液体透镜的诞生和发展

本文介绍当今世界最先进的透镜成像系统——液体变焦透镜的诞生和发展.首先是哥伦比亚大学的反射式旋转液体透镜,可用作天文望远镜;透射式液体透镜从加州大学圣地亚哥分校的压力透镜,到Lucent公司的纯电力控制的液体—空气界面的透镜,再到Philips公司的方便操作的封闭式液—液界面透镜,最后到法国VariOptic公司的能自动调节光轴的改进型透镜,其中着重介绍了VariOptic的液体透镜.     

基于电湿效应的双液体透镜

介绍了一种新型的、基于电湿效应的双液体透镜的发展历史、结构原理,通过改变外加电压的大小以调节透镜的焦距,从而达到无机械运动变焦的目的.推导并分析了两种液体透镜模型的焦距与外加电压的关系.     

电湿效应变焦光学系统的设计与分析

与传统的通过电机调节透镜相对位置达到变焦目的设计完全不同,提出了一种设计无机械运动变焦光学系统的新方法.利用亥姆霍兹自由能最小化方法推导出适合双液体变焦透镜的杨氏方程,将以气液固三相系统为基础的传统杨式方程扩展到了液液固三相系统.以圆柱结构的双液体变焦透镜为组分设计了一种新型的变焦光学系统,分析了系统在外加电压作用下使焦距变化的同时又能保持像面不变时必须满足的条件.模拟结果表明该系统的变倍比大约可达到1:1.5.     

基于液芯柱透镜实现透明液体质量分数的测量

通过测量基于聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)基片的液芯柱透镜的后焦距,可实现液体折射率的快速测量;根据液体质量分数与折射率之间的良好线性关系,准确计算出待测透明液体的质量分数.搭建光学测量系统,以NaCl溶液和蔗糖溶液为例,构建了液体质量分数与液体折射率的关系模型,实现了溶液质量分数的测量,并对其测量不确定度进行了分析.基于PDMS基片的液芯柱透镜对注入其中的液体折射率的最小分辨能力优于0.000 2 RIU,质量分数测量不确定度可控制在0.12%以内.该测量方法适用于微量液体折射率及质量分数的测量.     

用液芯柱透镜测量液体折射率

制作了一种液芯变焦柱透镜并将其用于精确测量液体的折射率.在空心的柱透镜内注入待测折射率的液体,通过测量液芯透镜的焦距,根据焦距和折射率之间的关系,计算出液芯介质的折射率.此方法有效地提高了折射率测量的灵敏度,减小了测量系统的景深.选取×20倍显微物镜可实现液体折射率1.3～1.642范围内的精确测量,单次测量误差小于0.000 2.     

液体透镜在变焦系统中的应用

利用液体透镜进行变焦系统设计可以大幅降低系统的复杂程度,本文介绍和讨论了该项技术的研究和应用现状。首先,基于液体透镜的分类即渐变折射率透镜和变曲率透镜介绍了几种主要液体透镜的原理和特点,给出了具有代表性的ARCTIC透镜系列和Optotune透镜系列的设计参数和优点。然后,对液体透镜技术在变焦系统中的应用进行了分析,描述了其在变焦眼镜、手机相机、内窥镜和显微镜等诸多领域中应用的现状和优势。最后,利用液体透镜设计了一种长焦距变焦系统,该系统可实现2.5倍的可见光变焦。     

双层介电薄膜结构双液体变焦透镜的研究

在双层介电薄膜结构双液体变焦透镜模型的基础上,分析了透镜焦距与外加电压、双层介电薄膜的介电常量、薄膜厚度等参量的关系.并以降低双液体变焦透镜驱动电压为目的,选择了相对介电常量较高的五氧化二钽薄膜作为内层介电层,相对介电常量较低的防水层为外层介电层,分析了双层介电薄膜的厚度以及厚度的匹配对双液体变焦透镜的变焦范围和驱动电压的影响,在保证一定的变焦范围并尽可能降低透镜驱动电压情况下获得最佳透镜工艺参量.模拟结果表明:疏水层薄膜厚度比高介电层薄膜厚度小很多时,双液体变焦透镜可实现低压驱动,且双液体变焦透镜在一定变焦范围内所需驱动电压可下降到10V以下,而疏水层薄膜厚度与高介电层薄膜厚度相当或高于高介电层薄膜厚度都不能有效利用高介电薄膜的高介电性能来降低双液体变焦透镜的驱动电压.     

