激光距离选通成像门宽对图像信噪比影响

为了解不同激光测距精度下的选通成像信噪比,本文利用外场实验系统对不同门宽条件下的图像信噪比进行了分析。首先,根据激光距离选通成像理论建立作用距离模型,初步确定系统各项参数。在此基础上,构建外场实验系统,并利用实验系统进行外场实验研究。对不同门宽条件下的图像进行分析对比,获得门宽与图像信噪比关系曲线。实验结果表明:在门宽2 μs范围内,图像信噪比≥8,图像质量满足自动识别要求,充分证明了距离选通成像系统对测距精度要求较低,完全满足实际应用需求。     

微焦点源X射线相衬成像技术

 相衬成像方法利用硬X射线对低密度弱吸收物质成像，可获得高衬度图像。用菲涅尔衍射理论分析了X射线图像的形成机理。在频域中根据光学传递函数，对物像距离、样品空间频率等对图像相位衬度的影响进行了分析。分辨率和衬度是决定图像可见度的两个依据，分辨率主要依赖于光源的空间相干性，空间相干性又决定于源点尺寸，而时间相干性（单色性）是一个不重要的影响因子。利用多色微焦点源实现了X射线相衬成像技术，获得了有价值的相衬图像，如低原子序数低密度泡沫材料的硬X射线相衬图像，与吸收衬度成像相比，其图像质量得到了很大提高，能观察到泡沫材料的细微结构，分辨率可达μm量级。     

基于图像信噪比的X射线同轴相衬成像系统设计

通过对具有二维高斯型相位分布特征物体的X射线同轴相衬成像技术进行理论分析,提出了一种基于图像信噪比的成像系统优化设计方法。采用数值模拟的方式分别对亚微焦点源、激光驱动微焦点源和同步辐射源三种X射线源下的成像系统进行了优化设计,结果表明:相对于最大化衬度的系统优化设计方法,信噪比优化设计方法在较小降低衬度的前提下,可以较好地改善图像信噪比并得到更为合理的成像距离。     

优化X射线同轴相位衬度成像的理论研究

采用同轴相位衬度成像方法，基于PGW理论获得的频域相位衬度传递函数，对于理想光源和多色X射线源，用计算机模拟分析了如何选择物像距离和空间频率以获取最佳相位衬度像。实际应用中要综合考虑具体成像实验装置对于物像距离的可调范围以及成像分辨率的要求。对于具有一定谱宽的X射线源，应选择谱宽尽量小的源，以获得含信息量丰富、分辨率高的图像。     

衍射增强成像信息分离方法研究

衍射增强成像（DEI）是一种功能强大的相位衬度成像技术,对于软组织,它能获得比基于吸收的传统X射线成像技术更高的衬度.研究了一种基于DEI的信息分离方法,它能同时获得三种参数图像,即吸收像、折射像和小角散射像.信息分离利用解析方程求解,获得的参数图像质量取决于在三个不同的分析晶体角度处获得的DEI图像.利用矩阵条件数对方程求解的稳定性进行了讨论,推导出理论上的折射角和小角散射宽度的最大值.最后,利用豚鼠耳蜗DEI图像对研究结果进行了验证. 关键词： 信息分离 衍射增强成像 矩阵条件数 豚鼠耳蜗     

新型偏振干涉成像光谱仪信噪比研究

基于辐射度学、电磁与偏振理论和傅里叶变换光谱学理论，从理论和实验上对超小型稳态偏振干涉成像光谱仪的信噪比进行了深入地分析与讨论.推导出了其信噪比的理论计算公式；采用计算机模拟给出了傍轴条件下信噪比随入射角的变化规律；深入分析了偏振干涉成像光谱仪所特有的偏振化方向对信噪比的影响.在调制度等于0.6，0.7，0.8，0.9，1.0时，给出信噪比随偏振器光轴偏角的变化关系，并给出最优化值.在最优化情况下，采用计算机模拟得出了信噪比随探测器像元数的变化规律，与干涉成像光谱实验结果完全相符.理论与实验结果表明，该偏振干涉成像光谱仪在高调制度的情况下具有高通量、高信噪比的显著特点，适合于航空航天、远距离目标和微弱信号的探测.该研究为新型偏振干涉成像光谱技术的研究和新型成像光谱仪的设计、研制和工程化提供了重要的理论依据和实践指导.     

