高架污染绕建筑对流扩散风洞实验与数值仿真

采用激光衍射瞬时浓度场测量系统和图像处理系统,对不同高架与周围建筑高度比下污染点源绕建筑对流扩散进行了风洞实验.Fluent双相耦合模型与实验进行了相互校核,得到了建筑的各个高度层面污染分布、不同高度比下的污染扩散及污染分布随时间变化的规律.不同高度比对污染对流扩散具有明显的影响,建筑各高度层面污染浓度分布也存在明显差别.当高度比较小时,污染将堆积在建筑物底层.污染分布随时间变化有助于了解污染对流扩散的时间效应.结果可以为高架与周围建筑规划提供参考与依据.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的核磁共振微成象

用核磁共振微成象中的自旋回波成象方法研究了γ辐射交联聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶体系,得到PAMG样品中交联网络的质子自旋密度分布之直观图象.对4个不同溶胀度的PAMG样品进行了实验测量,其实验结果清晰而直观地显示出样品中的交联网络随样品溶胀度的不同而变化的情况.     

扩散法PbMo6S8线的微观组织结构与超导特性研究

本文报道了用反应扩散法及电镀扩散法在 Mo 丝表面生成的 PbMo_6S_8薄膜的研究结果.研究中运用了 X 射线衍射、扫描电镜及电子探针对样品进行了相结构、微观组织及元素分布规律的分析,同时也进行了超导电性测试.研究中发现反应扩散样品随制备条件不同有结构松散现象出现,并发现了元素分布沿径向的不均匀现象.低温测试中也发现了样品制备条件与样品超导特性比较密切的联系.对电镀扩散法样品的分析结果表明,样品的元素分布较为均匀,微观组织结构也比较致密.本文对实验结果及相互关系给予了定性解释.     

漆黄素与酸、碱、盐反应的动态紫外吸收光谱

采用ICCD动态光谱探测系统,对6.25×10-5 mol/L浓度漆黄素分别与不同浓度盐酸溶液、氢氧化钠溶液和硝酸钠溶液的反应过程进行了实时吸收光谱测量。结果显示,漆黄素与不同浓度的NaOH溶液都能发生反应,特别与浓度0.04mol/L的NaOH溶液反应最为明显,反应过程中有中间产物的331nm和393nm光谱吸收峰出现;漆黄素只与部分浓度NaNO3溶液发生反应,但与0.5mol/L的NaNO3溶液反应非常明显。这些反应的最终产物都非常稳定。本实验首次发现6.25×10-5 mol/L漆黄素还能与一个特定浓度6mol/L的HCl溶液发生反应,并观察到了其最终产物在237nm和314nm的两个吸收光谱峰。本文研究结果为了解漆黄素与酸、碱、盐等物质反应的特性提供了实验依据。     

直流道PEMFC两相流数学模型

建立直流道质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)三维非等温两相流数学模型,基于质子交换膜与气体之间的水分传递特征,综合考虑电渗、浓度扩散及电化学反应作用的影响,发展了膜电极水分传递的非平衡扩散模型.并自主开发程序代码对电池内复杂的多物理场耦合传递过程进行数值模拟,研究PEMFC电极内气态水、液态水分布、质子膜含水量分布和水迁移特性等,分析单电池内部的温度分布特征,并获得电池极化性能曲线.     

槲皮素与不同浓度氢氧化钠反应的紫外-可见时间分辨吸收光谱

采用带有快门的增强型光谱探测器ICCD,对槲皮素与不同浓度NaOH的反应过程进行了实时监测,测得了浓度为5×10-5 mol·L-1的槲皮素分别与浓度为2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.04和0.02 mol·L-1的NaOH反应的紫外-可见时间分辨吸收光谱。对每种浓度,一次连续拍摄200幅,每幅光谱曝光时间为0.1 ms, 每两幅间时间间隔为前5幅20 ms,中间50幅1 s, 最后100幅2 s。实验结果表明槲皮素极易与NaOH发生反应,反应过程中有中间产物生成,对应不同浓度的反应物,反应中吸收光谱的变化是相同的,只是变化发生的时刻不同,且整个反应时间从1～100 s不等。所拍光谱图清楚地显示出槲皮素的特征峰254和374 nm的消失,槲皮素-NaOH反应过程中中间产物的吸收峰427 nm的产生和消失,及反应最终产物的吸收峰314 nm产生的过程。所获得的瞬态光谱在国内外还未见有报道,这些光谱信息为研究槲皮素和NaOH反应的微观过程提供了实验依据。     

