Application of 3-D Fluorescence: Characterization of Natural Organic Matter in Natural Water and Water Purification Systems

Natural organic matter (NOM) found in water sources is broadly defined as a mixture of polyfunctional organic molecules, characterized by its complex structure and paramount influence on water quality. Because the inevitable release of pollutants into aquatic environments due to an ineffective control of industrial and agricultural pollution, the evaluation of the interaction of NOM with heavy metals, nanoparticles, organic pollutants and other pollutants in the aquatic environment, has greatly increased. Three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence has the potential to reveal the interaction mechanisms between NOM and pollutants as well as the source of NOM pollution. In water purification engineering system, the 3-D fluorescence can indicate the variations of NOM composition and gives an effective prediction of water quality as well as the underline water purification mechanisms. Inadequately treated NOM is a cause of precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), posing a potential threat to human health. Effective control and measurement/evaluation of NOM have long been an important factors in the prevention of water pollution. Overall, 3-D fluorescence allows for a rapid identification of organic components thus indicating possible sources of water pollution, mechanisms of pollutant interactions, and possible DBPs formed during conventional treatment of this water. This article reviews the 3-D fluorescence characteristics of NOM in natural water and typical water purification systems. The 3-D fluorescence was effective for indicating the variabilities in NOM composition and chemistry thus providing a better understanding of NOM in natural water system and water engineering system.     

迭代最小二乘法气体光谱自动水汽差减算法

傅里叶红外光谱法具有测量速度快、信噪比高、检测范围广等优势,在针对污染源废气排放的快速检测及长时间在线监测中具有巨大的发展潜力。水汽是红外光谱污染气体检测中的主要干扰物,影响NO_X,SO₂等重要污染物的检测,差减水汽背景谱消除光谱中水汽干扰可提高这些污染物的检测精度,具有重要意义。气体光谱中水汽吸收峰由于受到水分子团簇、仪器线型函数等影响,通过数值方法对其计算的误差较大;为此,水汽背景谱一般需采用同一台光谱仪实测获得。主要有两种方法： 第一种是通过反复调节水汽/氮气混合气中的水汽浓度,使水汽背景谱中的水汽吸收峰与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰相同,此方法耗时较长,且受环境条件制约很难在现场检测中使用;第二种方法是预先测量不同浓度的水汽光谱,在检测污染气体时选取两幅与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰最为接近且将其夹在中间的水汽光谱作为参考谱,使用这两幅参考谱线性拟合与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰相同的水汽背景谱,此方法可获得高度近似的水汽背景谱,但当前缺乏相关自动算法妨碍了其在快速自动消除水汽干扰方面的应用。为此,提出一种选取水汽参考谱及拟合水汽背景谱的自动算法,用于自动差减消除水汽干扰。在参考谱选取中,使用污染气体光谱依次减去浓度由低至高的水汽光谱,依据差减后光谱中水汽吸收峰所在波数的吸光度正负性来选取参考谱。在水汽背景谱计算中,基于迭代最小二乘法逐步剔除光谱中受污染物吸收峰干扰的波数,采用剩余波数上的数据拟合水汽背景谱,使其与污染气体光谱中水汽吸收峰相一致。使用水汽背景谱对污染气体光谱进行差减即可消除污染气体光谱中的水汽干扰。对含有NO₂的污染气体光谱进行了差减消除水汽干扰实验,结果表明所提出的自动算法可快速准确消除水汽干扰;NO₂在消除水汽干扰后可由其位于1 629 cm-1的强吸收峰检测,相比消除水汽干扰前使用不受水汽干扰的位于2 917 cm-1的弱吸收峰检测,其检出限得到了大幅提高。     

Understanding the effects of mineral water matrix on degradation of several pharmaceuticals by ultrasound: Influence of chemical structure and concentration of the pollutants