基于金属侧壁结构的电润湿液体透镜

金属具有良好的可加工性和导电性,利用金属制作液体透镜的壁垒,可有效地提高基于介质上电润湿液体透镜的抗震抗摔、耐电压,以及侧壁电极可加工等性能。针对材料表面平整度对击穿电压的影响进行了相关的研究,在此基础上制备的液体透镜聚焦性能良好,焦距变化的理论值与实验测量值高度吻合,可实现3cm至无穷远范围内的有效变焦。基于金属侧壁结构的电润湿液体透镜将在柔性显示以及液体透镜阵列化、多型化发展中发挥重要的作用。     

含有圆孔平板电极结构的双凸液体透镜的设计与分析

基于平行平板电极的变焦液体透镜的有关研究,通过应用介电泳效应,提出了一种含有圆孔平板电极结构的双凸液体透镜模型,是一种新型的三层液体透镜结构.利用Comsol,Matlab和Zemax软件仿真分析了该模型在不同电压下的面型变化与成像光路,得出其变焦范围为22.6—15.9 mm,并对制备的器件进行具体的实验分析,获得了不同电压下双凸液体透镜的液滴上下界面面型和该透镜的变焦范围23.8—17.5 mm,与仿真结果基本一致,而且其成像分辨率可达到45.255 lp/mm.结果表明,所提出的这种新型三层液体结构的双凸液体透镜具有结构简单、易于实现的特点,而且具备良好的成像质量.     

测量液体折射率的一种新方法——液芯柱透镜散焦宽度法

本文提出了一种基于消球差复合液芯柱透镜快速、准确测量液体折射率的新方法——液芯柱透镜散焦宽度法.该方法利用消球差复合液芯柱透镜在较宽折射率范围内系统球差小、成像准确的特点,基于不同折射率在成像系统上呈现一一对应的散焦图像,仅需采集一幅散焦图像即可得到待测液体的折射率.用该方法测量了室温(20℃)下21组不同液体的折射率,测量结果与用阿贝折射仪测量结果一致,用ZEMAX和光线追迹逐面成像法仿真的散焦宽度图像与实验图像一致.用该方法测量液体折射率具有系统简单、稳定性好、操作简便、测量速度快等特点.     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

光学镜头轴线精确定心校准技术

目前,随着军用光学镜头结构复杂度以及性能要求的不断提高,传统装调手段误差大、一致性差的缺陷越发明显,为此,提出了光学镜头轴线精度定心校准技术以满足尖端光学系统的装调需求。首先,分析了影响光学镜头成像质量的误差来源;其次,提出了带数据反馈的闭环制造链原理,将整个光学系统研制环节结合成一个闭环;之后,针对现有装调手段的不足,从保证中心偏差和光学间隔两方面,提出了以定心加工为核心的镜组轴线精确校准方法,其光机轴线一致性达到秒级,尺寸精度达到微米级;最后,采用本文技术,设计研制了一套光学镜头,与传统镜头相比,焦距误差由1%提高至0.1%,分辨力由2.3″提高至2.04″。     

圆孔液晶透镜的ZEMAX设计与优化

液晶透镜是自由3D显示的新器件,其原理是利用基于向列相液晶指向矢随外加电场作用发生变化的光电特性。本文提出一种简易准确的透镜参数设计和优化方案。以单圆孔结构的液晶透镜为例,利用光学软件ZEMAX和焦距缩放法对圆孔结构的液晶透镜的参数加以设计并优化。分析液晶透镜的像差,评价成像质量。结果表明,优化后的液晶透镜的像差明显减小,3.5°视场下,弥散斑均方根半径RMS值由248.118μm减小到62.192μm,为原来的25.1%;光学调制传递函数MTF值明显改善。最后实验测试验证了液晶透镜阵列的衍射光斑亮度及清晰度均显著提高。     

