高频感应等离子体流动模型与微型电推进器流场特性分析

微型射频离子推力器具有结构简单、工作寿命长、推力动态范围大、性能调节响应灵敏等特点,是国际微电推进领域的研究热点之一.射频离子推力器电离室内的感性耦合放电等离子体特性和推力器的性能密切相关.为此,文章建立了低气压、小尺寸微型射频离子推力器电离室内感性耦合等离子体流体模型,开展了电磁场、流场、化学反应浓度场的多物理场耦合仿真分析,并研究了等离子体放电特征参数随推进剂工质气压、放电吸收功率、射频频率以及线圈匝数等因素的变化规律.结果表明,推进剂工质气压、放电吸收功率是调节微型射频离子推力器性能的主要因素,该研究为综合调控微型射频离子推力器的工作性能奠定了良好的基础.      

微型电子回旋共振离子推力器离子源结构优化实验研究

微型电子回旋共振(ECR)离子推力器可满足微小航天器空间探测的推进需求. 为此, 本文开展直径20 mm的微型ECR离子源结构优化实验研究. 根据放电室内静磁场和ECR谐振区的分布特点, 研究不同微波耦合输入位置对离子源性能的影响, 结果表明环形天线处在高于ECR谐振强度的强磁场区域时, 微波与等离子体实现无损耦合, 电子共振加热效果显著, 引出离子束流较大. 根据放电室电磁截止特性, 结合微波电场计算, 研究放电容积对离子源性能的影响, 实验表明过长或过短的腔体长度会导致引出离子束流下降甚至等离子体熄灭. 经优化后离子源性能测试表明, 在入射微波功率2.1 W、氩气流量14.9 μg/s下, 可引出离子束流5.4 mA, 气体放电损耗和利用率分别为389 W/A和15%.     

电子回旋共振微波等离子体及其在材料科学中的应用

 低气压、低温放电方面的一个重要的最新进展是电子回旋共振(ECR)放电。这种技术首先是在核聚变研究中发展起来的。最初,它被用于磁镜实验装置产生和加热等离子体,后来,又被发展成为托卡马克、串级磁镜等聚变装置实验中进行等离子体加热的主要手段之一,即电子回旋共振加热(ECRH)。目前,这一高技术已被移植到各种低温等离子体应用之中,显示了蓬勃的生命力。电子回旋共振微波等离子体是指:当输入的微波频率ω等于电子回旋共振频率ωce时,微波能量可以共振耦合给电子,获得能量的电子电离中性气体,产生放电。电子回旋频率为ωce=eB/m,e和m为电子电荷及其质量,B是磁场强度。     

衬底偏压对ECR等离子体鞘层和离子行为的影响

介绍了电子回旋共振微波放电等离子体中离子向衬底输运的蒙特卡罗模型,该模型考虑了精确依赖于离子能量的电荷交换和动量转移截面以及中性区与鞘层的衔接。     

应用于电推进的碘工质电子回旋共振等离子体源

电子回旋共振(electron cyclotron resonance, ECR)源具有无需内电极、低气压电离、等离子体密度较高和结构紧凑等优点,适用于小功率电推进.因此,研究小功率碘工质ECR等离子体源具有重要意义.本文首先设计了一套耐腐蚀且可以均衡稳定输出碘蒸汽的储供系统;然后完成了耐碘腐蚀ECR推力器设计,利用耐腐蚀的同轴谐振腔结构将微波馈送到推力器,并将通道磁场变为会切型磁场以产生更多ECR层;最终联合点火实验成功,成为国际上首个可以用于电推进的ECR电离碘工质等离子体源.分析实验和静磁场、微波电场分布发现,小功率、低流量下的不稳定等离子体羽流闪烁由寻常波电子等离子体共振加热和非寻常波ECR加热模式之间的转化引起.高流量下电离率下降是由电子损失、壁面损失和碘工质电负性导致.并依据此原理提出了改进方案.放电后等离子体源没有明显损伤,说明具备长寿命潜力.此项工作初步证实了小功率碘工质ECR电推进方案可行.     

