面向大视场视觉测量的摄像机标定技术

提出了一种面向大视场高精度视觉测量的摄像机标定新方法,该方法采用亮度自适应的单个红外发光二极管(IR-LED)作为目标靶点,将该靶点固定在三坐标测量机的测头上,并依次精确移动至预先设定的空间位置,每次靶点到达设定的空间位置时,摄像机对靶点进行图像采集。利用三坐标测量机的精确位移,在三维空间构成一个虚拟立体靶标。针对虚拟立体靶标在大视场摄像机标定中只能覆盖一小部分标定空间的问题,通过自由移动摄像机在多个方位对虚拟立体靶标进行拍摄,使得多个虚拟立体靶标分布于整个标定空间。摄像机在每个方位对虚拟立体靶标的拍摄都标定出一组摄像机的内、外参数,然后以摄像机内参数和摄像机在各个方位下拍摄的虚拟立体靶标在摄像机坐标系下的位置及姿态参数为优化变量,建立以所有三维靶点位置重投影误差平方和为最小的目标函数,采用非线性优化方法求解摄像机标定参数的最优解。该方法较好地解决了大视场视觉测量中大尺寸靶标加工困难、摄像机标定精度难以保证的问题。仿真和实际标定实验均证明此方法可以有效提高大视场摄像机的标定精度。     

晃动平台上对空拍摄大视场摄像机的标定方法

针对晃动平台对空拍摄大视场摄像机难以标定的情况,提出了利用无人机(UAV)作为动态控制点来现场标定摄像机参数的方法。该方法控制无人机在摄像机视场内飞行,并用与晃动平台固联的无人机定位测量系统对无人机位置进行测量,从而整个飞行过程中的无人机位置均可当作控制点对摄像机进行标定。实验中控制点数目充足,易满足控制点在空间和在图像上均匀散布的要求,可以准确求解摄像机内外参数。突破了无法在视场中布设传统像机标定方法所需控制点,使晃动平台上大视场摄像测量无法现场采集参考图像进行高精度标定的局限。对实验条件要求低,最少只需要晃动平台基准坐标系下2个基准点和方位像机光心位置即可标定摄像机内外参数。该方法已成功应用于系泊状态下船舶中摄像机参数的标定。     

基于无穷单应的大视场摄像机标定方法

在大视场摄像机标定中,常常会出现由于场景过于单一而很难达到自标定所需要的场景约束和运动约束条件、立体标定所需要的强立体条件或者平面靶板标定所需要的绝对共面条件,如指向高空区域的摄像机标定任务就很难满足上述要求,因而大视场摄像机标定需要较为弹性的标定算法。提出一种基于无穷单应的大视场摄像机标定方法,该方法最少只需要4个非共线控制点和摄像机粗略的位置即可求解无穷单应,并且提出一种坐标变换方法以保证线性求解和优化无穷单应时的稳定性。从无穷单应中分解得到摄像机参数初始值,通过Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)优化算法最终实现摄像机的标定。在优化过程中,通过假设图像中心为主点和采用一阶径向畸变模型,相对增加了优化过程中的剩余自由度,能够实现4个像点为观测值的参数优化。相比于强立体或共面的条件,此方法所需条件很容易满足。仿真和实际实验验证了此方法的正确性和高精度,以及重复测量实验的灵活易实施。     

基于位姿约束的大视场双目视觉标定算法

为了提高大视场、远距离的双目摄像机标定精度,提出一种基于位姿约束的摄像机标定算法。该方法利用双目摄像机之间的三维位姿关系是刚体变换这一属性,标定出左、右摄像机相对位姿的外部参数。利用相对位姿为约束条件求取摄像机的初始内部参数,剔除较大的重投影误差值对应的标定图像组,重复迭代直至重投影误差平均值小于指定值,得到多个待优化的摄像机内部参数。再将最后标定图像组的角点坐标、待优化的摄像机内部参数和相应的外部参数,建立一个以角点三维重构坐标值与实际设定角点三维坐标值的模均值为最小的目标函数,求解出双目摄像机标定参数的最优解。该方法很好地解决了误差大的标定图像造成的影响,且充分利用了双目摄像机之间的位姿约束关系。通过仿真和标定实验可以看出,本文方法可以实现大视场双目摄像机的高精度标定。     

