带高阶模谐振腔反射器的过模高功率毫米波源

针对过模系数为2.3的高功率毫米波发生器设计了工作于高次模的谐振腔反射器。谐振腔反射器工作模式为TM035模式,在58~62 GHz频带内对TM01模式的反射系数大于0.9。运用2.5维全电磁粒子程序模拟分析了器件中束波相互作用过程,通过调整慢波结构与谐振腔反射器间的漂移段长度得到了器件在570 kV,6.0 kA电子注量驱动下,在引导磁场为4 T时,能辐射出功率1.06 GW、频率为60.2 GHz的毫米波,主要工作模式为TM01模,效率约为31%,起振时间为3.3 ns。     

过模慢波结构频率反射特性及谐振腔的影响

 利用有限元方法求解:S-参数矩阵，研究了过模慢波结构对圆波导TM₀₁，TM₀₂模的反射特性，分析了在慢波结构末端加入谐振腔后，由于两端口的不对称性而造成的对反射特性影响。结果表明，在TM₀₁的π模频率附近，慢波结构和谐振腔组成的系统对无谐振腔一侧端口入射TM₀₁模的反射增大，而对有谐振腔一侧端口入射TM₀₁模的反射减小。根据计算结果，解释了普通多波切伦柯夫振荡器所用慢波结构周期数较多的原因，说明了在多波切伦柯夫振荡器中引入谐振腔后，不但可以减少所用慢波结构周期数，而且有利于提高微波输出效率。     

高功率O型慢波器件的纵向模式选择研究

利用传输线理论说明了由于慢波结构与其输入、输出端阻抗不匹配导致同一横模对应的不同纵模的形成;根据S参数方法，研究了过模慢波结构TM01模对应各纵模的频率、场分布和Q值，并分析了慢波结构周期数对纵模的数目、纵模间的频率间隔以及各纵模Q值的影响等.在此基础上提出在O型慢波器件中使用谐振腔，可减少慢波结构周期数，不但使器件结构更为紧凑，还可避免纵模竞争，从而提高器件效率、稳定产生微波频率. 关键词： 纵模选择 传输线理论 慢波结构 谐振腔 O型高功率慢波器件     

矩形波纹过模周期慢波结构色散特性及其单模工作分析

 通过数值模拟，给出了一种求解矩形波纹过模周期慢波结构TM_0n模的色散关系的简便方法；研究了周期慢波系统平均半径、波纹周期、波纹幅度等结构参数对本征模式色散特性的影响；讨论了周期慢波系统中表面波与体积波的存在条件；分析了过模周期慢波系统仍能工作在单模状态下的原因。结果表明，过模周期慢波系统中，当结构参数满足一定条件，且与束电压、束半径匹配，使电子束与TM₀₁模同步点位于π模附近，此时TM₀₁模的总场是表面波，在两种选模机制作用下系统可实现TM₀₁单模工作。     

低磁场谐振腔切仑科夫振荡器-锥形放大器的初步实验研究

设计了一种能工作在低磁场高功率的慢波器件,该器件通过谐振腔将切仑科夫振荡器与锥形放大器有机地结合,充分利用电子的能量,实现了高效的微波产生.给出了初步的实验结果,在束流电压450kV,电流2.3 kA,导引峰值磁场0.6T的情况下,得到230 MW,频率为10.33 GHz,模式TM01的微波输出,效率达到23%.实验结果与粒子模拟结果基本吻合.     

Experimental Investigation on Low Magnetic Field Operation of an Overmoded Slow-Wave High-Power Microwave Generator

The experimental results of an overmoded slow-wave high-power microwave generator operated at low magnetic field are presented. The feasibility of low magnetic field operation is investigated both theoretically and experimentally based on the characteristics of the overmoded slow-wave device. The experiments were carried out at the Spark-2 accelerator. Under the condition of guiding magnetic field strength of 0.55 T, diode voltage of 4 74 k V,and beam current of 5.2kA, a microwave was generated with power of 510 MW, mode of TM01, and frequency of 9.54 GHz. The relative half-width of the frequency spectrum is less than 1%, and the beam-to-microwave efficiency is about 21% in our experiments.     

