的共振信号．之前的研究[Chem. Sci. 1, 575 (2010)]表明,这个共振信号与甲醇在5配位的钛离子(Ti_5c)上的光催化解离相关．双光子光电子能谱同时携带初态和中间态的信息．为此设计了一个调谐激发光波长的2PPE实验以及一个单光子光电子能谱(1PPE)和2PPE对比的实验,结果一致表明这个共振信号来自于未占据的中间态,也就是激发态．能带色散关系测量表明这个激发态是局域的．时间分辨2PPE测得这个激发态的寿命是24 fs．     

酸碱环境对TiO2吸附替硝唑的影响

基于密度泛函理论,研究了酸碱性条件下替硝唑在TiO2(101)和(001)晶面上的吸附特性.优化了替硝唑在TiO2(101)和(001)晶面的吸附结构,计算了最佳吸附位点,吸附能以及态密度.结果表明,当咪唑环上N(3)原子吸附在TiO2的Ti(5)原子上时,吸附能最大,为最稳定的吸附构型.通过对吸附构型的分析,我们发现C(2)-N(3)成键性质被削弱,且光催化反应中各构型价带与导带间电子跃迁均在可见光范围内.     

Formation of chemical compounds in a laser plasma

Using the methods of laser-induced fluorescence and emissive spectroscopy, we carried out investigations of the formation of TiO molecules in a laser plasma produced by focusing the radiation of an AYG:Nd³⁺ laser on the surface of a titanium target in air. The radiation flux density varied within the range 10⁸–10¹⁰ W/cm². We investigated the distribution of molecules over internal states and the space-time distributions of Ti atoms in the ground, metastable, and excited states, as well as of TiO molecules in the ground and excited states. We found that gas-phase reactions with participation of Ti atoms in the ground state provide the most probable channel for the formation of TiO molecules; the role of reagents in ionized, excited, and metastable states is of secondary importance. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 109–115, January–February, 1999.     

LaTiO3(110)薄膜分子束外延生长的精确控制和表面截止层的研究

LaTiO₃ 是一种典型的强关联电子材料, 其(110) 薄膜为通过晶格对称性、应变等的设计调控外延结构的物理性质提供了新的机会. 本文研究了SrTiO₃(110) 衬底表面金属La 和Ti 沉积所引起的微观结构变化, 进而利用电子衍射信号对分子束外延薄膜生长表面阳离子浓度的灵敏响应, 发展了原位、实时、精确控制金属蒸发源沉积速率的方法, 实现了高质量LaTiO₃(110) 薄膜的生长和对阳离子化学配比的精确控制. 由于LaTiO₃中Ti³⁺ 3d 电子的库仑排斥作用, 氧原子层截止的(110) 表面更容易实现极性补偿, 因此生长得到的薄膜表面暴露出单一类型的氧截止面.     

Defect-induced ferromagnetism in rutile TiO_2 : A first-principles study

Based on first-principles calculations, the electronic and magnetic properties of undoped and Li-doped rutile TiO2 have been studied. The results demonstrate that a cation vacancy can arouse ferromagnetism in TiO2 and the magnetic moment mainly comes from p orbitals of O atoms around the Ti vacancy. However, the Ti vacancy under normal conditions is very difficult to form due to its high formation energy. Our calculations indicate that Li-doped TiO2 can reduce the formation energy while keeping the magnetism. The large magnetization energy indicates that Li-doped TiO2 is a promising room-temperature diluted magnetic semiconductor.     

Surface reconstructions of TiO2(110) driven by suboxides

Scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory are used to develop a new structural model for surface reconstructions driven by Ti interstitials on TiO2(110). Ti interstitials form the edge- or face-sharing octahedra that serve as building blocks for (1 x 1) reconstruction. Thus, contrary to conventional wisdom, the 1 x 1 periodicity is insufficient to establish the correct surface stoichiometry. Furthermore, in our structural and compositional model the reversible oxidation or reduction between (1 x 1) and (1 x 2) is entirely achieved by transfer of the added rows.     

Atomic resolution noncontact atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy of TiO2(110)-(1 x 1) and - (1 x 2): simultaneous imaging of surface structures and electronic states

We present simultaneous imaging of TiO2(110)-(1 x 1) and - (1 x 2) using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The surface topography was imaged under NC-AFM feedback, while the surface electronic states were imaged by STM. The image contrasts of NC-AFM and STM were antiphase in (1 x 1) and in phase in (1 x 2). The uppermost oxygen and Ti atoms underneath were, respectively, imaged by NC-AFM and STM. The NC-AFM image contrast was close to the true surface topography in (1 x 2), but reduced in (1 x 1).     

