Analysis of the Chinese air route network as a complex network

The air route network, which supports all the flight activities of the civil aviation, is the most fundamental infrastructure of air traffic management system. In this paper, we study the Chinese air route network (CARN) within the framework of complex networks. We find that CARN is a geographical network possessing exponential degree distribution, low clustering coefficient, large shortest path length and exponential spatial distance distribution that is obviously different from that of the Chinese airport network (CAN). Besides, via investigating the flight data from 2002 to 2010, we demonstrate that the topology structure of CARN is homogeneous, howbeit the distribution of flight flow on CARN is rather heterogeneous. In addition, the traffic on CARN keeps growing in an exponential form and the increasing speed of west China is remarkably larger than that of east China. Our work will be helpful to better understand Chinese air traffic systems.     

基于复杂网络理论的多元混合空管技术保障系统网络特征分析

为提高空管技术保障系统应对突发事件的能力,本文以空管技术保障系统导航、通信、监视设备覆盖的航路结构为基础,构建系统对应的空间网络模型.提出从灵活性、鲁棒性、高效性三个方面度量空管技术保障系统网络特性,对北京、上海、广州、昆明、沈阳、兰州飞行情报区的空管技术保障系统网络的平均度、度分布、度-度相关性、聚集系数、平均路径长度、直径等进行分析.分析结果显示,各飞行情报区空管技术保障系统的平均聚集系数在0.25—0.39之间,网络聚集程度偏低;网络平均路径长度为3.4,表现出小世界网络特征;度值3时服从幂律分布,度-度分布不表现出正相关或负相关.对网络进行基于度优先的和随机的抗毁性测度,空管技术保障系统网络抗毁性较差,网络的可靠性由少数核心节点决定,应对核心节点进行目标免疫,提高网络的抗毁性.这些规律为空管技术保障系统能力提升、新建扩建提供理论依据,对降低突发事件对空管系统保障能力的影响,保障空中交通持续安全具有现实意义.     

Fluctuations in airport arrival and departure traffic: A network analysis

Air traffic is a typical complex system,in which movements of traffic components(pilots,controllers,equipment,and environment),especially airport arrival and departure traffic,form complicated spatial and temporal dynamics.The fluctuations of airport arrival and departure traffic are studied from the point of view of networks as the special correlation between different airports.Our collected flow volume data on the time-dependent activity of US airport arrival and departure traffic indicate that the coupling between the average flux and the fluctuation of an individual airport obeys a certain scaling law with a wide variety of scaling exponents between 1/2 and 1.These scaling phenomena can explain the interaction between the airport internal dynamics(e.g.queuing at airports,a ground delay program and following flying traffic) and a change in the external(network-wide) traffic demand(e.g.an increase in traffic during peak hours every day),allowing us to further understand the mechanisms governing the collective behaviour of the transportation system.We separate internal dynamics from external fluctuations using a scaling law which is helpful for us to systematically determine the origin of fluctuations in airport arrival and departure traffic,uncovering the collective dynamics.Hot spot features are observed in airport traffic data as the dynamical inhomogeneity in the fluxes of individual airports.The intrinsic characteristics of airport arrival and departure traffic under severe weather is discussed as well.     

E-Elman神经网络在冰蓄冷空调系统建模中的应用

冰蓄冷技术能够为空调系统带来显著的节能效果, 已广泛地应用在现代建筑当中, 准确的监测数据预测值有利于系统合理地运行; 针对实际冰蓄冷空调工程中的能源管理控制系统（energy management and control system, EMCS）数据采样周期较长所导致在系统制冰与融冰阶段数据不足的问题, 提出了一种改进的机组运行状况预测模型; 模型算法以数据变化趋势为依据, 在传统Elman中引入评价层以约束网络输出值, 增加计算针对性, 从而提高模型输出的准确性; 仿真结果表明, 此种建模方法解决了系统融冰与制冰阶段的数据突变及网络输出值局部最优解等问题, 与传统Elman网络结构相比, 其输出值更为接近测量值, 有效地提高了模型输出的真实性; 通过关联函数, 设计的模型对冷水机组的能源消耗也可起到预测作用, 进一步说明了其实用性。     

梯形网络等效电阻的网络分析

基于A参数，利用网络分析法，得到了梯形网络等效电阻的一般表达式，并将结果与相关讨论进行了比较。     

多种确定性广义Farey组织的网络金字塔

提出复杂网络的另一类家族的确定性金字塔,它是由确定性的不同连接方式构造的广义Farey组织的网络金字塔(GFONP),理论推导了该类金字塔网络的拓扑性质及其转变特点,发现三种GFONP网络的度分布都服从指数分布形式,随着时间t的不断演化网络金字塔群聚系数不断减小并趋于一个常数,同时网络金字塔从异配向同配转变,度-度相关系数也趋于一个正的常数.结果显示这类型网络的新特性具有应用潜力.     