Degradation of seven relevant pharmaceuticals with different chemical structures and properties: acetaminophen (ACE), cloxacillin (CXL), diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), piroxicam (PXC), sulfacetamide (SAM) and cefadroxil (CDX), in distilled water and mineral water by ultrasound was studied herein. Firstly, proper conditions of frequency and acoustic power were determined based on the degradation ability of the system and the accumulation of sonogenerated hydrogen peroxide (24.4 W and 375 kHz were found as the suitable conditions for the sonochemical treatment of the pharmaceuticals). Under such conditions, the pharmaceuticals degradation order in distilled water was: PXC > DCF ~ NPX > CXL > ACE > SAM > CDX. In fact, the initial degradation rate showed a good correlation with the Log P parameter, most hydrophobic compounds were eliminated faster than the hydrophilic ones. Interestingly, in mineral water, the degradation of those hydrophilic compounds (i.e., ACE, SAM and CDX) was accelerated, which was attributed to the presence of bicarbonate ions. Afterwards, mineral water containing six different initial concentrations (i.e., 0.331, 0.662, 3.31, 16.55, 33.1, and 331 µM) of selected pharmaceuticals was sonicated, the lowest concentration (0.331 µM) always gave the highest degradation of the pollutants. This result highlights the great ability of the sonochemical process to treat bicarbonate-rich waters containing pollutants at trace levels, as pharmaceuticals. Finally, the addition of ferrous ions to the sonochemical system to generate a sono-Fenton process resulted in an acceleration of degradation in distilled water but not in mineral water. This was attributed to the scavenging of sonogenerated HO• by bicarbonate anion, which decreases H₂O₂ accumulation, thus limiting the Fenton reaction.     

Assessment of bone calcium and phosphorus content using micro X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ‐EDXRF): effects of long‐term cadmium poisoning

This study assesses whether the concentrations of biologically important elements in bones are altered by long‐term consumption of cadmium (Cd)‐contaminated water. Heavy metal poisoning has significant impact on humans, and pollutants such as Cd are often found at high concentrations in waterways. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats consumed water with 50 p.p.m. Cd (Cd group), and another 12 consumed normal water (control group). Six subjects from each group were sacrificed after 2 weeks and the others after 4 weeks. Spectra were acquired from the femur by using the EDAX Eagle III micro‐XRF setup, and quantitative calculations were performed by using the fundamental parameter method to determine the concentrations of elements. A bone calcium/phosphorus concentration ratio (Ca/P) of 2.07 ± 0.001 is observed in the spectra from control subjects after 2 weeks and 2.07 ± 0.001 after 4 weeks. In Cd subjects, Ca/P after 2 weeks is 2.04 ± 0.001 and after 4 weeks is 1.97 ± 0.003. Statistically significant differences are obtained when comparing controls with Cd subjects at both time points and when comparing Cd subjects at both time points. Cadmium poisoning significantly affects bone Ca and P concentrations, increasing the likelihood of osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FTIR固定污染源VOCs在线监测系统

挥发性有机物(VOCs)造成了全球环境污染,给人们日常生活工作带来不利影响。对挥发性有机物进行高效准确监测成为我国大气环境治理的热点。与其他污染物气体相比,VOCs更易挥发并可以和其他污染物发生反应,其物理化学性质的复杂性对已有的检测方法提出了很高的要求。在众多的气体检测方法中,光谱检测技术以其方便快捷、检测准确等优点得到了广泛应用。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)作为光谱检测技术中重要的一员,不仅可以多通道快速检测,还可以分析上百种污染物种类并实时计算污染物浓度,解决了VOCs气体性质复杂带来的困扰。开展了固定污染源VOCs在线监测系统的研制,整套系统基于傅里叶变换红外光谱,干涉仪出射的红外干涉信号被10 m光程的气体池中的目标气体吸收后进行傅里叶变换,得到含有气体特征吸收峰的红外光谱;将红外光谱与标准谱库的数据进行对比分析即可实现对目标气体的种类鉴定和浓度测量。系统覆盖650～4 000 cm-1光谱范围,由于大多数VOCs在中红外指纹区具有相对独立的吸收峰,因此可实现对多种气体的分析检测。光谱分辨率为1 cm-1,浓度检测范围为1.6～319.47 mg·m-3(以苯为例)。系统对甲苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等十几种VOCs进行分析测试,得到不同气体的红外光谱图,与标准数据库吻合得很好,并且可以根据不同气体的吸收峰对其进行区分。为了得到气体的准确浓度,需要对仪器进行标定。为降低气体在气体池内腔和反射镜上的吸附并控制水蒸气含量,加入温控系统对气体池温度进行实时监测。实验中通入不同浓度的二甲苯标准气体,利用五点标定法得到分析浓度与标准浓度之间的关系,分析浓度的相对偏差小于0.06%。为验证系统在实际工作场景下的性能,选取某喷涂车间,对喷漆过程中溶剂和稀释剂挥发形成的VOCs污染进行一周的监测,得到苯、甲基乙基酮、异丙醇以及乙酸乙酯四种主要污染气体的浓度变化。设定浓度安全阈值为安全作业提供参考。从长时间测试数据分析,系统平均无故障时间(MTBF)长达1 000 h,可长时间稳定可靠地实时监测。     

