理想气体热容的声学测试技术研究

根据热力学基本定律导出的一些热力学关系式,确定了各种热力学参数之间的普遍关联.只要知道了流体在理想气体状态下热容随温度的函数关系以及流体的状态方程,就能确定出该流体的内能、焓、熵、自由能、自由焓、(火用)以及逸度系数等热力学参数.此外,理想气体状态下的热容数据,还可用以反推分子结构与分子间相互作用的微观特性.因此,用实验方法确定工质在理想气体状态下的热容,对于流体工质热物性的研究具有十分重要的意义和作用.     

高超声速飞行器气体辐射噪声计算方法

高超声速飞行器周围的激波层内高温气体会发生剧烈的物理化学变化,伴随强烈的光辐射过程,直接影响红外导引头的光学成像效果。采用流体力学Navier-Stokes方程和热化学非平衡模型模拟高温非平衡流动,考虑电子跃迁和振转跃迁以窄带法求解气体辐射特性参数,基于有限体积法离散辐射传输方程,在分别验证流场解算、辐射参数求解和辐射传输计算的基础上,进行了飞行器高速飞行的流动和辐射模拟。数值求解得到了飞行器流场特征和粒子数空间分布。计算的选定波长范围内的气体辐射发射系数空间分布显示其与激波形状和波后气体温度分布相似。通过传输得到的飞行器光学窗口视线路径上的气体辐射噪声成轴对称分布,发现辐射噪声和飞行速度、气体成分等密切相关,马赫数增加时气体辐射噪声显著增强。     

激光诱导荧光技术在高焓空气氮原子测量中的应用

高超声速飞行器再入大气层时,受到激波的压缩和激波层内粘性阻滞作用,周围绕流流场的空气温度在4 000～15 000 K之间,使空气中的氧、氮分子发生离解,从而出现高温气体效应,形成高焓化学非平衡流。飞行器表面防热材料基本都含有大量的碳元素,通常情况下主要是氧原子与碳发生反应,但在焓值大于18 MJ·kg-1的情况下,氮原子与飞行器表面碳反应的无量纲烧蚀因子BC_N＞0.172 5,此时碳在高焓空气介质中的无量纲质量烧蚀因子BC_air＞0.345,因此,碳的氮化烧蚀变得非常剧烈,和氧化烧蚀相当;同时离解的氮原子也会在飞行器表面发生催化复合反应放出大量的热,使飞行器表面承受更多的热载荷。因此,分析高焓化学非平衡流流场中的氮原子具有现实意义。在地面模拟设备中建立高焓化学非平衡流场,对氮原子进行测量技术,可以很好的对其进行研究。双光子吸收激光诱导荧光（TALIF）技术作为一种非接触测量,在不干扰流场环境的情况下,可以直接获得氮原子的浓度分布。对流场氮原子激发荧光,通过布置在风洞试验段外与流场和激光形成的平面呈垂直方向的ICCD获取到二维氮原子的荧光信号。为确保荧光图像的清晰及视场合适,选择了Nikon f=50 mm F/1.4镜头作为前级收光设备。实验成像采用50次曝光的累计结果,以消除气流扰动及激光能量抖动造成的不确定性。实验中,在理论激发波长附件进行测试,优化选择出206.717 nm作为正式实验中脉冲激光的最佳激发波长。在最佳激光波长条件下,从小到大调整激发能量,获得了该环境下的氮原子激发的非饱和线性区为1.8 mJ以下。正式实验过程中激光能量为1.6 mJ,处于线性区。对所获取的荧光图像进行处理,提取激光中心线上的荧光强度进行分析,发现无论是亚声速还是超声速,荧光强度沿径向都呈驼峰状分布,与之前氧原子测试结果比较,发现流场中氮分子还未完全离解,这符合实验风洞流场特性。     

冲击压缩下甲烷-空气混合气体状态参数实验研究

 为研究强冲击状态下混入少量空气的甲烷气体的冲击状态参数,利用二级轻气炮加载技术,使加速到5 km/s的钨合金飞片撞击封装有常态下空气混入量依次为零（纯甲烷气体）、1%、5%、10%的甲烷-空气混合气体铝靶。采用六通道瞬态光学高温计记录冲击压缩气体的光辐射历程曲线,得到了相同初始条件下4种不同比例混合气体的冲击状态参数。结果表明,在强冲击压缩下,混合气体的冲击温度随着空气混入比例的增大而增高,冲击波后混合气体存在非平衡辐射过程。采用Saha电离平衡方程,对空气混入量为10%的混合气体的电离度进行了估算。结果表明,常态下空气含量C_air≤10%的甲烷 空气混合气体具有电探针保护能力。     