电子回旋共振放电的电离特性PIC/MCC模拟(Ⅰ)——物理模型与理论方法

采用粒子模拟与蒙特卡罗相结合(PIC/MCC)的方法对电子回旋共振(ECR)放电中的电离过程进行了模拟，其中带电粒子与微波的相互作用由PIC方法的电磁模型描述，粒子间的碰撞过程由MCC方法描述.考虑的碰撞类型有电子与中性粒子的弹性、激发、电离碰撞，离子与中性粒子的弹性、电荷交换碰撞，碰撞截面均依赖于能量而变化.阐述了理论分析的过程，为数值模拟ECR放电奠定了基础. 关键词： 电子回旋共振放电 粒子模拟 蒙特卡罗 电离     

电子回旋共振放电中电子与微波互作用特性的粒子模拟和蒙特卡罗碰撞模拟

对电子回旋共振（ECR）放电电离过程中的电子与微波互作用特性进行了理论分析与数值模拟.采用粒子模拟（PIC）方法描述带电粒子与微波的互作用,采用蒙特卡罗碰撞（MCC）方法描述粒子间碰撞过程及带电粒子与边界的相互作用.编写了准三维的PIC/MCC数值模拟程序,并对放电过程中电子能量与微波场随时间、空间的演化进行了数值诊断. 关键词： 电子回旋共振放电 粒子模拟 蒙特卡罗方法 电离     

电子回旋共振等离子体源的数值模拟

采用自洽微波功率吸收的二维混合模型,对电子回旋共振等离子体源中的各种物理参量(电离速率、等离子体密度、位势、电子温度)进行数值模拟.结果表明:等离子体参数随运行条件(中性气压和微波功率)变化呈现出区域特征、饱和现象和振荡行为等非线性现象 关键词：     

ICRH带状双天线的间距对等离子体耦合特性的影响

采用能量一次吸收假设、等离子体平板模型和三维天线模型数值模拟离子回旋共振加热时带状双天线与等离子体的耦合过程,得到天线的辐射功率、等离子体的吸收功率密度分布随天线间距变化的关系.通过对比分析,得出结论:在一定实验条件下,当带状双天线同相馈电时,天线间距越小,离子回旋共振加热效果越好.     

栅网与偏压对CHF3电子回旋共振放电等离子体特性的影响

研究了电子回旋共振等离子体增强化学气相沉积系统中栅网的增加和栅网上施加+60V和-60V偏压对CHF₃放电等离子体特性的影响.发现在低微波功率下栅网与偏压对等离子 体中基团分布的影响较大，而高微波功率下的影响逐渐减小.这是由于低微波功率下等离子体中电子温度较低，基团的分布同时受栅网鞘电场和电子碰撞分解的共同作用；而高微波功率下电子温度较高，栅网鞘电场的作用减弱，基团分布主要取决于电子碰撞分解作用. 关键词： 电子回旋共振放电 3分解')" href="#">CHF₃分解 栅网 偏压     

Understanding hydrogen plasma processes based on the diagnostic results of 2.45 GHz ECRIS at Peking University

Optical emission spectroscopy(OES), as a simple in situ method without disturbing the plasma, has been performed for the plasma diagnosis of a 2.45 GHz permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance(PMECR) ion source at Peking University(PKU). A spectrum measurement platform has been set up with the quartz-chamber electron cyclotron resonance(ECR) ion source [Patent Number: ZL 201110026605.4] and experiments were carried out recently. The electron temperature and electron density inside the ECR plasma chamber have been measured with the method of line intensity ratio of noble gas. Hydrogen plasma processes inside the discharge chamber are discussed based on the diagnostic results. What is more, the superiority of the method of line intensity ratio of noble gas is indicated with a comparison to line intensity ratio of hydrogen. Details will be presented in this paper.     

Modeling of electron cyclotron resonance discharges

A simple model to predict the spatially-averaged plasma characteristics of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) reactors is presented. The model consists of global conservation equations for species concentration, electron density and energy. A gas energy balance is used to predict the neutral temperature self-consistently. The model is demonstrated for an ECR argon discharge. The predicted behavior of the discharge as a function of system variables agrees well with experimental observations     

Estimates of the electron density in an ECR source of calcium plasma

A technique is proposed for estimating parameters of the plasma produced by a source based on the electron cyclotron resonance. The analysis is made for the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) facility designed for separating calcium isotopes. It is assumed that the resonance condition for an extraordinary wave is fulfilled for electrons moving towards the wave. The plasma optical thickness, the transverse energy of resonance electrons, and its dependence on the longitudinal velocity are determined. The charged particle density in the plasma flow is estimated in terms of the balance of the electrons generated as a result of vapor ionization in the discharge zone and the electron losses due to longitudinal ambipolar diffusion.     

