质子交换膜燃料电池动态特性实验研究

质子交换膜燃料电池动态特性的研究对于实际应用来说非常重要,实验研究了质子交换膜单体燃料电池在负载动态变化及启动过程中性能的响应.基于计算机控制的负载变化,得到了在不同进气加湿程度下电池性能在负载突变时的响应和在启动工况中的变化,结果表明电池电流对电压动态变换的响应很迅速,突变工况下电流密度出现了过增现象,高加湿程度的电池在设计启动过程中获得了更好的性能.     

PEM燃料电池内液态水和温度分布特性

水和热的管理对PEM燃料电池的性能具有决定性的作用.本文建立了一个两相流模型,对PEM燃料电池换质子交换膜和阴极中的水分和温度进行了模拟,分析了燃料电池阴极中液态水和质子交换膜中水分,以及阴极催化剂层和质子交换膜中温度的分布状态.模拟结果显示:升高加湿温度,电池阴极中的液态水和质子交换膜中的含水量显著增加;沿着气体流动方向,燃料电池内的温度降低,水分含量升高;从质子交换膜阳极侧到阴极催化剂层中,温度先升高,达到最大值后,渐渐降低.     

质子交换膜燃料电池动态特性仿真

建立了质子交换膜燃料电池数学模型,并进行了仿真实现,计算分析了质子交换膜燃料电池典型动态特性和温度对其工作状况的影响.结果表明PEMFC内气体传质速度是影响电压响应时间的决定因素,扩散层内液态水的积累需要较长的时间,数量级在102～103,温度升高会降低PEMFC的动态响应时间并提高电池的输出功率,温度超过80°C后会降低电池的输出性能.     

质子交换膜燃料电池动态响应性能实验研究

本文实验研究了质子交换膜燃料电池负载变化时的动态性能,分析了氧气计量比流量和流场板结构的影响。结果表明,在本文的操作条件下,燃料电池动态响应能力的控制因素为质子交换膜水含量及液态水传递过程。随着氧气计量比流量的增加,电池性能及动态响应能力提高。采用不同流场板结构时,在输出电流较小的运行区间,平行流场板电池性能较好,随着平行流道数目减少,电池性能逐渐变差。     

直流道PEMFC两相流数学模型

建立直流道质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)三维非等温两相流数学模型,基于质子交换膜与气体之间的水分传递特征,综合考虑电渗、浓度扩散及电化学反应作用的影响,发展了膜电极水分传递的非平衡扩散模型.并自主开发程序代码对电池内复杂的多物理场耦合传递过程进行数值模拟,研究PEMFC电极内气态水、液态水分布、质子膜含水量分布和水迁移特性等,分析单电池内部的温度分布特征,并获得电池极化性能曲线.     

PEM燃料电池中的两相传质及其影响

建立了一个新的二维、两相流模型来研究质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池中的两相传质及其对质子膜阻抗和阴极性能的影响。模型不仅将催化剂层(CL)包含在电极中,还考虑了电池中相变及其对传质的影响。模型可同时使用在电池的阴极和阳极。主要模拟了电池阴极中两相传质、质子膜阻抗、阴极有效孔隙率和电流密度。模拟结果显示,提高加湿温度可以降低质子膜的阻抗,但过高的加湿温度会降低阴极气体扩散层(GDL)的有效孔隙率,降低阴极的性能。     

H_2SO_4掺杂对高温PBI膜燃料电池性能的影响

质子交换膜是质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池的核心,对电池的性能起到了至关重要的作用。论文配制了以磷酸为基础并加入硫酸的掺杂剂,制备了掺杂的高温PBI膜,通过电镜照片对比了掺杂膜表面的差异,测试了高温PBI燃料电池的Ⅰ-V特性和交流阻抗特性,分析了高温PBI膜掺杂硫酸的含量和电池温度对其特性的影响。研究发现:在加热条件下掺杂硫酸酸化膜时,对膜的微观结构有一定程度上的破坏,高温PBI燃料电池的特性也随之降低。研究结果对高温PEM燃料电池的PBI膜的性能的深度探索,推动高温燃料电池的普及化应用具有重要意义。     