不同压力下竖直管外Marangoni凝结换热特性研究

本文在不同压力状态下对水与酒精混合蒸汽在竖直管外Marangoni凝结换热特性进行了可视化实验研究,观测到不同过冷度下的凝结状态.实验结果表明,在相同流速和浓度条件下,酒精浓度较低时凝结换热系数随蒸汽压力的升高而升高.但在高酒精浓度下,凝结液表面张力梯度减小,扩散热阻的影响增大,蒸汽压力对于凝结换热系数的影响并不明显.     

甲烷/氧气层流反扩散火焰形态及滞后特性研究

对空气气氛中甲烷/氧气反扩散火焰的形态和推举滞后特性进行了实验研究. 实验中通过改变气体流量考察了气速变化对火焰形态演变及滞后特性的影响, 并利用紫外相机系统研究了气速对不同形态火焰中OH^*分布的影响. 研究结果表明: 甲烷气速、氧气气速和火焰的历史状态是决定火焰形态的三个重要参数, 并以此对实验范围内的火焰形态进行了分区; 氧气气速对不同形态反扩散火焰轴线上的OH^*分布有相似的影响, 当氧气缺乏时, 反扩散反应区较短, 当氧气富余时, 反扩散反应区在轴向分布较广; 同轴甲烷的气速对反扩散火焰的滞后特性影响显著, 随着甲烷气速的增加, 反扩散火焰的推举速度和再附着速度呈线性减小, 部分预混火焰向反扩散火焰转变的速度呈线性增加.     

水驱油过程的核磁共振二维谱研究

岩心水驱油过程中油水分布状况是岩心多孔介质的重要性质. 水驱油过程的研究是进一步进行提高采收率研究的基础. 核磁共振扩散-弛豫二维谱提供了岩心中流体性质的多方面信息,与核磁共振一维弛豫谱相比极大地提高了区分油水的能力. 该文通过2组岩心水驱油实验,从不同含油饱和度的扩散-弛豫二维谱中提取出水的一维弛豫谱,在原油粘度比较高的情况下获得了驱替过程中油水在不同孔隙中的分布状况以及润湿性等信息, 解决了单独用一维弛豫谱方法难以区分油水的问题. 该文的研究方法对油田提高采收率的研究有比较大的参考价值.     

DNA超分子水凝胶的粗粒化建模与模拟

DNA超分子水凝胶在生物、医学领域具有广阔的应用前景,基于计算模拟技术研究其分子结构与其宏观性能关系具有重要意义.归因于其复杂的结构和较大的相关时间空间尺度,目前针对DNA水凝胶的分子建模与模拟研究比较缺乏.本文建立了一种DNA水凝胶的粗粒化模型,采用分子动力学模拟的方法针对一种模块化纯DNA水凝胶进行了研究.模拟结果表明其凝胶态介观结构为多孔海绵状,其交联度与水凝胶的浓度成正相关,并得出了其转变温度的范围等.模拟结果与相关实验定性或半定量符合,表明该模型可能用于该模块化DNA水凝胶等类似系统的结构功能关系研究.     

薄层色谱法测定药物中的妥布霉素

卡波姆、NaOH和硅胶H铺制薄层硅胶板,薄层色谱法测定药品中妥布霉素的纯度,达到美国药典24版质量标准要求。     

飞秒激光直写生物凝胶模板原位合成纳米粒子

为了制备具有可控复杂形状和特定化学性质的聚合物微结构,提出了一种飞秒激光直写生物凝胶模板原位合成纳米粒子的方法。首先,采用飞秒激光直写技术加工带有COOH基团的复杂三维结构的生物凝胶模板,用氢氧化钠处理使COOH基团离子化为COO^-基团;然后,用金属盐溶液处理,使金属离子与COO^-基团螯合,形成纳米粒子结晶核。通过多次循环盐溶液处理步骤,控制模板中纳米粒子的粒径与含量。实验结果表明：所制备的生物凝胶模板具有亚100 nm分辨率和10 μm量级尺寸,纳米粒子含量高达9%。该法简单高效,具有很好的应用前景。     