S波段长脉冲相对论返波振荡器实验研究

从物理机制上定性地分析了导致脉冲缩短的主要原因,给出了长脉冲重复频率运行下的相对论返波振荡器(RBWO)设计原则。结合传统谐振式返波振荡器的基本设计理论,设计和模拟优化了工作在S波段的长脉冲RBWO,并利用本实验室现有长脉冲脉冲功率驱动源开展了S波段长脉冲RBWO的实验研究。实验结果表明:在单次运行条件下,微波输出功率达到约2 GW、脉宽约90 ns;在10 Hz重复频率运行条件下,输出微波功率达到约1 GW、脉宽约100 ns。器件产生的微波频率为3.6 GHz,输出模式为TM01模,效率约20%。对实验结果分析表明,器件截止颈和第一个慢波结构结合处的爆炸发射是导致脉冲缩短的主要原因之一。     

一种X波段过模高效率相对论返波管

设计了一种X波段过模高效率相对论返波管(RBWO),主要结构包括双谐振腔反射器、7周期梯形慢波结构与提取腔。该器件慢波结构的过模比为2.6,电子束与结构波TM₀₁模的近π模相互作用,在慢波结构区域束波作用产生的TM₀₁模表面波主要转化为TM₀₂模的体波,其输出微波的模式主要为TM₀₂模,占比为81%,其余为TM₀₁模。提出一种过模条件下谐振腔反射器的设计思路,结合模式匹配法,优化得到了一种双谐振腔反射器结构,其对TM₀₁模与TM₀₂模的反射系数均大于0.99,可实现过模条件下RBWO慢波结构与二极管区的良好隔离; 同时双谐振腔反射器两个谐振腔中的纵向电场可以对电子束进行充分的预调制,将促进慢波结构区域的束波作用,有利于提升效率。通过在慢波结构后端加入提取腔,进一步提升了转换效率。PIC仿真中, 在二极管电压900 kV,电流14.3 kA,得到了6.6 GW的输出功率,转换效率约51%。     

一种Ku波段高效率低磁场同轴相对论返波管北大核心CSCD

设计了一种工作在Ku波段的低磁场同轴相对论返波管。器件工作在同轴TM01近π模式,采用两段式慢波结构构型,在前后段慢波结构中分别主要进行电子束调制与能量提取,以实现高效率工作。通过设计非对称反射腔,引入电子束预调制,进一步加深电子束调制深度,提高了束波互作用效率。通过调节慢波结构中间漂移段长度,进一步优化器件内部场分布,提取段慢波结构处轴向电场强度得到显著增强,器件工作效率可提升至35%。最终,当磁场强度0.6、二极管电压490V、二极管电流7.5A时,获得1.27GW微波输出,效率约35%,微波频率为14.7GHz。     

A Ku-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator with overmoded slow-wave-structure

In order to enhance the power capacity, an improved Ku-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator(MILO) with overmoded slow-wave-structure(SWS) is proposed and investigated numerically and experimentally. The analysis of the dispersion relationship and the resonant curve of the cold test indicate that the device can operate at the near π mode of the TM01 mode, which is useful for mode selection and control. In the particle simulation, the improved Ku-band MILO generates a microwave with a power of 1.5 GW and a frequency of 12.3 GHz under an input voltage of480 k V and input current of 42 k A. Finally, experimental investigation of the improved Ku-band MILO is carried out. A high-power microwave(HPM) with an average power of 800 MW, a frequency of 12.35 GHz, and pulse width of 35 ns is generated under a diode voltage of 500 k V and beam current of 43 k A. The consistency between the experimental and simulated far-field radiation pattern confirms that the operating mode of the improved Ku-band MILO is well controlled inπ mode of the TM01 mode.     

A high-power subterahertz surface wave oscillator with separated overmoded slow wave structures

A megawatt-level subterahertz surface wave oscillator(SWO) is proposed to obtain high conversion efficiency by using separated overmoded slow wave structures(SWSs). Aiming at the repetitive operation and practical applications, the device driven by electron beam with modest energy and current is theoretically analyzed and verified. Then,the functions of the two SWS sections and the effect of the drift tube are investigated by using a particle-in-cell code to reveal how the proposed device achieves high efficiency. The mode analysis of the beam-wave interaction region in the device is also carried out, and the results indicate that multi-modes participate in the premodulation of the electron beam in the first SWS section, while the TM01 mode surface wave is successfully and dominantly excited and amplified in the second SWS section. Finally, a typical simulation result demonstrates that at a beam energy of 313 ke V, beam current of 1.13 k A, and guiding magnetic field of above 3.5 T, a high-power subterahertz wave is obtained with an output power of about 70 MW at frequency 146.3 GHz, corresponding to the conversion efficiency of 20%. Compared with the results of the previous subterahertz overmoded SWOs with integral SWS and similar beam parameters, the efficiency increases almost 50% in the proposed device.     