Plasma parameter diagnosis using hydrogen emission spectra of a quartz-chamber 2.45 GHz ECRIS at Peking University

A quartz-chamber 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source(ECRIS) was designed for diagnostic purposes at Peking University [Patent Number: ZL 201110026605.4]. This ion source can produce a maximum 84 m A hydrogen ion beam at 50 k V with a duty factor of 10%. The root-mean-square(RMS) emittance of this beam is less than 0.12π mm mrad. In our initial work,the electron temperature and electron density inside the plasma chamber had been measured with the line intensity ratio of noble gases. Based on these results, the atomic and molecular emission spectra of hydrogen were applied to determine the dissociation degree of hydrogen and the vibrational temperature of hydrogen molecules in the ground state, respectively. Measurements were performed at gas pressures from 4×10~(-4) to 1×10~(-3) Pa and at input peak RF power ranging from 1000 to 1800 W. The dissociation degree of hydrogen in the range of 0.5%-10% and the vibrational temperature of hydrogen molecules in the ground state in the range of 3500-8500 K were obtained. The plasma processes inside this ECRIS chamber were discussed based on these results.     

Observations of resonant modes formation in microwave generated magnetized plasmas

Ion sources have a significant number of applications in accelerator facilities and in industrial applications. In particular, the electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) are nowadays the most effective devices that can feed particle accelerators in a continuous and reliable way, providing high current beams of low and medium charge state ions and lower, but still remarkable, beam current for highly charged ions. In recent years several experiments have shown that the current, the charge states and even the beam shape change by slightly varying the microwave frequency (the so-called frequency tuning effect – FTE). The theoretical explanation of these results is based on the difference in the electromagnetic field pattern over the resonance surface, i.e. that region where the electrons resonantly interact with the incoming wave. In order to be consistent with the experiments, this model requires that standing waves are formed also in presence of a dense plasma. The proof was sought by means of a series of measurements performed with a network analyzer and with a plasma reactor operating at 2.45 GHz, according to the principles of the microwave discharge ion sources (MDIS). The measurements have been carried out with the aim to achieve the electromagnetic characterization of the plasma chamber in terms of possible excited resonant modes with and without plasma, and they reported that resonant modes are excited inside the cavity even in presence of a dense plasma. It was observed that the plasma dynamics strongly depends on the structure of the standing waves that are generated. The measurement of the eigen-frequencies' shifts were carried out for several values of pressure and RF power, thus linking the shift with the plasma density measured by a Langmuir probe. The changes in plasma shape, density and electron temperature have been also monitored for different operating conditions. A strong variation of plasma properties has been observed as a consequence of the introduction of the Langmuir probe inside the resonant cavity, thus demonstrating that the standing wave can be strongly perturbed even by means of relatively small metallic electrodes. The measurements reported hereinafter are relevant also for ECRIS, because they confirm the validity of the theoretical model that describes the frequency tuning.     

20 cm氙离子推力器放电室性能优化

束流离子生产成本和推进剂利用率是表征离子推力器放电室性能的重要参数。在考虑不改变放电室几何结构、磁场分布并保持离子推力器比冲和效率的前提下,利用一维经验分析模型对兰州空间技术物理研究所研制的LIPS-200离子推力器放电室性能进行了优化分析,以实现推力器的推力从40 mN提高到60 mN的目标要求。分析结果表明,提高放电室推进剂流率至2.06 mg/s,放电室内放电电流维持在6.9 A,放电室内平均氙离子密度达到2.1671017 m-3时,可以保证引出1.2 A的束流,推力器达到60 mN的推力。与之对应的推进剂利用率为92%,束流离子生产成本约为188.515 W/A,相比推力40 mN时,推进剂利用率为88%、束流离子生产成本为188.29 W/A的情况,放电室性能有所提高。另外,放电室性能优化过程中其鞘层电位始终保持在3.80~6.65 eV范围内。     

离子推力器放电腔数值模拟

 为更好地理解放电腔内等离子体物理机制,对Kaufman型离子推力器放电腔进行了数值研究,其中初始电子采用粒子模拟的方法处理,二次电子和离子采用漂移-扩散流体近似描述。模拟结果与已有实验测量数据进行对比表明：所采用计算方法适用于放电腔内等离子体流动规律的数值研究;模拟得到的稳态下等离子体分布及变化规律与实验测量数据相吻合;磁场的设计对初始电子起到显著的约束作用,有效地提高了其与工质气体的电离碰撞几率;二次电子的精确描述还需在流体方程中耦合磁场效应。