Gridded Cross Field Tube

A triode crossed field tube has been operated as a high voltage on-off switch tube. A third, partially transparent (grid) electrode is interposed between the anode and cathode and electrically tied to the cathode by a grid leak resistor. High voltage is first applied to the anode and cathode; the magnetic field is then raised to the conduction level (~ 0.01 Tesla). Ignition does not occur because the magnetic field is too low in the grid-anode gap and the electric field is zero in the cathode-grid gap. Pulsing the grid positive relative to the cathode (~ 1 kV) then results in breakdown of the cathode-grid gap; plasma comunication between the two gaps then fully ignites the tube and closes the main power circuit. Grid ignition has been achieved at 50 kV as well as grid ignition followed by current interruption against 10 kV. These levels were limited by the use of a modified, laboratory tube and not by the physics of the technique.     

Feasibility of a High Average Power Crossed Field Closing Switch

Results of an experimentalprogram to determine the feasibility of using a crossed field device as a high average power triggered closing switch are reported. The tube contained coaxial, cylindrical electrodes and was triggered by pulsing a magnetic field (<0.1 T) to a value sufficiently high to trap electrons and initiate conduction. Holdoff voltages up to 60 kV were achieved, with peak (circuit limited) currents as high as 20 kA and pulse durations in the range of 1 to 100 ?s. Ignition jitter was ~0.1 ?s, and the voltage recovery rate was 2 kV/?s after 20 kA conduction and a 50 ?s deionization time. These single and double shot data indicate that it should be possible to build such a device to operate at high average power levels for use in high power (MW) modulators.     

“荧光-1”实验装置研制与调试

荧光-1是一套分时放电的大电流脉冲功率实验装置,主要用于反场构形预加热磁化等离子体靶（FRC）形成的物理过程、高温高密度磁化等离子体约束特性等研究,未来可作为磁化靶聚变研究的等离子体注入器。主要介绍该实验装置的构成及其调试实验结果,并简要描述在该装置上开展的FRC等离子体靶初步物理实验进展。调试实验结果表明,荧光-1实验装置初始磁场、磁镜、气体电离、箍缩分系统的放电电流/磁场或感应电场可分别达到110 kA/0.3 T,10 kA/1.2 T,400 kA/0.25 kV/cm,1.7 MA/3.4 T。初步物理实验获得的FRC等离子体靶参数为:靶分界面半径约4 cm、等离子体密度3.51016 cm-3、等离子体温度约200 eV、靶寿命约3 s,同时清晰地观察到了FRC靶形成物理过程。分幅相机获取图像与二维磁流体程序计算图像基本吻合,验证了该装置的物理设计思路,也展示了该装置具备的物理实验能力。     

W波段磁控管型高次谐波潘尼管的研究与设计北大核心CSCD

针对在高频率、高效率、低磁场及低电压工作方面具有自身独特优势的磁控管型高次谐波潘尼管进行了研究与设计。通过对磁控管型谐振系统的研究,指出了工作在高次谐波时谐振系统设计与谐波次数选择的问题。在此基础上完成了对采用11腔、工作在2π模式的高次谐波潘尼管的设计。3维粒子仿真和优化的结果表明:该器件可以在磁场为0.379T、工作电压为30kV、工作电流为1A、横纵速度比为2的条件下,在W波段(99.1GHz)得到8.6kW的功率输出,相应的束波转换效率达28.7%。     

大功率TEA CO2激光器的脉冲激励电源

为了进行大功率TEA CO2 激光器的研究工作,选用大功率旋转火花开关作为功率开关器件,制作了一种由高压谐振充电电路、高抗干扰的开关触发器、大功率旋转火花开关以及倒空式L-C反转电路等组成的脉冲激励电源。在大功率TEA CO2 激光器的实际工作中进行了测试和评估。实际结果表明,我们研制的脉冲激励电源可以满足大功率TEA CO2 激光器的特殊工作要求。其重复工作频率可以在100Hz～400Hz之间任意设定,输出工作电压可达40kV～50kV,电源平均功率大于220kW,电源峰值功率高达1000MW。     

A 100 kW, 140 GHz pulsed gyrotron

The design and operation of a 100 kW, 140 GHz pulsed gyrotron are reported. To our knowledge, this is the highest frequency at which high gyrotron output power (>-100 kW) has been achieved. Results are presented for gyrotron operation in the range of magnetic field from 4 to 7 T, voltage from 23 to 80 kV and current up to 7.5 A. Near a value of magnetic field of 5.4 T, and output power of 100 kW was obtained at 140.4 GHz in single mode operation in the TE₀₃₁ resonator mode.     