基于非分散红外吸收的总有机碳检测仪研制

总有机碳是以碳的含量来表示水体中有机物总量的综合指标,比化学需氧量等参数更能准确反映有机污染程度。根据C02气体对红外光的吸收与其浓度的关系符合Lambert—Beer定律,研制了一种非分散红外法总有机碳检测仪。该仪器能将待检测的水样导入反应器,水样中有机物被氧化成CO2,非分散红外模块检测到的CO2浓度与水样中总有机碳浓度具有良好的对应关系。具体论述了该仪器的工作流程、分析方法和数据处理方法。测试结果表明仪器的检测下限优于0．5mg／L。该仪器可以为污染减排工作提供可靠的数据支持,完善污染物总量减排监测体系建设。     

二维相关谱在环境科学中的应用与展望

近年来,随着世界经济的快速发展,大量有害物质排放到环境中,全球环境问题日益严重。光谱检测分析技术由于其快速、便捷、可实现实时现场原位分析检测的特点,已经广泛的应用于水质、大气和土壤环境的检测分析。环境系统是一个开放复杂的体系,容易受到很多因素的影响,常规一维光谱技术难以从复杂的环境体系中提取感兴趣组分的特征信息。二维相关谱技术表征的是随特定外扰变化的信息,不仅能提取复杂环境中微弱的、被覆盖的特征光谱信息,而且还可以提供这些特征信息之间的关系。在综述二维相关谱技术近些年新发展的基础上,详细介绍了该技术在水、土壤和空气环境分析中的应用,其中包括水中农药残留、水中有机污染物定性定量分析、海洋黏液物质和海洋泡沫的形成机理;土壤中有机污染物定量分析、土壤污染物修复吸附机理;大气中气溶胶形成机理,污染气体定性定量分析。最后,详细介绍了二维相关谱在环境中有机质分子特性及与其他金属离子相互作用机理研究中的应用,指出二维相关谱在环境科学领域研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

复合垂直流人工湿地净化过程中DOM的三维荧光光谱分析

三维特征荧光参数可以反映污水处理过程中污染物的种类、性质和含量变化等丰富信息。通过对水样进行三维荧光特性分析和常规有机污染物指标COD,TN,TP的对比分析, 确定表征污水中溶解性有机污染物种类、组成和含量的三维特征荧光。对进水、间隙水和出水中DOM的四种不同组分的荧光光谱图、荧光峰值(R.U.)、荧光指数FI、腐殖化指数HIX以及与COD,TN,TP的相关性进行研究可知：污水处理前后特征荧光峰中心位置和强度均发生明显的改变, 表明污水中有机物的相对组成和含量随处理过程而变化;类腐殖质组分的降解情况不显著,而类蛋白组分的降解情况显著,类蛋白组分与COD,TN,TP呈现显著正相关。采用三维荧光光谱法分析了污水处理过程中溶解性有机物的荧光特性变化规律, 探讨三维荧光技术用于描述污水处理过程中溶解性有机污染物降解规律的可行性。     