X射线光栅相位成像的理论和方法

通过对X射线光栅相位衬度成像实验装置的理论分析,提出了光栅位移曲线的表达式,推导出了X射线光栅相位衬度成像方程.根据该成像方程,提出了基于光栅成像相位提取方法.这些理论结果将简化光栅相位衬度成像实验步骤,提高信息获取效率,并为X射线光栅相位衬度成像和计算机断层成像的结合,进一步提出光栅相位衬度CT的简化理论奠定基础. 关键词： X射线 相位衬度成像 光栅衍射 Talbot效应     

临边成像光谱仪信噪比分析及实验研究

临边成像光谱仪是一种对大气遥感探测有重要研究和应用价值的新型空间光学遥感仪器。信噪比是定量评价成像光谱仪成像质量和辐射性能的的一项重要指标,信噪比的估算和测量对成像光谱仪的研制至关重要。针对临边成像光谱仪从辐射传输和能量转换角度,建立了信噪比模型,推导了色散型临边成像光谱仪信噪比计算公式,编制了信噪比快速计算程序。利用大气辐射传输软件MODTRAN 4.0模拟计算出在典型观测条件下仪器入瞳光谱辐亮度,从理论上估算了已研制成的临边成像光谱仪原理样机在典型观测条件下的信噪比。结果表明,在典型观测条件下原理样机的信噪比不低于8。作为实验验证,利用内照明积分球光源对临边成像光谱仪原理样机进行了信噪比测量,测量结果证实了理论模型的正确性。     

微聚焦管硬x射线位相衬度成像

利用微聚焦管硬x射线光源进行同轴位相衬度成像实验，所用的光源聚焦尺寸最小可达0.5μm.根据微聚焦硬x射线管的光学传递函数，对光源尺寸、相干长度等因素对成像分辨率的影响进行了分析.对新鲜的未经任何处理的生物样品进行了位相衬度成像，分辨率在10μm左右，并和吸收衬度成像进行了对比.实验结果表明利用微聚焦管作为硬x射线光源，多色硬x射线位相衬度成像可以得到比吸收衬度成像高得多的分辨率. 关键词： 位相衬度成像 微聚焦管x射线源 吸收衬度成像 光学传递函数     

空间相干与入射光子能量对临床类同轴X射线相衬成像影响

在临床实际应用中,X射线源是一个具有有限尺寸的多色光源.基于Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射理论,考虑空间相干的影响,新的类同轴X射线相衬成像公式被导出.分别代表吸收效应与相位效应的吸收衬度传递函数和相位衬度传递函数从新公式得到.吸收衬度传递函数和相位衬度传递函数的曲线由Matlab给出,不同源半径的最佳成像位置也被计算.理论分析结果如下:1）当光源半径足够大时空间相干效应须被考虑,减小源半径可以增强相位效应|2）源半径与最佳成像位置间有确定关系,并在本文中给出|3）源尺寸效应对相位效应影响不是无限的|4）减小入射X射线光子能量将会显著增强相位效应,但不会对最佳成像位置有影响,因此,上述结论可以被拓展到多色光情况.为了验证理论结果,本文给出了对一个表面破损的光学玻璃微聚焦相衬成像的实验结果.其中一些实验结果与理论分析符合很好,但也有一些实验未达到预期,相关的解释文中也已给出.     

Superresolution imaging of scatterers in ultrasound B-scan imaging

A number of imaging systems exhibit speckle, which is caused by the interaction of a coherent pulse reflecting off of random reflectors. The limitations of these systems are quite serious because the speckle phenomenon creates a pattern of nulls and peaks from subresolvable scatterers or targets that are difficult to interpret. Another limitation of these pulse-echo imaging systems is that their resolution is dependent on the full spatial extent of the propagating pulse, usually several wavelengths in the axial or propagating dimension and typically longer in the transverse direction. This limits the spatial resolution to many multiples of the wavelength. This paper focuses on the particular case of ultrasound B-scan imaging and develops an inverse filter solution that eliminates both the speckle phenomenon and the poor resolution dependency on the pulse length and width to produce super-resolution ultrasound (SURUS) images. The key to the inverse filter is the creation of pulse shapes that have stable inverses. This is derived by use of the standard Z-transform and related properties. Although the focus of this paper is on examples from ultrasound imaging systems, the results are applicable to other pulse-echo imaging systems that also can exhibit speckle statistics.     

色散型成像光谱仪整机成像质量研究

根据色散型成像光谱仪静态和扫描成像两种工作模式的特性,提出了通过狭缝法测试成像光谱仪系统静态的调制传递函数(modulation transfer function,MTF),通过刀口法测试系统扫描成像的MTF的完整的测试方案,并给出了测试实例。刀口法给出了系统扫描成像时沿扫描方向和垂直扫描方向的MTF;狭缝法采用虚拟狭缝代替成像光谱仪的自身狭缝测试了系统静态时的MTF,两者测试结果基本吻合。虚拟狭缝法对于其他存在狭缝的成像光谱仪系统成像质量的测试具有借鉴意义。     

Dynamic sample imaging in coherent diffractive imaging

As the resolution in coherent diffractive imaging improves, interexposure and intraexposure sample dynamics, such as motion, degrade the quality of the reconstructed image. Selecting data sets that include only exposures where tolerably little motion has occurred is an inefficient use of time and flux, especially when detector readout time is significant. We provide an experimental demonstration of an approach in which all images of a data set exhibiting sample motion are combined to improve the quality of a reconstruction. This approach is applicable to more general sample dynamics (including sample damage) that occur during measurement.     