On the penetration of etchant into tracks in polycarbonate

The time dependence of the uptake of NaOH/LiOH etchant in pristine polycarbonate (PC) and in PC irradiated with 3 GeV Pb ions has been examined. Different stages of etchant penetration can be distinguished. The overall surface-near etchant uptake along tracks is always higher than the the one of the nonirradiated pristine material. Furthermore, the directional dependence of the etchant penetration during the incubation time is studied. Though the shapes of the etchant distributions along the tracks are practically the same in all directions, they differ in their absolute magnitudes. This can be explained by the different cross-sectional track areas exposed at the surface, which enable different etchant penetration efficiencies. Therefore, tracks which run more or less parallel to the surface normal show less etchant uptake than those being strongly tilted.     

Determination of blood flow to study the penetration of benzyl nicotinate topically applied in different vehicles

The penetration kinetics of topically applied drugs affecting the cutaneous blood flow can be studied by measuring the biological response to the drug using laser Doppler flowmetry noninvasively. In the present study, the kinetics of vasodilation caused by benzyl nicotinate topically applied in two different vehicles was studied by measuring the blood flows of the superficial dermal plexus and the larger deeper capillaries. The drug was topically applied in a balsam and a gel, respectively, on the flexor forearm of 6 male volunteers. Both blood flows measured were correlated with the time. The maximal value (y _max), the time to reach half of this value (t _rise), and the corresponding period Δt were determined. Significantly increased blood flows were measured in the application areas after treatment with both emulsions. No significant differences were observed for any of the parameters comparing the blood flow after application of the gel with that of the treatment using the balsam. These results indicate similar penetration kinetics and pathways of the drug into the skin independent of the vehicle.     

Evolution of ZnO nanostructures in sol–gel synthesis

Evolution of the microstructure and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles in a mild sol–gel synthesis process is studied. The ZnO nanostructures were prepared by reacting zinc acetate dihydrate with NaOH in water at 50−60 °C. Evolution of ZnO nanostructures with reaction time is studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques. During the process of Zn²⁺ hydroxylation, well defined rod-like crystals were formed within 15 min. Further hydroxylation leads to the formation of a gel-like structure within about 45 min. However, XRD, FT-IR and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that these initial products were zinc hydroxyl double salts (Zn-HDS), not ZnO. On ageing the reaction mixture, ZnO nanoparticles with wurtzite structure evolved.     

ICP-OES分析低钙粉煤灰在NaOH溶液中离子浸出规律

低钙粉煤灰潜在的火山灰活性释放缓慢限制了其大规模利用,通过碱激发提高粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+等离子浸出率对于加快低钙粉煤灰活性释放具有积极作用。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分别测试和分析了5种浓度NaOH溶液对低钙粉煤灰激发过程中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+的浸出规律、化学基团变化、水化产物生成及微观形貌演化。结果表明：碱激发作用显著提高了低钙粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+浸出率,三种离子浸出率大小为：Si4+＞Al3+＞Ca2+,其中Si4+和Al3+浸出率随NaOH浓度增加而增加,随浸出时间延长呈对数规律升高;Ca2+由于在NaOH溶液中生成Ca(OH)₂沉淀,其浸出率大小表现为在水中高,在NaOH溶液中低。红外光谱清晰地表征出低钙粉煤灰受碱激发作用后化学基团在指纹区(波数1 300 cm-1以下)的变化,且随碱激发时间的延长和碱浓度的增加变化愈加明显。水化产物和微观形貌的结果显示出粉煤灰颗粒表面受到碱侵蚀发生解聚,在OH-催化下,硅铝单体分子重新排列形成硅酸盐和铝酸盐低聚络合物,通过亲核取代反应形成铝硅酸盐的低聚态溶胶,并进一步与碱金属阳离子通过配位键或静电键的作用缩聚形成水化凝胶类产物。采用ICP-OES测试粉煤灰中离子浸出率可作为评价粉煤灰火山灰活性的一种快速和准确的方法。     

High resolution NMR imaging: Gd-DTPA labeled enzyme as a probe for permeability studies in polyacrylamide gels.