基于平行面多靶标标定的单目大视场平面测量

针对单目大视场平面测量时,测量平面内不便布置靶标和大尺寸靶标难以制作的问题,提出一种利用布设在平行面上的小尺寸平面靶标进行标定的方法。选定一个平行面为标定平面,将单个小尺寸平面靶标合理放置在标定平面的多个位置拍摄,整合构造出一个大尺寸平面靶标,采用非线性优化的方法进行摄像机内、外参的优化求解。结合平行约束和距离参数得到测量平面与图像平面的单应矩阵,实现大视场平面测量。建立平面测量的精度模型,对测量区域各处精度的分布以及影响测量精度的摄像机内参、安装角度和高度等因素进行理论分析和实验验证。实验结果表明:该方法可有效保证整体测量精度;在上底920mm、下底1360mm、高920mm的梯形视场内标定,距标定平面200mm的测量平面内的测量误差低于0.6%;测量区域内各处误差的分布趋势与精度模型一致。此方法完全适用于大视场平面测量。     

基于双重虚拟圆靶标的激光扫描测头标定

提出了一种基于双重虚拟圆来标定光平面的新方法。该方法利用棋盘的角点在图像坐标系下构建双重虚拟圆,虚拟圆与激光光条直线建立了相对的位置关系,根据交比不变原理计算出光条上的特征点在摄像机坐标系下的坐标。在摄像机视场范围内多次变换棋盘位置,构造出的虚拟圆也相应变换,由此计算得到更多的特征点,利用最小二乘法拟合光平面方程。实验表明,该方法求得的精度要明显优于实际的圆形靶标标定的精度,光平面标定的均方根误差为0.04mm,且棋盘靶标更易于制作,标定计算简单可靠,适合现场标定。     

一种高精度线结构光视觉传感器现场标定方法

针对现有线结构光视觉传感器标定方法存在的局限性,提出一种不需要求解光平面标定点的标定方法.根据光条图像求解平面靶标上光条在摄像机坐标系下的Plücker矩阵.在视觉传感器前合适位置将平面靶标摆放多次,联立所有光条空间直线的Plücker矩阵,求解光平面在摄像机坐标系的平面方程.最后通过非线性优化方法得到光平面方程在最大似然准则下的最优解.在标定过程中,所有光条点都参与光平面参数的计算过程,因此该方法标定结果精度高、稳健性强.实验证明,与现有方法相比该方法标定精度提高30%左右.     

基于同心圆合成图像匹配的双目视觉标定

分析了双目视觉传感器的数学模型,提出了一种基于同心圆合成图像匹配的双目视觉传感器的标定方法。在测量范围内任意多次摆放同心圆靶标,由两台摄像机拍摄靶标图像。根据摄像机模型与已知同心圆在靶标坐标系上的位置关系,构造合成图像,将合成图像与观测图像进行相似度匹配,通过优化定位得到靶标上每个圆的圆心点图像坐标。利用左右图像对应的圆心图像坐标和双目视觉的约束关系,对双目视觉传感器参数进行非线性优化,并得到最优解。所提出的标定方法是在张正友方法的理论基础上,利用了图像的整体性进行的优化。实验结果表明,该方法提高了标定精度。     

基于光束向量的空间运动目标姿态测量

为了实现空间运动目标姿态参数的高精度测量,采用一种基于光束向量的姿态参数测量系统.该系统在运动目标上安装直线光束作为合作目标,利用高速摄像机记录光束投影光斑在接收平面上的位置.基于平面单应性原理,通过光斑接收平面上9个原始特征点构造柔性标定靶标,实现高速摄像机的高精度标定.进而根据摄像机标定结果获得光束在世界坐标系中的方向向量,而光束在目标体坐标系中的方向向量可根据其安装位置获得.然后,根据光束在世界坐标系和目标体坐标系中的方向向量实现对目标姿态参数的高精度求解.实验结果表明,本文测量系统满足姿态参数测量误差小于1′(1σ)的要求,能够实现对空间运动目标姿态参数的高精度测量.     

基于ICP算法的双目标定改进方法研究

双目视觉作为一种非接触三维(3D)测量技术,其位姿标定结果的好坏将直接影响3D物体测量的精度。基于迭代最近点(ICP)算法获得两组点集之间平移和旋转参数的原理,提出了一种在传统双目位姿标定结果的基础上补偿双目标定矩阵改善精度的方法。介绍了摄像机模型、双目视觉测量模型和ICP算法的基本思想。用双目摄像机标定的外参数和相同的靶标坐标系获得双目视觉位姿矩阵,在此提出基于ICP算法获得两组点集的旋转平移矩阵补偿双目位姿矩阵的方法,以及相应的靶标角点坐标投影误差分析模型。双目摄像机采集9组5×7个角点的靶标标定图像,应用ICP算法补偿双目位姿矩阵,并采用误差模型对9组标定结果进行了分析,双目结构光标定改进实验结果表明,应用ICP算法补偿双目标定模型能显著地提高双目标定的精度。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.