基于可见-近红外光谱变量选择的荒漠土壤全磷含量估测研究

以新疆艾比湖湿地保护区采集的300个荒漠土壤样品为研究对象,利用ASD Field Spec○R 3 HR光谱仪获取的土壤可见-近红外光谱数据以及化学分析获取的土壤全磷数据为数据源,将原始光谱数据经过卷积平滑、标准正态变量变换以及一阶微分预处理后,采用蚁群-遗传结合区间偏最小二乘法提取荒漠土壤全磷含量特征波长,构建土壤全磷含量偏最小二乘回归预测模型;并与全谱偏最小二乘、蚁群-区间偏最小二乘、遗传-偏最小二乘模型进行比较。结果表明：经蚁群-区间偏最小二乘法筛选后,荒漠土壤全磷特征波段为500~700,1 101~1 300,1 501~1 700,1 901~2 100 nm;进一步采用遗传-区间偏最小二乘法进行变量选择,得到共线性最小的13个有效波长,分别为：1 621,546,1 259,573,1 572,1 527,564,1 186,1 988,1 541,2 024,1 118和1 191 nm。建模方法比较显示,采用蚁群-遗传结合区间偏最小二乘法选择的特征变量,建立的模型精度最高,其次是遗传算法、蚁群算法和全光谱。蚁群-遗传结合区间偏最小二乘法建立的土壤全磷含量的模型,效验证均方根误差RMSECV以及预测集均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.122和0.108 mg·g-1,效验证相关系数R_c以及预测集的相关系数R_p分别为0.535 7,0.555 9。因此,经过卷积平滑、标准正态变量变换以及一阶微分预处理,并利用蚁群-遗传结合区间偏最小二乘法建立的模型不仅简单,而且具有较高的预测精度和较好的稳健性,可以估算荒漠土壤全磷含量。     

热红外光谱的干旱区土壤含盐量遥感反演

干旱区土壤盐渍化已对生态环境构成严重威胁,通过遥感技术对土壤盐分含量进行定量反演具有重要意义。通过采集艾比湖流域的农田土壤和盐壳结晶,在室内配制成不同含盐量梯度（盐分占盐土比重：0.3%～30%）的土壤样品,利用102F FTIR光谱仪测量土壤样品的热红外光谱,并通过普朗克函数拟合得到土壤发射率数据。土壤发射率光谱曲线特征：不同含盐量土壤的发射率光谱曲线在形态和变化趋势上基本一致,发射率随含盐量增加而增大;盐分因子对Reststrahlen吸收特征有抑制作用,随着含盐量的增加,Reststrahlen吸收特征会减弱。通过发射率与含盐量相关性分析：土壤热红外发射率与盐分含量呈正相关关系,最大相关系数达到0.899,对应的波段为9.21 μm;8.2～10.5 μm是土壤盐分因子的最敏感波段。通过一元线性回归、多元逐步回归和偏最小二乘法建模分析比较,偏最小二乘法效果最佳,模型预测的R2达到0.958,RMSE为1.911%。选择ASTER,Landsat8和HJ-1B卫星传感器的热红外波段,进行发射率光谱模拟,通过相关性分析：ASTER的B10,B11和B12波段属于热红外光谱对盐分因子的敏感波段,与土壤含盐量相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.706,0.786和0.872。采用多元线性回归法建立基于ASTER热红外波段的土壤含盐量预测模型,模型预测的R2为0.833,RMSE为3.895%。结果表明,遥感传感器对土壤含盐量的预测能力,取决于传感器的光谱波段对盐分因子的敏感程度,通过卫星热红外遥感定量反演土壤含盐量是可行的,为干旱区土壤盐渍化遥感监测提供了新的途径和参考。     