The Use of Radio-Release Methods for the Determination of Some Water Pollutants

Water pollution is a global problem of expanding concern, not only because of an ever larger number of chemicals being added by man to the hydrologic cycle, but also because of the greatly increased need for larger and larger amounts of useable water. The latter factor has required multiple reuse in many parts of the world, and hence placed greater demands on pollution control technology. At the same time, we are gradually becoming more aware of the sometimes subtle and complex effects of pollutants on the behavior of the hydrologic cycle itself; problems of accelerated eutrophoication, long-term contamination of underground water, and unexpected effects of sediment contamination are only a few examples. A potentially far-reaching factor is the surprisingly recent realization that we have inadequate information about the environmental behavior and ultimate fate of many pollutants; e.g. the heavy metals.     

Leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial wastewater sludge by ultrasonic treatment

Ultrasonic treatment for sludge reduction in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can substantially affect the fate of trace pollutants. However, their fates in the different phases of sludge and mass balances have rarely been reported. In this study, wastewater sludge samples were ultrasonicated at 600 W for 0–30 min. Then, the leaching of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the sludge solids (sediment) to the liquid phase (supernatant) was investigated. The total concentration of PAHs (∑₁₆ PAHs) in the sludge sediment (2.10 μg/g) was comparable with those of previous worldwide studies. Among the 16 PAHs, naphthalene and acenaphthylene were dominant. The total concentrations of PAHs in the supernatant generally increased with sonication time, indicating that PAHs associated with sludge materials, such as microorganisms, were released into the supernatant. Lighter and more water soluble PAHs were released preferentially into the supernatant in dissolved form, whereas heavier and more hydrophobic PAHs were strongly bound to particles. According to mass balance calculations, 21% of the PAHs in the sludge sediment moved to the supernatant without discernible sonodegradation. An additional experiment for degradation of PAHs supported this interpretation, and several reasons for the no significant sonodegradation were discussed. This result suggests that leaching trace pollutants may significantly contaminate the sludge filtrate after ultrasonic treatment, and therefore their fates should be investigated.     

基于激光诱导荧光的油类污染物检测系统研究

油类污染物具有破坏海洋生态系统和间接污染大气及土壤的危害,快速、准确地检测污染物的成分及其浓度具有重要意义。由于油类污染物光谱重叠严重,因此难以通过传统荧光分析准确加以区分。本文基于激光诱导荧光技术,以氙灯作为激发光设计荧光光谱检测系统,并对0#柴油、92#汽油和煤油进行扫描和检测,从而获得激发/发射光谱以及最佳激发/发射波长。并对该系统的软件算法部分进行改进,运用Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑直接获得更加精确的激发/发射光谱,更能全面、准确地反映油类物质的荧光特性信息。并与传统的荧光光谱仪得到的光谱图进行对比,经实验验证激光诱导荧光技术的荧光光谱检测系统的有效性,对油类污染物的荧光光谱信号的检测具有更高的灵敏度。     

Electrodialytic desalination of brackish water: effect of process parameters and water characteristics

The aim of this work is to study the desalination of brackish water using a laboratory scale electrodialysis cell. The influence of several parameters, such as flow rates, initial feed concentration, applied voltage and circulation mode on process efficiency were studied. This efficiency is evaluated by the demineralization rate, ionic flux transport and current efficiency. In this study, experiments were carried out on synthetic brackish water solutions prepared from sodium chloride salts. The concentrations of these solutions are varying from 0.5 to 3 g L^?1. The process was applied for the treatment of real brackish water sample with total dissolved salts ～5 g L^?1. The concentrations of different species in the obtained treated water are below the amounts recommended by World Health Organization for drinking water.     