不同进气湿度PEMFC动态响应分析

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)工作参数的影响最终要体现在对电池内传质过程的影响上。实验得到了在不同进气加湿程度下电池性能在启动工况中的变化,基于非稳态数学模型计算了不同阴极入口湿度下电池在负载渐变工况下膜内含水量和电流密度的瞬态响应,并与相应的实验工况进行了对比。     

PEMFC尾气冷凝的自增湿运行

为增强质子交换膜的导电特性,在燃料电池,特别是大功率长时间运行的电堆中,需要有大量的加湿水。本文提出用冷凝器来冷却出口尾气,以收集大量的液态水并实现电池自增湿的方法。结果表明:尾气经冷凝降到一定温度分离出的液态水能有效满足反应气体的加湿要求,实现电堆的自增湿运行。     

质子交换膜燃料电池动态特性数值分析

本文基于CFD手段计算分析了质子交换膜燃料电池在启动过程、负载突变两种工况下的动态响应特性,与实验结果进行了对比,分析了其影响因素.分析了燃料电池动态工况下膜内含水量、极板电流和阴极扩散层水饱和度三个参数在负载变化时的响应速度,认为膜内含水量、极板电流在2s左右即可达到平衡,而阴极扩散层水饱和度需较长时间才能达到平衡.     

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as a hydrogen flow rate monitoring device

There is a substantial demand for hydrogen flow rate monitoring devices in applications where hydrogen is utilised or produced and which include oil refineries, ammonia production, food and chemical industries, coal gasification, methane steam reforming and water electrolysis. In this paper, a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been demonstrated for measuring accurate flow rates of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases. The concept involves applying a constant voltage to a PEM fuel cell to oxidise the entire hydrogen supplied to the anode compartment of the fuel cell and observing limiting current values attained and relating these to the hydrogen flow rates. PEM fuel cells with an active area of 50 cm² were constructed and used to accurately measure the flow rates of hydrogen up to 170 mL/min. A device with a capability to monitor significantly higher hydrogen flow rates can be constructed by using several cells in a stacking arrangement or by using electrically isolated cells in a single device. The paper discusses advantages and limitations of the technique and the flow rate-measuring response for gases containing 5–100 % hydrogen. The response time for hydrogen gas was of the order of 1–2 min. However, the fuel cell flow field design can be optimised for faster response times.     

Influence of methanol impurity in hydrogen on PEMFC performance

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells [PEMFC] have become highly attractive for stationary as well as mobile energy applications due to their good efficiency compact cell design and zero emissions. PEM fuel cells mainly consist of anode and cathode containing platinum/platinum alloy electrocatalysts and Nafion membrane as the electrolyte. They operate on hydrogen fuel, which is generally produced by reforming of hydrocarbons, alcohols such as methanol and may contain large amounts of impurities such as methanol, carbon dioxide, trace amounts of carbon monoxide, etc. The studies on the effect of methanol impurity in hydrogen on fuel cell performance and methods of mitigation of poisoning are very important for the commercialization of fuel cells and are described in a limited number of papers only. In this paper, we present the studies on the influence of methanol impurity in hydrogen for the PEM fuel cells. The effect of various parameters such as methanol concentration, cell voltage, current density, exposure time, reversibility, operating temperature, etc. on the cell performances was investigated using pure hydrogen. Various methods of methanol poisoning mitigation were also investigated.     

质子交换膜燃料电池内传递现象的数值模拟

本文发展了一个质子交换膜燃料电池的三维数学模型,用于研究整个电池内的传递现象,模型全面考虑了流体 流动、热量传递、电化学动力学和多组分传递等物理化学过程。数值求解数学模型获得了电池内详细的温度、反应物浓度 和电流等的空间分布情况。为验证模型的正确性,将估算的电池性能与文献中的实验数据进行了比较。     

Effect of nitrogen and carbon dioxide as fuel impurities on PEM fuel cell performances

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are considered to have the highest power density of all the fuel cells. They operate on hydrogen fuel, which is generally produced by reforming of hydrocarbons, and may contain large amounts of impurities such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and trace amounts of carbon monoxide. We studied the effect of dilution of hydrogen gas with carbon dioxide on PEM fuel cells by polarization studies. The polarization curves were different when hydrogen gas was diluted with same quantities of carbon dioxide and with nitrogen. It may be due to carbon monoxide formation by reverse shift reaction and poisoning of anode platinum catalyst. Use of Pt–Ru alloy catalyst was found to suppress the poisoning. The effects of hydrogen gas composition, temperature, current density, and anode catalyst on fuel cell performances were examined in this study.     