土壤发射率光谱与土壤元素含量的关系研究

通过对全国十几个地区共26个土壤样品进行元素含量和红外光谱测定,分析了土壤中红外发射率光谱特征,研究了土壤发射率光谱与土壤的硝态氮(NO₃-N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)等元素以及pH值和有机质(OM)含量的相关性,并利用偏最小二乘回归和多元逐步回归建立了利用发射率光谱估算土壤各种元素含量的回归模型。由此找到了土壤元素含量与土壤发射率相关性最大的特征波段,并遴选出了不同波段哪些土壤元素与发射率的相关性最紧密,为开展土壤发射率的影响因素研究和由土壤中红外光谱预测土壤元素含量奠定了理论基础。研究结果显示：(1)在8～10 μm波段范围内,土壤发射率与土壤元素相关性从高到低依次为Ca,Mg,Mn和Fe ,相关系数最高为0.85,最低为-0.5;另外K,Fe,NO₃-N和Zn与发射率的相关性在6～8 μm波段范围内依次减小,相关系数最高为0.75,最低为0.48;而在10～14 μm波段内,Mn和K与发射率有较强的相关性,相关系数约为0.5;(2)土壤发射率与土壤pH值之间大致呈抛物线关系,在土壤的pH值为7时,发射率最高,随着土壤越酸或越碱,发射率逐渐降低;(3)在建立土壤各元素含量的预测模型时发现,偏最小二乘回归估算土壤各元素含量的精度要高于多元逐步回归,尤其是Ca,Cu和Fe这些元素,建模和交叉验证的R2分别能达到0.9、0.8以上;利用观测的土壤发射率光谱根据传感器波谱响应函数模拟得到的MODIS和ASTER传感器红外波段的发射率数据,通过多元逐步回归模型对土壤各元素含量进行估算发现,利用ASTER的热红外波段发射率估算土壤Ca含量时建模和验证的决定系数为0.774和0.892;用MODIS的红外波段发射率估算土壤Ca和Fe含量的建模和验证的决定系数都在0.85以上,估算Mg和K的建模和验证的决定系数都在0.5以上;并且ASTER的第10和11波段和MODIS的第28,29和30波段对土壤各元素有较高的敏感性,更适合用于土壤各元素的估算。     

基于TASI热红外数据的黑土土壤发射率光谱与土壤全钾含量关系研究

土壤钾元素含量是评价土壤营养程度重要的指标之一。利用热红外发射率(TASI)数据对钾元素的反演研究较少且模型精度较低。利用在黑龙江海伦地区采集的热红外航空成像光谱仪TASI数据,经过预处理和温度与发射率分离后,探究黑土土壤热红外发射率与钾元素含量关系。在对比了常规的多元逐步回归与偏最小二乘建模方法后,使用了一种新的逐步回归方法-全二次多元逐步回归建立模型,相对于常规多元逐步回归,引入了更多的参数进行模型的建立,有效提高反演精度。研究发现,土壤发射率数据对于选用有效特性波段建立的模型对钾元素具有较高的反演精度,所选特征波段均为负相关,波段分别为6(8.602μm), 11(9.150μm), 15(9.588μm), 23(10.464μm),相关系数依次为-0.658,-0.673,-0.645和-0.627。钾元素通过多元逐步回归建模与预测的均方根误差RMSE:0.027和0.032,判定系数R~2:0.667和0.82,相比于常规多元逐步回归建模与预测的均方根误差RMSE:0.031和0.031,判定系数R~2:0.569和0.78与偏最小二乘法建模与预测的均方根误差RMSE:0.033和0.037,判定系数R~2:0.45和0.51评价指标精度均有所提高,说明该方法有效提高了利用发射率数据对钾元素的反演精度。在利用学生化残差对模型进行去除异常值的改进后发现,建模精度有了明显提高但是测试精度却有所降低,过度拟合训练集数据导致模型泛化性下降,因此不建议对模型过度拟合。     

基于高光谱的土壤有机质含量估算研究

高光谱遥感技术以其光谱分辨率高、波段连续性强、数据丰富的特点,因而在土壤养分研究中得到广泛应用.通过土壤钉机质的高光谱遥感分析,可以充分了解土壤养分的状况及动态变化,为指导农业生产及保护农业生态环境提供科学依据.本文基于江西省余江县和泰和县采集的34个红壤土样350～2 500 nm波段的光谱曲线,研究了土壤光谱与土壤有机质含量之间的关系.先对土壤反射率光谱进行两种变换:一阶微分(R')、倒数的对数log(1/R),然后在提取特征吸收波段的基础上,运用多元逐步线性回归法和偏最小二乘回归法建立相应的估算模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,偏最小二乘回归法优于多元逐步线性回归法,其建立的高光谱估算模型具有快速估算土壤中有机质含量的潜力.     