Topology of the Erasmus student mobility network

The collaboration network generated by the Erasmus student mobilities in the year 2003 is analyzed and modeled. Nodes of this bipartite network are European universities and links are the Erasmus mobilities between these universities. This network is a complex directed and weighted graph. The non-directed and non-weighted projection of this network does not exhibit a scale-free nature, but proves to be a small-word type random network with a giant component. The connectivity data indicates an exponential degree distribution, a relatively high clustering coefficient and a small radius. It can be easily modeled by using a simple configuration model and arguing the exponential degree distribution. The weighted and directed version of the network can also be described by means of simple random network models.     

An exponential distribution network

A complex network with an exponential distribution p(k)\propto\e^{{-\frac{k}{k_{c}}}}with k _c =3.50±0.02 is introduced and found to have assortative correlation k _i ⁿⁿ =B+qk _i (q>0) from numerical simulation.     

Evolution of Chinese airport network

With the rapid development of the economy and the accelerated globalization process, the aviation industry plays a more and more critical role in today’s world, in both developed and developing countries. As the infrastructure of aviation industry, the airport network is one of the most important indicators of economic growth. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the Chinese airport network (CAN) via complex network theory. It is found that although the topology of CAN has remained steady during the past few years, there are many dynamic switchings inside the network, which have changed the relative importance of airports and airlines. Moreover, we investigate the evolution of traffic flow (passengers and cargoes) on CAN. It is found that the traffic continues to grow in an exponential form and has evident seasonal fluctuations. We also found that cargo traffic and passenger traffic are positively related but the correlations are quite different for different kinds of cities.     

Synchronization of asynchronous probabilistic boolean network

This paper researches the synchronization of asynchronous probabilistic Boolean network and synchronization theorems are provided. Inner synchronization and outer synchronization are considered, respectively. It should be pointed that synchronization theorems and corollaries with probability one and probabilities unequal to one are both taken into consideration. What’s more, the asynchronous multivalued Boolean network is also studied as an extension. Finally, some examples for asynchronous probabilistic Boolean network synchronizations are provided in the numerical simulation.     

复杂网络中心性对灾害蔓延的影响

基于一个普适性的灾害蔓延动力学模型,在三种网络拓扑结构(随机网、小世界网和无标度网)下,仿真分析了网络中心性对灾害蔓延速度和扩散趋势的影响.通过改变初始蔓延条件来分析网络初始状态对蔓延效率的影响,并着重讨论了在四种初始崩溃节点选取策略下灾害蔓延最终状态的差异.结果表明:对于四种攻击策略,网络最终状态有着明显的差异,网络对随机攻击具有较强的抵御能力,而对于目标,攻击却显示较强的脆弱性,或许,三种网络表现出不同的脆弱程度.最后,在一个实际网络上对理论分析结果进行了验证.     

Evolution of a protein domain interaction network

In this paper, we attempt to understand complex network evolution from the underlying evolutionary relationship between biological organisms. Firstly, we construct a Pfam domain interaction network for each of the 470 completely sequenced organisms, and therefore each organism is correlated with a specific Pfam domain interaction network; secondly, we infer the evolutionary relationship of these organisms with the nearest neighbour joining method; thirdly, we use the evolutionary relationship between organisms constructed in the second step as the evolutionary course of the Pfam domain interaction network constructed in the first step. This analysis of the evolutionary course shows: (i) there is a conserved sub-network structure in network evolution; in this sub-network, nodes with lower degree prefer to maintain their connectivity invariant, and hubs tend to maintain their role as a hub is attached preferentially to new added nodes; (ii) few nodes are conserved as hubs; most of the other nodes are conserved as one with very low degree; (iii) in the course of network evolution, new nodes are added to the network either individually in most cases or as clusters with relative high clustering coefficients in a very few cases.     

Analysis of robustness of urban bus network

In this paper,the invulnerability and cascade failures are discussed for the urban bus network.Firstly,three static models(bus stop network,bus transfer network,and bus line network) are used to analyse the structure and invulnerability of urban bus network in order to understand the features of bus network comprehensively.Secondly,a new way is proposed to study the invulnerability of urban bus network by modelling two layered networks,i.e.,the bus stop-line network and the bus line-transfer network and then the interactions between different models are analysed.Finally,by modelling a new layered network which can reflect the dynamic passenger flows,the cascade failures are discussed.Then a new load redistribution method is proposed to study the robustness of dynamic traffic.In this paper,the bus network of Shenyang City which is one of the biggest cities in China,is taken as a simulation example.In addition,some suggestions are given to improve the urban bus network and provide emergency strategies when traffic congestion occurs according to the numerical simulation results.     