Effect of gas diffusion layer and membrane properties in an annular proton exchange membrane fuel cell

A complete three-dimensional and single phase computational dynamics model for annular proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is used to investigate the effect of changing gas diffusion layer and membrane properties on the performances, current density and gas concentration. The proposed model is a full cell model, which includes all the parts of the PEM fuel cell, flow channels, gas diffusion electrodes, catalyst layers and the membrane. Coupled transport and electrochemical kinetics equations are solved in a single domain; therefore no interfacial boundary condition is required at the internal boundaries between cell components. This computational fluid dynamics code is used as the direct problem solver, which is used to simulate the two-dimensional mass, momentum and species transport phenomena as well as the electron- and proton-transfer process taking place in a PEMFC that cannot be investigated experimentally. The results show that by increasing the thickness and decreasing the porosity of GDL the performance of the cell enhances that it is different with planner PEM fuel cell. Also the results show that by decreasing the thickness of the membrane the performance of the cell increases.     

操作参数对PEM燃料电池中水迁移的影响

质子膜内水分和阴极多孔电极中液态水含量是PEM燃料电池正常运行的控制因素。本文给出了一个用于研究PEM燃料电池内水迁移的稳态、等温、两相流模型。模型耦合了连续方程、动量守恒方程和物质守恒方程,以及水在质子膜中传递方程。运用试验结果验证了模型的有效性。分析模拟结果表明,增大系统操作压力、升高电池操作温度和降低加湿温度将会使质子膜中水的净迁移通量增大;增大操作压力、降低操作温度和升高加湿温度会增加阴极CTL与GDL界面上液态水含量。     

A novel design and micro-fabrication for copper (Cu) electroforming bipolar plates

A novel design and micro-fabrication were developed for micro-proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack bipolar plates with cross section of 5 cm² and thickness of about 650 μm. Copper metals were used to make bipolar plates (BPs) by using a LIGA-like micro-fabrication process of deep UV lithography in order to obtain SU-8 resist patterns/and SU-8 mould. Through two-sided exposure and development, copper metal bipolar plates with serpentine (meandering) flow field configurations for a micro PEM fuel cell stack, were fabricated and performance tests through polarization characteristics were conducted; this made it possible for the first time to consider copper sheets as suitable for BPs in micro PEM fuel cell stacks.     

PEMFC插指型流道阴极中气体扩散特性的数值分析

本文对PEMFC插指型流道阴极扩散层建立了二维单相的多组分物理数学模型,对PEMFC插指型流道的阴极扩散层中气体的扩散特性及反应行为进行了数值研究,采用有限容积法对模型控制方程进行求解,比较了插指型和平直型流道两类电池的性能曲线,以及两种流道中氧气的组分摩尔浓度和局部电流密度的分布,分析了插指型流道结构参数对电池性能的影响。     

Design of 1 kW high temperature PEM fuel cell system and performance analysis under different operating conditions

This paper demonstrates the mathematical and MATLAB simulation model of 1 KW (28.8V_dc) PEM fuel cell system with boost convertor and RL load to analyze the yield behavior in accordance to control the hydrogen fuel utilization. Two cases have been designed to evaluate the performance of this model. In the first case, fuel cell parameters are examined with and without a fuel regulator that controls the hydrogen fuel rate while in the second case, the operating temperature of a fuel cell stack is varied to observe the impact on the system. PEM fuel cell based power systems can become an alternate choice in the transportation sector to overcome contamination concerns, especially in South Asia where the environmental issues are at peak. The purpose of this work is to introduce such environmentally friendly system of transportation in South Asia, especially in Pakistan and this stack model can be used as a prototype for developing FC based motorbike as currently no practical models have been tested in this region. Therefore, this model has unique advantages over the existing in the literature.