X波段GW级长脉冲高功率微波源的设计与实验

通过理论分析指出,单模相对论返波振荡器内的平均场强正比于其工作频率,工作在高频段难以实现长脉冲运行。采用电磁场仿真方法,比较了X波段单模和过模慢波结构的场分布特点,结果表明:增加过模比能有效减小慢波结构表面的射频场强,但由于场分布变化导致场强的减小与过模比的增加相比并不显著。利用过模比约为3的慢波结构设计了一种X波段长脉冲高功率微波源。实验中,在单次运行条件下,输出微波功率达到2 GW、脉宽80 ns;在20 Hz重复频率运行条件下,输出微波功率达到1.2 GW、脉宽100 ns。器件产生的微波频率为9.38 GHz,主模为TM01,效率约24%。微波窗口和慢波结构表面的射频击穿是目前实验中限制微波功率和脉宽增加的关键因素。     

引导磁场对相对论返波管微波功率的影响

 对引导磁场大小对相对论返波管(RBWO)微波功率的影响进行了理论和实验研究。首先利用KARAT软件对RBWO进行了全电磁PIC数值模拟,发现当磁场降低时,TE模与TM₀₁模的竞争导致微波功率降低,同时模拟中观察到“电子回旋共振吸收”现象,它是由于电子束与慢波结构中TM₀₁模的基波相互作用的结果;然后进行了实验研究,实验结果与数值模拟基本相符。     

等离子体填充金属光子晶体慢波结构色散特性研究

等离子体填充慢波器件为高效率、高功率真空电子微波源的发展提供了新的途径, 但其仿真和理论都具有一定的难度. 本文将通过轮辐天线加载激励信号的方法引入到等离子体填充金属光子晶体慢波结构(SWS)的色散特性仿真分析中, 研究了慢波结构参数和等离子体密度对等离子体填充慢波结构色散特性的影响. 结果表明, 无等离子体填充时, 通过轮辐天线加载激励信号方式得到的色散特性与其他方法差别不大; 与已有结果对比表明, 该方法适用于等离子体填充慢波结构的分析. 为了减小轮辐天线对腔体谐振频率的影响, 需要适当减薄轮辐天线的厚度, 并尽可能缩短其与反射面之间的距离. 天线的厚度越大越能激励慢波场, 越小谐振模式越容易被激励; 慢波结构周期膜片外半径和厚度对色散特性影响不大, 周期长度和膜片内半径对色散特性影响较大; 频率和相速色散曲线随等离子体密度上升而整体向高频区移动; 等离子体填充对低频模点的影响要大于对高频模点的影响; 对于慢波器件, 需要选择高频模点工作模式, 以减少腔的尺寸并降低电子注的初速度.     

渐变慢波结构的太赫兹过模表面波振荡器北大核心CSCD

模拟研究了一种在均匀慢波结构后增加渐变慢波结构段的太赫兹过模表面波振荡器,获得了输出功率和模式纯度的显著提高。首先根据S参数方法,研究分析了这种复合高频结构中TM_(01)模的谐振特性。然后采用2.5维PIC(Particle-in-cell)软件UNIPIC,模拟研究了振荡器输出性能随渐变慢波结构周期数的变化关系。结果表明:随着周期数的增加,输出太赫兹波中的TM_(02)和TM_(03)等高次模成分降低,TM_(01)模的功率比例增大至80%以上;选择合适长度的渐变慢波结构,能使得器件输出功率增大50%。     

单电子束双波段同轴相对论返波管粒子模拟

设计了一种能在C波段和X波段实现稳定双频输出的带有非对称谐振反射腔的单电子束同轴相对论返波振荡器。采用耦合阻抗跃变型慢波结构,使用粒子PIC模拟软件进行了粒子模拟研究。模拟结果显示:轴向电场在系统中的分布得到改进,电子束的能散得到改善。在电子束电压511 kV,电流8.95 kA,引导磁场0.73 T的条件下,双频器件实现了8.09 GHz和9.91 GHz的双波段频率稳定输出,平均功率为1.0 GW,波束互作用效率为21.9%, 效率高于空心双波段返波管及其他双波段器件。器件辐射功率的拍频为1.82 GHz,拍波更为明显和稳定。模拟研究中同时发现, 随着慢波结构之间漂移段的变化,双频频率都呈现一种准周期的变化。     