苹果可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测的偏最小二乘回归变量筛选研究

为了提高苹果可溶性固形物含量近红外光谱校正模型的预测能力和稳健性,分别采用反向区间偏最小二乘法、遗传算法和连续投影算法,筛选苹果可溶性固形物的近红外光谱变量,并建立了偏最小二乘回归模型。利用遗传算法筛选的141个变量建立的校正模型,预测效果最好,与全谱建立的校正模型比较,预测相关系数,从0.93提高到0.96,预测均方根误差,从0.30°Brix降低到0.23°Brix。实验结果表明遗传算法结合偏最小二乘回归方法,有效地提高了苹果可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测模型的预测精度。     

基于可见/近红外光谱技术的林地土壤氮含量测定

提出一种利用可见/近红外光谱技术进行杉木林土壤全氮测定的方法.利用不同方法实现了土壤光谱的预处理,并以偏最小二乘回归算法(PLS)建立土壤氮含量估测模型对其进行比较分析,发现小波除噪结合多远散射校正能最有效地消除原始光谱的噪声与背景信息,此时PLS模型校正集与预测集R2分别为0.891与0.885.为优化模型,对预处理后的光谱数据采用主成分分析法(PCA)降维,以最小二乘支撑向量机回归算法(LS-SVR)建立了土壤氮含量估测模型,其校正集与预测集R2分别提高至0.921与0.917,具有比PLS算法更高的精度.结果表明:以可见/近红外光谱技术进行林地土壤氮含量快速监测是可行的,其中小波去噪结合多元散射校正系光谱预处理的优选方法,而LS-SVR则是建模的优选方法.     

矿区复垦农田土壤重金属含量的高光谱反演分析

以矿区复垦农田土壤为研究对象,利用实验室获取的土壤重金属元素砷(As)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和铅(Pb)的含量与土壤可见近红外高光谱数据建立重金属元素含量的定量估算模型。为了保证模型预测的精度和稳定性,首先,对原始光谱数据进行平滑处理,并进行光谱变换,即：一阶导数,标准正态变量变换及连续统去除变换;然后,通过相关性分析提取不同变换光谱的特征波段;最后,将最小二乘支持向量机与传统的多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归方法的结果相比较。研究表明：(1)以不同变换光谱数据建立反演模型均有较好的稳定性并达到一定精度,其中以最小二乘支持向量机方法优于偏最小二乘回归优于多元线性回归模型(除少数几个情况外);(2)从不同光谱变换数据中提取的光谱特征对反演模型结果有一定影响,其中以连续统去除和标准正态变量变换建模结果较好,一阶导数变换稍差。因此,利用高光谱遥感技术来定量估算土壤重金属含量是可行的,而且,必要的光谱预处理对提高估算模型的精度很有帮助。     

近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶

在探讨近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶的可行性过程中,首先对不同厚度(0.5,1,2和4mm)血液样品的近红外透射光谱进行了分析。发现全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外透射光谱更适合于进行光谱分析。进而采集了176个全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外光谱。对采集的光谱进行多元散射校正、二阶微分法光谱预处理后,采用逐步多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归方法建立定量分析模型,预测了全血丙氨酸氨基转移酶的含量。结果表明:利用近红外光谱法测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶时,采用偏最小二乘回归方法建立的定标模型预测效果最好,定标相关系数、定标标准差和预测标准差的值分别为:0.98,2.42和7.22。     

基于中红外漫反射光谱的土壤重金属元素含量预测研究

研究了中红外漫反射光谱快速预测土壤重金属元素含量的可行性。以在南京江宁区和八卦洲采集的共161个土壤样品为例,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)法对土壤中Ni,Cr,Cu,As,Zn,Pb,Hg和Cd等8种重金属元素数据进行了预测。通过对样品的中红外(MIR)漫反射光谱进行各种预处理,探讨了中红外光谱数据预处理对预测精度的影响,并比较了中红外光谱与可见光-近红外(VNIR)光谱对土壤重金属含量预测的精度。结果表明,依次经平滑、基线校正、多元散射校正预处理能显著提高中红外光谱数据的预测精度;经校正的中红外光谱对异地样品预测的均方根误差是可见光-近红外光谱的21%～73%,比VNIR波段更能准确预测异地样品中土壤重金属元素含量。研究表明,中红外漫反射光谱可以作为一种快速、非破坏方法预测土壤重金属元素含量,且比可见光-近红外精度高。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.