控制液晶器件产生的程控透镜和微透镜阵列

研究了计算机程控光学器件的性能。通过对液晶空间光调制器进行电寻址控制,得到了振幅模式、二进制相位模式和连续相位模式的计算机程控透镜和程控微透镜阵列。实验结果和计算分析都表明,连续相位模式的程控透镜具有较好的聚焦性能和光效率。程控微透镜阵列的优点是阵列中的每一个微透镜都可以单独控制,可以得到所需要的阵列形式。实验给出了一个由这样的微透镜阵列产生的去掉了中心4×4阵列的8×8光斑阵列样式。还给出了利用程控透镜来方便有效地演示和研究透镜的像差方法。由计算机控制空间光调制器得到的光学器件虽然具有极大的灵活性,但是由于空间光调制器的像素的尺寸影响了它的精细程度,限制了它的应用。     

Measurement of Focusing Properties of Axially Asymmetric Lenses Using Moire Technique

Most lenses composed of spherical or aspherical surfaces have symmetrical focusing properties about an optical axis. On the other hand, unconventional optical systems such as cylindrical lenses, astigmatic or progressive power glasses have axially asymmetrical focusing properties. In this study, the method of measuring focusing properties by the moire technique is extended to asymmetrical lenses. Some unconventional lenses were experimentally tested, and the focusing power in the interesting region and azimuthal direction of the aperture was evaluated.     

基于介质上电润湿的微流体变焦透镜的研究进展

近年来,微流体变焦透镜的研究已展示出其在光学系统中的应用前景,其中基于介质上电润湿(Electrowet-ting on dielectric,EWOD)的微流体变焦透镜只需改变外加电压便能快速调节透镜焦距,并且具有尺寸小、结构灵活、功耗低、焦距调节范围广等许多突出优点而日益受到注目。在介绍EWOD机理的基础上,综述了目前基于EWOD的微流体变焦透镜的研究进展。     

Matrix-based paraxial skew ray-tracing in 3D systems with non-coplanar optical axis

Matrix-based Gaussian paraxial ray-tracing is commonly used for first estimates in early design stages of optical systems. However, the usual techniques are suitable only for rays in systems with a common straight-line optical axis, and cannot be used in systems containing mirrors and/or prisms. Attard extended these methods to matrix-based skew ray-tracing for systems containing cylindrical lenses with orthogonal cylinder axes and spherical lenses with combinations of cylindrical lenses, but had problems with non-straight and non-coplanar optical relations. This paper develops a novel general matrix method for paraxial skew ray-tracing in systems with non-coplanar optical axes containing spherical and flat boundary surfaces. First-order Taylor series expansion is used to approximate skew ray-tracing equations in simple repetitive linear matrix form. Sufficiently good accuracy is obtained if the proposed method is restricted to skew rays in the immediate neighborhood of the optical axis, as demonstrated by numerical examples. This study extends earlier Matrix-based paraxial ray-tracing design technique to include non-coplanar systems containing mirrors and/or reflecting prisms such as projectors, with special application potential for first estimates in early design stages of 3D optical systems.     

Design of optical coupling systems between two-dimensional quasi-stadium laser diodes and single-mode optical fibers

Optical coupling systems between a two-dimensional quasi-stadium laser diode and single-mode optical fibers using gradient-index rod lenses are designed for both stable and unstable laser resonators for the first time. A novel numerical approach using a combination of the extended Fox-Li calculation method and Gaussian beam transformations is proposed. In the case of a stable laser resonator, two kinds of beam propagation modes appear, namely the axis mode, in which an optical beam propagates along the cavity axis, and the ring mode, in which optical beams propagate along the diamond-shaped trajectory. The coupling efficiencies are found to be 54% for the axis mode and 52% for the ring mode. In contrast, an unstable laser resonator exhibits complicated modes, in which several highly directional beams are emitted from the end mirrors. The total coupling efficiency for these output beams is calculated to be 9.6%. The 3-dB tolerances for the lens pitch and alignment angles of the gradient-index rod lenses are also discussed.     

Multilevel phase-type diffractive lenses in silica glass induced by filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses

Multilevel phase-type diffractive lenses were fabricated by translating a filament of a femtosecond laser pulse into three-dimensional space inside synthesized silica. The profile of the lenses was designed by use of a multi-level approximation to a kinoform lens. Two-level diffractive lenses with multiple layers along the optical axis provided a maximum efficiency of 37.6% at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. A four-level diffractive lens provided a maximum efficiency of 56.9%. The lenses fabricated with filamentation were free from birefringence.