Mn-N共掺杂TiO2电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理计算

本文采用第一性原理研究了Mn、N掺杂TiO2和Mn-N共掺杂TiO2的能带结构、态密度和Mn-N共掺TiO2对体系介电函数与吸收谱的影响.研究结果表明,Mn掺杂TiO2的能带结构的禁带内出现的杂质能级是由Mn 的3d轨道贡献;N掺杂TiO2在费米能级处的杂质能级则由O 2p, Ti 3d和N 2p轨道杂化形成; Mn-N共掺的TiO2能带在费米能级处的杂质能级则由O 2p, Ti 和Mn的3d以及N 2p轨道杂化形成; 对于介电函数,在低能区间(<2.5 eV),理想TiO2无介电峰, Mn-N共掺体系则出现了两个介电峰,原因在于Mn 3d态和N 2p态使介电峰值向低能区移动;同时,与理想TiO2的吸收谱相比,最大的变化是在可见光区出现了一个吸收峰,且在可见光区的响应的范围变宽.     

聚合硫酸铁钛混凝剂的制备及红外、紫外-可见光谱分析

复合混凝剂由于其具有优异的混凝性能而受到越来越广泛的关注,但与钛离子络合的铁基复合混凝剂的制备和表征还鲜有报道。研究以Ti(SO₄)₂为配合物,PO3-₄为稳定剂和络合剂制备了聚合硫酸铁复合混凝剂钛(PFTS)。主要利用红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV/VIS)表征分析了PFTS在不同Ti/Fe,P/Fe,OH/Fe物料配比下对化学基团,分子结构变化的影响。结果表明,Ti4+和PO3-₄的加入,不是以单一离子形态存在,而是生成了诸如Ti—O,—Fe—P—Fe—和—Ti—P—Ti—等有助于增大聚合物分子量的基团键,而一定比例的Ti/Fe和P/Fe配比有助于物料单体相互络合生成诸如—Fe—P—Ti—的基团键和Fe₆(OH)6+₁₂,[Fe_x(OH)_y]₂H₂PO(6x-2y-1)+₄等类型的中聚体结构,此比例在P/Fe为0.2—0.3,Ti/Fe为1∶8比较恰当。过高的P/Fe比,Ti/Fe比和OH/Fe会生成TiO₂,Ti₃(PO₄)₄和FePO₄沉淀或高聚体络合物,不利于混凝性能的发挥。     

Mn-N共掺杂TiO_2电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理计算

本文采用第一性原理研究了Mn、N掺杂TiO_2和Mn-N共掺杂TiO_2的能带结构、态密度和Mn-N共掺TiO_2对体系介电函数与吸收谱的影响.研究结果表明,Mn掺杂TiO_2的能带结构的禁带内出现的杂质能级是由Mn的3d轨道贡献;N掺杂TiO_2在费米能级处的杂质能级则由O 2p,Ti 3d和N 2p轨道杂化形成;Mn-N共掺的TiO_2能带在费米能级处的杂质能级则由O 2p,Ti和Mn的3d以及N 2p轨道杂化形成;对于介电函数,在低能区间(2.5 e V),理想TiO_2无介电峰,Mn-N共掺体系则出现了两个介电峰,原因在于Mn 3d态和N 2p态使介电峰值向低能区移动;同时,与理想TiO_2的吸收谱相比,最大的变化是在可见光区出现了一个吸收峰,且在可见光区的响应的范围变宽.     

纳米二氧化钛的制备及Eu3＋掺杂发光研究

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了四种不同配方Eu3+掺杂的TiO2纳米晶.利用扫描电镜（SEM)、EDS能谱、光致发光光谱对样品的形貌、成份及性能进行了表征.研究了退火温度、稀土Eu3+离子掺杂摩尔分数、溶剂乙醇量等对发光性能的影响,并对其发光机理进行了探讨.结果表明:稀土Eu3+掺杂TiO2纳米晶样品,掺杂均匀、颗粒大约在30~80 nm|从EDS能谱分析可得Ti:O原子个数比并不是按化学计量TiO2满足1:2,这是因为在TiO2中形成的是Ti-O-Ti键,Eu3+离子很可能取代了Ti4+离子,同时又形成了氧空位,表明稀土Eu3+离子进入TiO2晶格中|样品的主发射峰在614 nm(5D0→7F2)处发光最强,且在593 nm(5D0→7F1)处出现了属于磁偶极跃迁的发射峰,制备Eu3+∶TiO2纳米晶的组分、退火温度、溶剂乙醇的量不同,发射光谱的强度也不同.     

Pb(Zr_(0.4)Ti_(0.6))O_3电子结构的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的赝势平面波方法计算了Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3五层超晶胞的顺电相和铁电相的电子结构.由态密度、电子密度和能带结构的计算结果发现顺电相下钛氧八面体Ti-O6和锆氧八面体Zr-O6在铁电相中分裂为由1个O1离子和4个O2离子组成的金字塔结构Ti-O5和Zr-O5;与顺电相相比,铁电相中钛离子的3d电子和氧离子的2p电子存在更强的轨道杂化,这种杂化降低了离子间的短程排斥力,使得具有铁电性的四方结构更为稳定,而且钛离子与氧离子的相互作用对于铁电相Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3沿c轴自发极化的贡献大于锆离子与氧离子的相互作用;由电子密度的分布可推断立方结构的Pb-O键呈现离子键特征,而铁电相下Pb-O键则有较大的共价成分,铅离子与氧离子的这种轨道杂化对Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3的铁电性起重要作用.所得结果对深入理解Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3铁电性的微观机理具有参考价值.