用于等离子体焦点装置的强流装置

研制了用于稠密等离子体焦点的强流装置,该装置采用八台低电感低内阻脉冲电容器和八个低感大电流、可控触发高压开关并联组成初级储能模块,高压开关同步击穿后产生μs级强电流经平行板传输线加载到负载。脉冲电容器和高压开关采用一体化设计,结构紧凑,使脉冲电容器与高压开关间的连接电感尽可能小;平板传输线为扇形结构,一个扇形平板传输线连接一个高压开关,平行板传输线可以将电感做得较小,有利于大电流回路的传输。在脉冲电容器充电20 kV时,假负载上可以得到500 kA的电流,电流上升时间约为3.7 μs。     

基于半导体断路开关的8 MW,10 kHz脉冲发生器

 功率器件半导体断路开关具有高重复频率工作能力。采用高速绝缘栅双极晶体管组件作为初级充电回路的主开关,建立了一台工作频率为10 kHz的脉冲发生器。脉冲发生器采用磁饱和脉冲变压器、磁开关及高压脉冲电容器组等固态器件进行两级脉冲压缩,产生小于100 ns的电流脉冲,对半导体断路开关进行泵浦,半导体断路开关反向截断泵浦电流在负载上产生高压脉冲输出。实验装置在电阻负载上得到了脉冲输出功率约为8.6 MW,脉冲宽度约10 ns,重复频率10 kHz的高压脉冲输出。     

一种新的永久周期磁铁聚焦的高功率宽带放大器

 提出了一种新的高功率宽带放大器，它由速调管和自由电子脉塞组成，用永久周期磁铁聚焦。研究了这种器件的电子束聚焦、群聚和辐射。在速调管提供一阶调制系数为30%，波导管的半径1.51cm，摇摆器的磁场振幅0.16T，周期7.92cm，电子束的电压490kV，电流50A和半径0.368cm的条件下，预估这种器件的辐射波频率为11.4GHz，输出辐射功率为18MW，输出辐射带宽为44%。     

Ultraviolet-Cathodoluminescent 330 nm light source from a 2-inch wide CNT electron-beam emission under DC electric field

We report a 2-inch wide-area AlGaN-based ultraviolet (UV) – cathodoluminescence (CL) light source emission using electron beam (EB) pumped source under DC electric field from an AlGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well grown on a sapphire substrate. The EB-pumping is achieved by wide-area carbon nanotubes (CNT) based field emitters and is arranged via a metal mesh, thereby acting as a gate to pump the electron flow. We have carried out UV–CL measurements with a turn-on field emission in the anode voltage ranging between 5 kV and 9 kV at anode current up to 1 mA. The best results are obtained at the low consumption energy of 7 W (anode current 1 mA; anode voltage 7 kV). The 330 nm UV–CL emission shows an output power of ~225 mW, with an as-calculated power efficiency of ~3.6%. The CL measurements show (5–8) % defect luminescence in the visible region.     

