开孔矩形翅片椭圆管流动与换热特性的数值研究

对电站直接空冷系统的基本换热元件矩形翅片椭圆管建立三维物理数学模型,对空气侧流动和传热性能进行数值研究．分析了不同迎面风速下翅片上无扰流孔和开有扰流孔两种情况下矩形翅片表面的局部表面传热系数分布规律,发现椭圆基管后存在的尾流区使得翅片的强化换热作用减弱。比较了扰流孔的尺寸、数目和位置对管外空气侧流动与换热的影响,结果表明:扰流孔尺寸对流动与换热存在明显影响,而扰流孔数目和位置的影响相对比较小．     

椭圆形和圆形翅片管流动与传热的数值研究

对椭圆管椭圆翅片间的流动与传热规律进行了三维数值研究,分析了不同翅片间距、迎面风速对表面换热系数和流动阻力的影响;与具有相同结构参数(相同的基管当量直径和翅片厚度、表面积)的圆管圆翅片进行比较表明,在相同条件下,两者的表面换热系数相差不大,但椭圆管椭圆翅片间流动阻力却有明显的减小.场协同分析表明,翅片迎风侧的换热要优于背风侧;通过适当增加迎风侧翅片面积,减小背风侧翅片面积,可以在强化换热的同时,减小流动阻力.     

带纵向涡发生器的椭圆管翅片换热器数值分析

对带纵向涡发生器的椭圆管翅片换热器和圆管翅片换热器的空气侧表面的换热和流动特性进行了三维数值模拟.结果表明,在模拟的流速范围内,与圆管翅片换热器相比,带纵向涡发生器的椭圆管翅片换热器的换热效果Num平均强化了32.4%,其综合换热性能(Nu/f)提高了28.93%,明显好于圆管翅片换热器.纵向涡强化换热的内在机理可以用场协同原理进行解释,它改善了速度场和温度场的协同,使全场的速度和温度梯度之间的夹角减小.     

结露工况下平行流蒸发器性能模拟研究

通过对百叶窗翅片平行流蒸发器空气侧换热性能进行数值模拟,分析了翅片间距、百叶窗间距和角度对空气侧流动特性、换热性能和结露过程的影响,得到了不同情况下空气侧进出口压降、换热系数及蒸发器表面凝结水量的变化规律。研究表明:百叶窗间距增加导致空气进出口压降增大,空气侧换热系数和蒸发器表面凝水量则随之呈现先增后减的趋势;翅片间距增加造成空气侧进出口压降、换热系数和蒸发器表面凝结水量逐渐减小;百叶窗角度增加使空气侧进出口压降、换热系数和蒸发器表面凝水量逐渐增大。综合考虑,当压降在可以接受的范围内时,可考虑选择较小的翅片间距、较大的百叶窗角度,百叶窗间距范围在1.4mm~1.6mm间为佳。     

扁平管交错蛇形短翅片强化传热的研究

针对火电空冷凝汽器采用的扁平管蛇形翅片长度较大,空气在翅片间流动对强化传热的效果受到边界层发展抑制的缺陷,根据锯齿翅片通过破坏边界层发展强化传热的思想,提出一种扁平管交错蛇形短翅片结构。实验结果表明,扁平管交错蛇形短翅片的传热性能优于原有结构,在不同雷诺数Re范围,努塞尔数Nu增加了1.4%～16%;同时空气侧流动阻力也明显增加,摩擦系数f增加了18%～45%。由综合评价指标PEC也可以得到,扁平管交错蛇形翅片有效地强化了空气侧的换热。     

平直翅片管与波浪翅片管流动换热性能比较

扁管外焊蛇形平直翅片是直接空冷凝汽器翅片管的一种常见形式,为进一步提高空冷凝汽器的冷凝效率,建立了波浪翅片扁管的三维物理数学模型。通过数值模拟,获得了不同空气入口流速下,波浪翅片扁管和平直翅片扁管外冷却空气的流场和温度场,通过对流换热系数和流动损失的对比分析表明,波浪翅片扁管在空气侧换热系数和流动损失方面比平直翅片扁管有一定的优势,在低风速的工况下,优势较为明显。     

扁平管外蛇形翅片空间的流动换热性能数值模拟

扁平管外纤焊蛇形翅片是直接空冷凝汽器翅片管的一种常见形式,研究扁平管外蛇行翅片空间的空气流速和温度分布规律,对指导直接空冷凝汽器的设计和运行具有重要意义.针对不同空冷凝汽器管束夹角、不同空气温度以及不同空气入口流速,分别对空气侧流场和温度场进行了数值模拟,得到了空冷器外流场和温度场,以及对流换热Nu和摩擦系数f随Re和空冷器夹角的变化规律.数值模拟结果表明,不同的空冷器管束夹角显著影响其流动和换热特性,夹角越大,凝汽器空冷效果越好.     

纵向翅片扁管换热器的结构优化

通过建立数值优化模型,对纵向翅片扁管换热器进行结构优化,得到了翅片长度、翅片间距及翅片高度对换热器热阻及空气侧对流换热系数的影响,同时还研究了不同热源温度、不同风速时换热器的优化结构,为工程应用提供了参考。     

工程车辆翼型管散热器冷侧翅片信噪比分析

为提高某工程车辆管片式散热器综合性能,以降低空气侧压力损失为前提,选用NACA23021翼型建立散热器换热管代替原有的扁平管,利用fluent对改进前后散热器空气侧换热系数和压力损失进行仿真分析,并对比两者的综合性能评价因子;进一步分析结构参数对翼型管翅片散热器性能的影响,利用正交试验与信噪比相结合分析各结构参数的敏感度。研究结果表明:在入口空气流速2～10 m/s范围内,散热器空气侧换热系数和压力损失的试验与仿真误差值小于5%;在仿真区间内,NACA23021翼型管翅片的综合评价因子较扁平管翅片略高,在入口10m/s时高出约23%;通过信噪比分析,得出换热管的长径对翼型管散热器性能影响最大,为28.88%,管列距、管类型和管排距对其影响次之,分别为23.91%、20.50%和11.18%,翅片间距和翅片厚度对其影响最小,分别为9.63%和5.90%。     

多管排大管径翅管式换热器传热与阻力特性的试验研究

为考察不同翅片型式对空气侧强化传热的影响,对12排分别带平直、开缝、纵向涡、开缝与纵向涡混合、圆形共5个翅片型式的翅片管换热器元件空气侧的传热及阻力性能进行了试验研究,并在相同质量流木结流量、相同压降及相同泵功率下进行了综合性能评价.在三种比较准则下,圆形翅片的换热综合性能最差,开缝与纵向涡混合翅片的换热综合性能比纵向涡翅片的好,而当Re数较大时开缝翅片的换热综合效果最好.在试验的Re数范围内针对各个试件整理出了传热和阻力的经验关联式,为相关的理论研究和工程应用提供了参考.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.