Continuous imaging space in three-dimensional integral imaging

We report an integral imaging method with continuous imaging space. This method simultaneously reconstructs real and virtual images in the virtual mode, with a minimum gap that separates the entire imaging space into real and virtual space. Experimental results show that the gap is reduced to 45% of that in a conventional integral imaging system with the same parameters.     

Targeted-ROI imaging in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) is a technique that has been used for in vivo oxygen imaging of small animals. In continuous wave (CW) EPRI, the measurement can be interpreted as a sampled 4D Radon transform of the image function. The conventional filtered-backprojection (FBP) algorithm has been used widely for reconstructing images from full knowledge of the Radon transform acquired in CW EPRI. In practical applications of CW EPRI, one often is interested in information only in a region of interest (ROI) within the imaged subject. It is desirable to accurately reconstruct an ROI image only from partial knowledge of the Radon transform because acquisition of the partial data set can lead to considerable reduction of imaging time. The conventional FBP algorithm cannot, however, reconstruct accurate ROI images from partial knowledge of the Radon transform of even dimension. In this work, we describe two new algorithms, which are referred to as the backprojection filtration (BPF) and minimum-data filtered-backprojection (MDFBP) algorithms, for accurate ROI-image reconstruction from a partial Radon transform (or, truncated Radon transform) in CW EPRI. We have also performed numerical studies in the context of ROI-image reconstruction of a synthetic 2D image with density similar to that found in a small animal EPRI. This demonstrates both the inadequacy of the conventional FBP algorithm and the success of BPF and MDFBP algorithms in ROI reconstruction. The proposed ROI imaging approach promises a means to substantially reduce image acquisition time in CW EPRI.     

光电成像系统超分辨成像技术方法研究

提出一种提高现有光电观瞄系统成像空间分辨率的新方法.在不改变阵列探测器件像元尺寸和不移动探测器的前提下,利用双光楔的较大移动使像平面发生微小位移,实现对探测器各相邻像元和不感光间隔目标进行微位移采样,提高目标信息的采样率,通过超分辨重建技术来提高系统的分辨能力,达到提高光电观瞄系统空间分辨率的目的.实验结果表明:该方法绕开了微小位移探测器需要克服的技术难题,同时避开了直接减少像元尺寸的工艺问题,且成像分辨率高.     

Quantitative assessment of dynamic PET imaging data in cancer imaging

Clinical imaging in positron emission tomography (PET) is often performed using single-time-point estimates of tracer uptake or static imaging that provides a spatial map of regional tracer concentration. However, dynamic tracer imaging can provide considerably more information about in vivo biology by delineating both the temporal and spatial pattern of tracer uptake. In addition, several potential sources of error that occur in static imaging can be mitigated. This review focuses on the application of dynamic PET imaging to measuring regional cancer biologic features and especially in using dynamic PET imaging for quantitative therapeutic response monitoring for cancer clinical trials. Dynamic PET imaging output parameters, particularly transport (flow) and overall metabolic rate, have provided imaging end points for clinical trials at single-center institutions for years. However, dynamic imaging poses many challenges for multicenter clinical trial implementations from cross-center calibration to the inadequacy of a common informatics infrastructure. Underlying principles and methodology of PET dynamic imaging are first reviewed, followed by an examination of current approaches to dynamic PET image analysis with a specific case example of dynamic fluorothymidine imaging to illustrate the approach.     

用于成像侦察的CCD探测器成像分辨力的探讨

通过对CCD探测器成像过程的模拟,分析了CCD成像在像元几何尺寸及成像灰度方面的数字离散化特征对CCD成像分辨力的影响,给出了CCD成像分辨力与CCD像元分辨力的关系,同时也给出了在相应情况下的调制度传递函数(MTF)的数值。     

Ultra-fast imaging

The relatively long scan times with currently available technology restrict the range of MRI applications, increase the cost of scanning by limiting throughput, and lead to image artifacts from patient motion during scans. Ultrafast imaging, in several guises, is now poised for introduction into clinical practice. With the Instascan method, a descendant of the echo-planar technique, complete MR images may be obtained hundreds to thousands of times faster than in conventional approaches and now yield spatial resolution and contrast directly comparable to standard MRI. "Single-shot" imaging methods, such as Instascan, are utilized in the study of dynamic processes, in the direct evaluation of motion (as in diffusion sensitive imaging), and in dramatic new applications, including the interactive control of intraparenchymal laser surgery. Improvements to the small flip-angle method, FLASH, have also pushed scan times into the subsecond domain; this method may be implemented on presently available imaging equipment but yields contrast behavior different from the traditional spin-echo techniques and displays signal-to-noise ratios significantly lower than single-shot imaging. Ultimately, incorporating ultra-fast MR imaging techniques into the armamentarium of the radiologist will likely require changes to many aspects of the MRI practice, from expanded involvement with the scan process to management of the increased data load, and may lead to dramatic changes in the scope of the MRI practice.