1MA直线型变压器驱动源模块设计

介绍了输出电流幅值为1 MA,电流上升时间为100 ns的快脉冲直线型变压器驱动源(LTD)模块的设计。模块由48个子块并联组成,每个子块由2个电容器和一个多级气体开关串联组成。48个开关由8路高压脉冲触发,每路高压脉冲(100 kV/50 ns)触发6个开关。电路模拟显示,在充电90 kV条件下,输出电流幅值为1.04 MA,电流上升时间为84.5 ns(0~100%)和52 ns(10%~90%)。电路模拟时的参数设置以实验数据为基础,开关的工作条件与已研制成功的100 kA-LTD模块中的开关工作条件近似,模块设计工作于腔体注油状态以保证高压运行安全,能够保证模块达到设计要求。     

用于磁压剪技术的10 T准静态磁场发生器

基于理论分析和数值模拟,建立了一种用于磁驱动压剪加载中产生纯剪切力的准静态磁场发生器,由4台0.5 mF/15 kV的储能电容器并联而成,通过15 kV/30 kA的半导体硅堆开关,向一对磁体线圈放电,进行模拟分析和实验测试。装置在充电9 kV时,在样品区域获得了上升时间1.34 ms的10 T准静态磁场。测试和分析结果表明在半径7 mm区域内磁场分布不均匀性小于2%,满足磁压剪实验要求。     

太赫兹器件测试用高重复频率高压脉冲电源

为了开展太赫兹器件试验研究,设计了高重复频率脉冲电源系统。电源输出脉冲电压30 kV,脉冲电流200 mA,最大重复频率3 kHz,脉冲宽度10~100 μs,采用本地PLC加远程计算机控制模式来实现电源的本控及遥控。对系统的核心部件:充电电源和脉冲开关的拓扑结构进行了研究,并开展了仿真和试验。结果表明:采用LC串联谐振恒流充电技术以提高充电电源工作效率以及在负载打火情况下的可靠性;基于MOSFET并进行优化设计的串联脉冲开关可以获得快速的脉冲前后沿。电源系统的输出指标满足负载工作要求,在高重复频率、打火条件下能够稳定工作。     

Experimental Investigation on Low Magnetic Field Operation of an Overmoded Slow-Wave High-Power Microwave Generator

The experimental results of an overmoded slow-wave high-power microwave generator operated at low magnetic field are presented. The feasibility of low magnetic field operation is investigated both theoretically and experimentally based on the characteristics of the overmoded slow-wave device. The experiments were carried out at the Spark-2 accelerator. Under the condition of guiding magnetic field strength of 0.55 T, diode voltage of 4 74 k V,and beam current of 5.2kA, a microwave was generated with power of 510 MW, mode of TM01, and frequency of 9.54 GHz. The relative half-width of the frequency spectrum is less than 1%, and the beam-to-microwave efficiency is about 21% in our experiments.     

Current Interruption at Powers up to 1 GW with Crossed-Field Tubes

This paper describes the current interruption and voltage holdoff capabilities of a wide range of crossed-field tubes (XFTs). The XFTs investigated have active electrode areas ranging from 96 to 8000 cm2 with mean diameters from 2 to 56 cm. For the larger XFTs, currents up to 10 kA have been interrupted at voltages up to 100 kV, corresponding to a switched power of 1 GW. Experiments have shown the peak interruptible current to vary linearly with tube radius. The mechanism responsible for the limitation may be related to the self-generated magnetic field, but other factors are also shown to play a role.     

High-Power Opening-Closing Switches Using Grid-Controlled Plasmas

Two switches are described with the capability of rapidly interrupting high-power circuits: a vacuum triode with a large-area plasma cathode, and a grid-controlled plasma conduction switch. Theoretical models for the vacuum triode imply that it could control voltages in the range ?100 kV at current density ?2 × 104 A/m2. The vacuum switch has the advantage of rapid switching at the expense of reduced efficiency because of its significant anode-cathode voltage drop. In contrast, the plasma switch has almost zero voltage in the conducting state. The theoretical models presented indicate that the plasma switch could conduct current densities in the range 10 × 104 A/m2 with open-circuit voltage ? 100 kV. Although the closing time is long (~1 ?s), the predicted opening time is short (~20 ns). Initial experiments demonstrating the principle of operation of the plasma switch are reported.     