Electromagnetic properties of open and closed overmoded slow-waveresonators for interaction with relativistic electron beams

Specific slow wave structures are needed in order to produce coherent Cherenkov radiation in overmoded relativistic generators. The electromagnetic characteristics of such slow wave, resonant, finite length structures commonly used in relativistic backward wave oscillators have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. In experiments, perturbation techniques were used to study both the fundamental and higher order symmetric transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Finite length effects lead to end reflections and quantization of the wave number. The effects of end reflections in open slow wave structures were found from the spectral broadening of the discrete resonances of the different axial modes. The measured axial and radial field distributions are in excellent agreement with the results of a 2-D code developed for the calculation of the fields in these structures     

低磁场过模慢波结构型高功率毫米波发生器的改进

 利用粒子模拟的方法设计了一个高功率毫米波发生器,并对其进行了实验研究及改进。采用过模慢波结构以增大束波作用空间,从而提高功率容量;为实现过模慢波器件的单模、单频工作,选择TM01模的π模作为工作模式。采用过模慢波结构,结合合理的器件结构设计,可降低器件工作所需的导引磁场。实验在TORCH-01加速器平台进行,产生的微波频率由色散线法测量,其功率由远场积分法得到。最初的器件采用矩形波纹慢波结构,得到频率为33.56 GHz、功率约110 MW的微波输出,但功率难以进一步提高,脉宽仅为7~8 ns,且在慢波结构边沿发现击穿痕迹。对矩形慢波结构进行倒圆角处理后,借助数值模拟,发现其TM01模的π模频率变化不大。改进后的器件在0.8 T导引磁场下,当电压和电流分别为590 kV与5.2 kA时,实验得到频率33.56 GHz、功率320 MW的毫米波输出,微波模式为准TM01模,效率约10%,脉宽延长至约13 ns,器件内表面无明显击穿痕迹。     

O型契伦柯夫器件慢波结构高频特性

理论推导了电磁波在半无限长直波导和均匀慢波结构交界面上的反射系数表达式,得到反射系数模值和相位随电磁波的纵向相移常数和慢波结构末端相位的变化关系。运用传输线理论以及反射系数的理论计算结果,得到了有限长慢波结构的纵向谐振条件,可以分析各种情况下有限长慢波结构的纵向谐振特性。计算了一种有限长慢波结构的纵向谐振频率,理论预测与数值仿真结果基本一致。对于一种非均匀慢波结构的数值计算结果表明,其纵向谐振模式对应的频率、场分布与相应的均匀慢波结构接近,因此仍可根据提出的纵向谐振条件对非均匀慢波结构进行分析。     

Enhanced EPR sensitivity from a ferroelectric cavity insert.

We report the development of a simple ferroelectric cavity insert that increases the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) sensitivity by an order of magnitude when a sample is placed within it. The insert is a hollow cylinder (length 4.8 mm, outside diameter 1.7 mm, inside diameter 0.6 mm) made from a single crystal of KTaO(3), which has a dielectric constant of 230 at X-band (9.5 GHz). Its outside dimensions were chosen to produce a resonant frequency in the X-band range, based on electromagnetic field modeling calculations. The insert increases the microwave magnetic field (H(1)) at the center of the insert by a factor of 7.4 when placed in an X-band TM(110) cavity. This increases the EPR signal for a small (volume 0.13 microL) unsaturated nitroxide spin label sample by a factor of 64 at constant microwave power, and by a factor of 9.8 at constant H(1). The insert does not significantly affect the cavity quality factor Q, indicating that this device simply redistributes the microwave fields within the cavity, focusing H(1) onto the sample inside the insert, thus increasing the filling factor. A similar signal enhancement is obtained in the TM(110) and TE(102) cavities, and when the insert is oriented either vertically (parallel to the microwave field) or horizontally (parallel to the DC magnetic field) in the TM(110) cavity. This order-of-magnitude sensitivity enhancement allows EPR spectroscopy to be performed in conventional high-Q cavities on small EPR samples previously only measurable in loop-gap or dielectric resonators. This is of particular importance for small samples of spin-labeled biomolecules.