The penetration of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLAD) molecules into polyacrylamide gel beads, which are used to immobilize the enzyme, was studied. HLAD was labeled with gadolinium diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), using the N-hydroxy-succinimide active ester of DTPA as a chelating agent. The HLAD-(Gd-DTPA)27 has a 3.7-fold larger longitudinal (R1) and a 14-fold larger transversal relaxivity (R2) (at 2.4 T) than the plain Gd-DTPA. A series of dry polyacrylamide gel beads, with total monomer concentration ranging from 5% to 30% were synthesized and swollen in a buffered solution of HLAD-(Gd-DTPA)27. The gel beads were examined with high resolution NMR imaging. The T1- and T2-weighted images revealed that the permeability for the labeled HLAD decreased with increasing total monomer concentration of the gel beads. These imaging results correlate fairly well with the enzymatic reactivities measured for the same range of gel beads but swollen in a solution of non labeled HLAD and NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). It is concluded that Gd-labeling can be used to monitor the distribution of weakly concentrated, water soluble products in a solid matrix.     

Formation mechanism of H2Ti3O7 nanotubes

Formation mechanism of H2Ti3O7 nanotubes by single-step reaction of crystalline TiO2 and NaOH has been investigated via transmission electron microscopy examinations of series specimens with different reaction times and extensive ab initio calculations. It was found that the growth mechanism includes several steps. Crystalline TiO2 reacts with NaOH, forming a highly disordered phase, which recrystallized into some H2Ti3O7 thin plates. H-deficiency on the top surface leads to an asymmetrical environment for the surface Ti3O2-7 layer. The calculations of the surface tension, elastic strain energy, interlayer coupling energy, and Coulomb force indicated that the asymmetrical environment is the principal driving force of the cleavage of the single sheets of H2Ti3O7 from the plates and the formation of the multiwall spiral nanotubes.     

基于XRD与FTIR的碱钢渣胶凝材料复合激发机理研究

以Na₂SiO₃、NaOH和Ca(OH)₂制备碱溶液,然后利用碱溶液对钢渣进行活化处理。分别研究Na₂SiO₃用量、NaOH用量和Ca(OH)₂用量对碱钢渣胶凝材料的力学性能影响,获得最优力学性能的碱钢渣胶凝材料。采用XRD,FTIR和SEM对最优力学性能的碱钢渣胶凝材料进行表征。结果表明,当NaOH用量为4.50 g、Na₂SiO₃用量为11.25 g和Ca(OH)₂用量为6.75 g时,碱钢渣胶凝材料的力学性能最优。Na₂SiO₃对碱钢渣胶凝材料的7 d抗压强度影响显著,NaOH对碱钢渣胶凝材料的3 d抗压强度影响显著,Ca(OH)₂对碱钢渣胶凝材料的28 d抗压强度影响显著。Na₂SiO₃,NaOH和Ca(OH)₂碱性物质的加入促使钢渣形成稳定的C-S-H凝胶与沸石类相。     

Mechano-chemical oscillations of a gel bead

We present a formalism which describes the spatio-temporal evolution of a gel submitted to an autocatalytic chemical reaction to which it is responsive. This theory is based on an extension of a hydrodynamical multi-diffusional approach of the gel dynamics, which is plunged into a chemically active mixture. Emergent and autonomous volume self-oscillation dynamics of the gel are obtained from the nonlinear coupling of the elastic deformation, the chemical kinetics and the transport phenomena, that take place in the system. We apply this formalism to a spherical bead of gel plunged in a Belouzov-Zhabotinsky oscillatory chemical reaction, for which Yoshida et al. have obtained numerous experimental results. The case of a gel immersed in an autocatalytic bistable chemical reaction is also considered. We show that such formalism describes the autonomous volume self-oscillation dynamics of the gel beads.