The application of flow to an ultrasonic horn system: Phenol degradation and sonoluminescence

Sonochemical (SC) processes can be increased with the application of fluid flow due to changes in bubble characteristics. In this work, a novel flow through set-up was applied to an ultrasonic horn system to investigate the effects of flow on the degradation of phenol. KI dosimetry and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) were also analysed, under the same conditions, to provide comparison of degradation to other SC processes. Further, sonoluminescence (SL) in water and different concentrations of potassium iodide (KI) and phenol solutions was studied to determine the effect of flow on processes inside the bubble that result in SL. The degradation of 0.1 mM phenol solutions, KI dosimetry and SL from phenol (0.1, 20 and 60 mM) and KI (0.1, 1 and 2 M) solutions were analysed under flow rates of 0, 24, 228 and 626 mL/min. For an ultrasonic horn system, all flow rates could augment phenol degradation beyond that of the systems without flow. At the lowest applied power, the amount of degradation was significantly increased with flow, becoming greater than degradation observed at the highest power. A strong correlation between phenol degradation and SC processes indicated that degradation followed an oxidative process. SL intensity from water, KI, and phenol solutions could also be increased with flow beyond the no flow system. For water this occurred most readily at higher powers, then for the solutes there was varied behaviour dependent upon the solute concentration. It was theorised that flow may increase the transfer of radical species to solution to enhance SC processes. An increase in SL, with flow, indicates that flow is acting to change the properties of the bubbles and/or the bubble field such that the active bubbles present collapse with greater total intensity.     

Application of the Group-Theoretical Method to Physical Problems

Abstract

The concept of the theory of continuous groups of transformations has attracted the attention of applied mathematicians and engineers to solve many physical problems in the engineering sciences. Three applications are presented in this paper. The first one is the problem of time-dependent vertical temperature distribution in a stagnant lake. Two cases have been considered for the forms of the water parameters, namely water density and thermal conductivity. The second application is the unsteady freeconvective boundary-layer flow on a non-isothermal vertical flat plate. The third application is the study of the dispersion of gaseous pollutants in the presence of a temperature inversion. The results are found in closed form and the effect of parameters are discussed.     

基于微流控芯片的臭氧化学发光法测量海水化学需氧量(COD)分析系统的研究

海水化学需氧量(COD)是海水中有机污染物的综合指标, 是海洋环境监测最重要的项目之一。现有的海水COD测量方法耗时长、体系复杂,无法满足海洋在线监测的需求。采用臭氧发光机理实现海水COD的分析,同时借助微芯片技术,设计了高集成度的新型海水COD分析系统,同时对系统中臭氧和水样流速、水样加热温度、样品盐度及过滤精度等影响测定的因素进行优化筛选。实验结果表明,该系统的测量范围为0.1～10 mg·L-1,检出限0.08 mg·L-1,与国标方法测量结果有很好的一致性,同时具有结构简单,测试时间短等优势,满足海水COD现场分析的需求。     

持久性有机污染物荧光光谱检测技术研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)种类繁多,分布范围广,对生态环境和人体健康的危害性已引起广泛关注。环境中POPs的监测分析对于污染评价、污染物修复和生产管理等有着重要的意义。基于色谱分离技术的传统检测方法具有检测限低、灵敏度高、稳定性好等优点,但也普遍存在周期长、消耗高、过程繁琐等弊端。荧光光谱分析法具有样品使用少、预处理简单、快速、无损等优势而发展迅速,国内外学者开展了大量研究工作,形成了比较完善的方法体系。介绍了我国现行环境标准中POPs的控制浓度和检测方法,综述了近年来直接/间接荧光、同步荧光扫描联用技术、化学多维校正-三维荧光光谱法和激光诱导荧光技术对POPs检测方面的应用和研究进展,重点包括土壤及水体中多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药等,着重介绍了最新研究成果,总结了技术各自适用的情况,分析了不足与待完善之处,并针对POPs的直接荧光光谱检测技术今后的研究与应用方向提出了展望,为进一步发展POPs的荧光光谱快速检测技术提供参考。     