High-voltage microwave-triggered switches

The operation of three types of experimental high voltage microwave-triggered switches developed by the University of St. Andrews and DRA Malvern is described. The POLOTRON and the microwave-triggered three-gap-switch (MTGS) are closing switches and the microwave-triggered tacitron, (MITTON) is a closing and opening switch. The switches are robust hydrogen thyratron type devices, with an annular geometry, where closure is achieved using microwave fields to ionize the low pressure gas within the switch. In the case of the MITTON, the switch is opened by the application of a negative bias voltage to a large area metal grid. The POLOTRON is designed for fast switching applications. Its annular geometry results in an inherent low inductance and anode fall-times of less than 3 ns have been measured for a cold-cathode POLOTRON at charging voltages up to 30 kV. The MTGS, also a cold cathode switch, was developed for use in the DUOTRON transient generator (a voltage doubler). Output voltages of up to 16 kV have been measured at repetition rates of 90 Hz. The MITTON has closing characteristics similar to the POLOTRON and anode voltage fall-times of less than 10 ns have been measured at voltages up to 16 kV. Opening times of 0.5 μs have been achieved with an anode voltage of 10 kV and current of 10 A     

A novel overmoded slow-wave high-power microwave (HPM) Generator

We present the design and experimental results of a novel overmoded slow-wave high-power microwave (HPM) generator that is featured by its compactness, low-operation magnetic field, and potentially high power and high efficiency. The device includes two slow-wave structure (SWS) sections, a resonant cavity, and a tapered waveguide. The resonant cavity was well designed and was used to achieve the axial mode selection and to decrease the length of the SWS sections. The radial mode selection is achieved using the property of "surface wave" of the device to excite the TM/sub 01/ mode while making the higher TM/sub 0n/ modes unexcited. The physical mechanisms of axial and radial mode selections ensure that the microwave is produced with a single mode and a narrow band. The feasibility of low magnetic field operation is also investigated based on the characteristics of the overmoded slow-wave devices. Experiments were carried out at the Spark-2 accelerator. At diode voltage of 474 kV, beam current of 5.2 kA, and guiding magnetic field strength of 0.6 T, a microwave was generated with power of 510 MW, mode of TM/sub 01/, and frequency of 9.54 GHz. The relative half width of the frequency spectrum is /spl Delta/f/f= 0.6%, and the beam-to-microwave efficiency is about 21% in our experiment.     

Coaxial Discharge and Transverse Magnetic Field

The study deals with the effect of an applied transverse magnetic field on the dynamics and parameters of the focused and expanded plasma in a coaxial discharge. The experimental results were found with a 3 kJ Plasma focus device of a Mather geometry. The discharge takes place in hydrogen gas with base pressure of 0.5 Torr. The experiments are conducted with a 10 kV bank voltage, which corresponds to 100 kA peak discharge current with rise time 8 μs. Helmholtz magnetic coils are placed outside the expansions chamber to produce a transverse magnetic field with intensity 280 G perpendicular to the plasma expanded from the coaxial electrodes. The investigations have shown that the plasma flow along the expansion chamber axis is restricted when applying the externally transverse magnetic field and the maximum axial velocity of the expanded plasma is decreased by 33%. X-ray probe has been used to measure the focused plasma electron temperature (T_e). The experimental results and the calculations showed that T_e is decreased from 2.2 keV to 800 eV with the application of a transverse magnetic field. The expanded plasma electron temperature and density have been measured by an electric double probe, the results cleared that the expanded plasma electron temperature is decreased by 2.6 times while its density is increased by 9 times, when a transverse magnetic field is applied.     

Ku波段同轴渡越辐射振荡器的数值模拟

当传统高功率微波器件向高频段拓展时,器件尺寸的缩小将造成空间极限电流及功率容量的减小。基于此提出一种Ku波段同轴结构的渡越辐射振荡器。通过引入同轴结构,器件内部的空间极限电流及功率容量得到了有效提升。调制腔采用三谐振腔结构,与两腔结构相比,调制电子束的能力明显增强。采用高频场软件对调制腔和输出腔进行了冷腔分析。利用2.5维粒子模拟软件对Ku波段同轴渡越辐射振荡器进行了数值模拟,在导引磁场0.6 T、二极管电压392 kV、电流15.2 kA的条件下,在中心频率为14.184 GHz处获得1.2 GW的高功率微波输出,功率转换效率达20%。