Enhancement of scale-free network attack tolerance

Despite the large size of most communication and transportation systems,there are short paths between nodes in these networks which guarantee the efficient information,data and passenger delivery;furthermore these networks have a surprising tolerance under random errors thanks to their inherent scale-free topology.However,their scale-free topology also makes them fragile under intentional attacks,leaving us a challenge on how to improve the network robustness against intentional attacks without losing their strong tolerance under random errors and high message and passenger delivering capacity.Here we propose two methods (SL method and SH method) to enhance scale-free network’s tolerance under attack in different conditions.     

The structural evolution of an online discussion network

A discussion network is an important kind of social network, and it has been researched by many scholars in recent years. In this paper, we mainly studied its structural evolution based on an empirical study of a famous online discussion that happened in China in 2008. We found that the scale growth of the network shows an S shape, the degree distribution represents the power law in the first halfway, and the network shows a degree of disassortativity characteristic. We also classified the most active participants into different groups by their opinions and studied the structural evolution of opposite groups. It was observed that the evolution of nodes in each group were very similar, but the evolution of densities were obviously different. Specifically, we found that the most active participants preferred to converse with those belonging to the opposite groups at the beginning and tended to converse with anybody regardless of group as the discussion network grew. In the paper, these evolution patterns are revealed, and future lines of research are also considered.     

Condensation and evolution of a space-time network

In this work, we try to propose in a novel way, using the Bose and Fermi quantum network approach, a framework studying condensation and evolution of a space-time network described by the Loop quantum gravity. Considering quantum network connectivity features in Loop quantum gravity, we introduce a link operator, and through extending the dynamical equation for the evolution of the quantum network posed by Ginestra Bianconi to an operator equation, we get the solution of the link operator. This solution is relevant to the Hamiltonian of the network, and then is related to the energy distribution of network nodes. Showing that tremendous energy distribution induces a huge curved space-time network may indicate space time condensation in high-energy nodes. For example, in the case of black holes, quantum energy distribution is related to the area, thus the eigenvalues of the link operator of the nodes can be related to the quantum number of the area, and the eigenvectors are just the spin network states. This reveals that the degree distribution of nodes for the space-time network is quantized, which can form space-time network condensation. The black hole is a sort of result of space-time network condensation, however there may be more extensive space-time network condensations, such as the universe singularity (big bang).      

An evolving network model with modular growth

In this paper, we propose an evolving network model growing fast in units of module, according to the analysis of the evolution characteristics in real complex networks. Each module is a small-world network containing several interconnected nodes and the nodes between the modules are linked by preferential attachment on degree of nodes. We study the modularity measure of the proposed model, which can be adjusted by changing the ratio of the number of inner-module edges and the number of inter-module edges. In view of the mean-field theory, we develop an analytical function of the degree distribution, which is verified by a numerical example and indicates that the degree distribution shows characteristics of the small-world network and the scale-free network distinctly at different segments. The clustering coefficient and the average path length of the network are simulated numerically, indicating that the network shows the small-world property and is affected little by the randomness of the new module.     

面向成本-收益好的无标度耦合网络构建方法

较大平均路径长度的网络会带来较大的网络延迟, 难以支持时间敏感业务与应用. 通过增加连接可以降低源和目的节点之间的跳数, 进而降低网络平均延迟, 使得更加快速地传播信息, 但是增加连接的同时也增加了网络构建成本. 分层网络是研究网络耦合的一个有效方法, 但目前网络构建过程中将每层网络分别处理并认为每层网络之间没有强相关性. 本文提出了一种面向成本-收益的无标度网络动态构建方法. 此方法将网络分为多层, 基于连续论在高层网络中添加连接, 使得网络演化为无标度网络. 此连续过程包括节点度增加过程和局部网络半径增长两个连续过程, 在增加连接的过程中引入表征网络构建成本和收益的成本-收益指标. 模拟结果表明引入成本-收益指标的无标度耦合网络构建方法能够在合理范围内有效降低网络平均路径长度, 提升网络性能, 并且本文给出了耦合网络的动态业务性能, 通过调整高层网络避免网络拥塞.     

一种可大范围调节聚类系数的加权无标度网络模型

在Barrat, Barthélemy 和 Vespignani (BBV)加权无标度网络模型的基础上，提出了一种可大范围调节聚类系数的加权无标度网络模型——广义BBV模型(GBBV模型).理论分析和仿真实验表明，GBBV模型保留了BBV模型的许多特征，节点度、节点权重和边权值等都服从幂律分布.但是，GBBV模型克服了BBV模型只能小范围调节聚类系数的缺陷，从而可以用于具有大聚类系数网络的建模. 关键词： 无标度网络 加权网络 聚类系数     

梯形网络等效电阻网络分析的再研究

基于对称互易网络的A参数，利用网络分析法探讨了梯形网络等效电阻的一般式，并将结果与相关讨论进行了比较。