光助Fenton反应催化氧化降解罗丹明B表观动力学研究

Fenton反应作为处理难降解有机污染物有效的高级氧化技术之一,其氧化能力来自于在酸性条件下催化分解H₂O₂产生强氧化性(2.8 eV)的羟基自由基。而太阳光照下可促进羟基自由基的产生,从而提高Fenton反应氧化降解能力。文章在初始pH 3.5,太阳光直射的情况下研究了罗丹明B,Fe2+和H₂O₂等因素的初始浓度对光助Fenton反应降解罗丹明B速率的影响,采用求解拟合幂函数动力学方程获得了该反应体系的表观动力学方程。主要研究内容包括：罗丹明B溶液的紫外-可见光谱图;罗丹B溶液的浓度-吸光度工作曲线;不同初始罗丹明B浓度体系反应的分析;不同初始Fe2+浓度体系反应的分析;不同初始H₂O₂浓度体系反应的分析;表观动力学方程参数的计算。实验结果表明,该反应体系的动力学方程为：V=5×10-9P1.28F0.366E0.920,反应总级数为2.57。     

Spectroscopic Study of Heavy Metals at Different Depths in Southeastern Soil of Nile Delta,Egypt

The present work has been conducted to study the level of pollutants in six sectors at southeastern soil of Nile delta of Egypt. The level of major, minor and trace metals were surveyed by conventional atomic emission spectroscopy. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to study Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in both soil and irrigating water at different depths up to 100 cm. Results indicate that heavy metals were found with higher concentrations in soil that is irrigated with untreated wastewater. Some samples from locations irrigated with clean surface water also showed higher metal concentrations because of uncontrolled use of fertilizers. The level of metals in surface samples down to 100 cm depth, indicate the possible mobilization of heavy metals that subsequently transported to groundwater and/or the drainage water in these areas. The possible pollution of groundwater and/or drainage water leads to further contamination of soil in other areas through infiltration and diffusion causing wide deterioration of Nile delta agricultural land.     

Experimental study of electric discharge treatment of nanodiamond particles in water

A novel type of high voltage pulsed electric discharge in water flow in a Venturi tube is proposed. The influence of the novel discharge on sizes and properties of nanodiamond particles has been studied. Experiments were carried out in water media with purified detonation nanodiamonds made impure by non-diamond carbon material. The ability of high voltage pulsed electric discharge in water to modify nanoparticle conglomerates in water solution and to relieve spherically shaped nanodiamond conglomerates from the initial mixture with non-diamond material can be seen. Prolonged treatment of the suspension made it possible to relieve primary nanodiamond crystals from conglomerates. Formation of ordered and unordered structures from primary (3?C5 nm) nanodiamond crystals has been observed. Study of the electric discharge in water was carried out at the pressure region from atmospheric down to 0.02 atm to reproduce conditions which are typical for the discharge in the Venturi tube in liquid flow and different gap lengths. Two ??types?? of discharge behavior depending on the geometry of the discharge system and other external parameters have been observed. Characteristics that are critical for understanding the behavior of the discharge in the Venturi tube in water flow have been investigated.     

Evaluation of process parameters of ultrasonic treatment of bacterial suspensions in a pilot scale water disinfection system

In this study, several process parameters that may contribute to the efficiency of ultrasound disinfection are examined on a pilot scale water disinfection system that mimics realistic circumstances as encountered in an industrial environment. The main parameters of sonication are: (i) power; (ii) duration of treatment; (iii) volume of the treated sample. The specific energy (E_s) is an indicator of the intensity of the ultrasound treatment because it incorporates the transferred power, the duration of sonication and the treated volume. In this study, the importance of this parameter for the disinfection efficiency was assessed through changes in volume of treated water, water flow rate and electrical power of the ultrasonic reactor. In addition, the influences of the initial bacterial concentration on the disinfection efficiency were examined. The disinfection efficiency of the ultrasonic technique was scored on a homogenous and on a mixed bacterial culture suspended in water with two different types of ultrasonic reactors (Telsonic and Bandelin). This study demonstrates that specific energy, treatment time of water with ultrasound and number of passages through the ultrasonic reactor are crucial influential parameters of ultrasonic disinfection of contaminated water in a pilot scale water disinfection system. The promising results obtained in this study on a pilot scale water disinfection system indicate the possible application of ultrasound technology to reduce bacterial contamination in recirculating process water to an acceptable low level. However, the energy demand of the ultrasound equipment is rather high and therefore it may be advantageous to apply ultrasound in combination with another treatment.