双锥/双楔流动中的高温气体效应仿真模拟

在高超声速飞行和再入地球大气过程中, 气体分子的振动、电子态激发, 伴随离解、电离反应, 从而产生高温真实气体效应。不同数值方法对高温真实气体效应的模化会造成气体热物性参数的差异, 从而对流场模拟引入不确定度。以高超声速的双锥/双楔流动为例, 通过计算流体力学方法和直接模拟Monte Carlo (DSMC)方法, 研究高温真实气体模型对复杂干扰流动的预测能力。结果表明, 有别于量热完全气体, 若考虑真实物理过程的热化学非平衡过程带来气体热力学性质、输运特性的变化, 会导致激波角、边界层厚度、分离区尺寸等流动结构的改变。因此, 在研究高超声速模拟中应注意数值模型的正确应用。      

再入飞行器等离子体预测与气体组分相关性

对一类大钝头再入飞行器,理论分析电子密度预测与气体组分的相关性,使用经验证的数值模拟方法研究化学反应模型对等离子体预测的影响.研究发现:马赫数是影响等离子体预测与气体组分相关性的重要参数,马赫数越高,不同气体组分模型所得电子密度差异越大.气体组分模型对等离子体预测的影响在驻点强压缩区域和身部位置基本一致.对于大钝头再入飞行器,高度H=60 km,马赫数大于23时应该采用11组分化学反应模型.     

第一性原理研究Ir的热力学和弹性性质

基于准谐近似理论,运用第一性原理投影缀加波方法研究了Ir的热力学和弹性性质,得到Ir的声子谱、状态方程、热容、熵、焓和线膨胀系数,以及弹性常数、弹性模量、剪切模量和杨氏模量随温度的变化关系.结果表明,计算的Ir声子谱和有限的实验测量结果一致;考虑电子对体系自由能贡献后计算的热容、熵、焓和线膨胀系数与实验值符合较好;在2600 K时,Ir的电子定压热容占总定压热容的17％,因此在高温时电子对Ir定压热容的贡献是不能忽略的;理论预测的Ir室温下的弹性常数、弹性模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量和实验值测量值基本吻合,并随温度的增加而逐渐减小.     

聚氨酯硬泡沫塑料的低温比热

在实验研究的基础上提出了硬泡沫塑料低温比热的分析模型,导出了有关计算公式。讨论了聚氨酯硬泡沫塑料低温比热与密度、温度以及空气中存放时间等参数的关系。     

新颖的高温流场红外辐射物性参数计算方法

为解决高速飞行器红外辐射特性研究中高温气体辐射参数计算问题,在转动平滑谱带（smeared rotational band, SRB）模型的假设下,首次提出基于贝叶斯估计的跳转马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗（reversible jump Markov chain monte carlo, RJMCMC）方法来计算高温流场中气体组分红外光谱物性参数。仿真计算和实验测量表明,仅需很少的先验知识,且不需要相关跃迁系数,该方法可以很好的估计主要振动跃迁带的位置,所提取的SRB模型参数的变化规律与SRB理论模型结果一致,利用拟合参数计算得到不同温度下谱带积分发射和吸收系数与逐线计算的结果非常近似。     

第一性原理研究Ir的热力学和弹性性质

基于准谐近似理论,运用第一性原理投影缀加波方法研究了Ir的热力学和弹性性质,得到Ir的声子谱、状态方程、热容、熵、焓和线膨胀系数,以及弹性常数、弹性模量、剪切模量和杨氏模量随温度的变化关系. 结果表明,计算的Ir声子谱和有限的实验测量结果一致;考虑电子对体系自由能贡献后计算的热容、熵、焓和线膨胀系数与实验值符合较好;在2600K时,Ir的电子定压热容占总定压热容的17%,因此在高温时电子对Ir定压热容的贡献是不能忽略的;理论预测的Ir室温下的弹性常数、弹性模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量和实验值测量值基本吻合,并随温度的增加而逐渐减小.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.