采用中子衍射实验解析PbS的原子间力常数

使用日本原子能研究开发机构里设置的高分解能粉末中子衍射装置,在15 K和294 K温度下对Pb S进行了中子衍射实验.在15 K和294 K温度里观察到了明显的振动形状的热漫散射.所观察到的漫散射强度可由原子间热振动相关效应的影响来解释.在294 K下从原子间相关效应和德拜-劳厄因子的温度参数中获得了Pb S相邻原子间的力常数.     

氧化钇(Y_2O_3)的原子间力常数

在室温条件下,使用X射线衍射实验装置对氧化钇(Y_2O_3)粉末晶体进行了衍射实验。观察到了明显的呈现振动形状的热漫散射强度。根据全衍射背底强度通用方程展开Y_2O_3的热漫散射强度方程,通过实验值和理论值的对比推导出了原子间热振动相关效应值μ,得到Y_2O_3的热漫散射强度主要来源于原子的独立振动,对热漫散射振动形状最有贡献的是第6近邻原子(Y1-Y2)间热振动相关效应。根据原子间热振动相关效应值推导出了原子间力常数。     

氧化钪(Sc2O3)的热漫散射强度解析

热漫散射分析在凝聚态物理和材料科学研究中具有巨大潜力与实用性.氧化钪(Sc₂O₃)独特的物理化学性质,使其具有较高的研究和应用价值.在室温26℃下对Sc₂O₃进行了X射线衍射实验.其热漫散射强度呈明显的振动形状,将Sc₂O₃的全衍射背底强度方程展开,并计算热漫散射强度的理论值,直至计算到第14近邻原子(r为0.3816 nm)全衍射背底强度图谱.将理论值与实验值拟合,得到了最近邻原子至第7近邻原子所对应的原子间热振动相关效应值μ,最近邻原子到第7近邻原子距离r的值分别为0.2067,0.2148,0.2161,0.2671,0.2945,0.3229和0.3265 nm,所对应的原子间热振动相关效应值μ分别为0.64,0.63,0.62,0.61,0.60,0.58和0.57.研究发现Sc₂O₃热漫散射强度大小与原子的热振动密切相关,对热漫散射强度振动形状影响最大的是第7近邻原子Sc₁-Sc...     

静电场作用下α-碘酸锂单晶中子衍射的增强(Ⅱ)

在以前工作的基础上,继续作了以下的实验:(1)在低温条件下测定了α-碘酸锂单晶在静电场中的衍射情况,观察到在～180K以下出现“冻结”现象,即加上电场并不能使衍射增强,撤去原在室温所加的电场后衍射强度也并不减弱;(2)用狭束中子探测了加静电场后晶体的不同部位,观察到衍射增强是体效应而不是表面层效应;(3)测定了低频交变电场对晶体中子衍射强度的影响,衍射束增强的程度随频率的下降而加大,频率在1500Hz时衍射束的增强已不明显。     

名词浅释

热中子 在习惯上常将中子按其能量加以区分.对于动能在～0.01—0.1eV间的中子,因为它的能量和一般分子的热运动相近,故常称之为“热中子”.相干和非相干散射 中子在各种原子上进行散射时,散射出来的中子(波)通常有两种成份:一种可以和由其他原子散射出来的中子波相互间产生干涉效应,这一部分称之为“相干散射”(类似于相干光);另一种则不能与其他原子散射出来的中子波相互干涉,称为“非相干散射”.两种成分的比例随核而异.衍射就是利用相干部分而得的效应.拉曼效应,拉曼谱学 当一束单色光在某些介质(固体、液体或气体)上受到散射时,可以由…     

补偿中子测井中与温度相关轻水热中子散射数据库的研制与应用

补偿中子测井受到环境温度的影响,利用数值模拟计算来进行修正,但目前的理论计算程序MCNP缺乏水的精细温度相关的热中子散射数据库。为了解决蒙特卡罗模拟热中子散射S(α,β)模型只能求解特定温度条件下中子输运问题的局限性,基于热中子散射的S(α,β)原理,采用内插法得到不同温度下水的频谱分布、振动;在最新的ENDFB-VII.1数据库上,利用NJOY99程序制作了ACE格式的轻水热中子散射截面数据库。利用系列次临界基准题对数据的准确性进行了验证,不同数据库之间的计算结果及基准题的结果符合得很好。自制的数据应用于测井仪器中的温度效应修正,取得了较好的效果。     

GaN和GaN:Mg外延膜低温拉曼谱的对比研究

对液氮温度下六方相GaN和掺Mg的P型GaN薄膜的拉曼谱进行了对比研究。除对两个样品中主晶格振动模进行了对比分析外,着重讨论了位于247 cm-1的散射峰的产生机制。结果表明GaN:Mg的谱中该峰的散射强度随温度升高先增大再减小,在500K以上消失且对样品重新降温到78K观察此峰不再出现,因此认为它是缺陷产生的振动模。而GaN样品中经同样加热降温的过程此峰仍然存在,说明两个样品中该峰的产生机制不同。此外,在GaN:Mg的谱中还观察到Mg诱导的局域振动模。     

镶嵌在SiO2薄膜中纳米GaAs颗粒的Raman散射研究

纳米GaAs颗粒通过射频磁控共溅法成功地被镶嵌在SiO_2薄膜中.通过不同基片温度下沉积的薄膜的Raman光谱观察到了明显的声子限域效应.其结果表明:当沉积时基片温度低于200℃时,X射线衍射和Raman散射均表现出非晶结构特征;当基片温度升高到300℃时,薄膜内的GaAs具有闪锌矿结构,同时其结构振动纵光学声子模对应的Raman散射峰将从非晶散射峰中分离出来,但同大块材料相比,该峰表现出明显的宽化和红移;随着沉积时的基片温度进一步提高,其宽化和红移相应地减小. 关键词：     

巴黎-爱丁堡压机中子衍射高压下温度加载实验

巴黎-爱丁堡压机(Paris-Edinbrugh press)因具有大体积样品、便携、结构简单等优点,被广泛应用于中子源进行高压原位中子衍射实验.但因单轴加压而导致封垫和组装不断沿径向向外流动的特点,给高压下组装的加热效率、保温效果、上下压砧的绝缘及热电偶连接等方面带来困难,从而使得巴黎-爱丁堡压机在高压下的温度加载非常具有挑战性.本文通过对高温高压组装的结构进行优化设计,提高了组装的加热效率和保温效果.通过对热电偶引线方式的优化,实现了高压下温度的直接测量.设计的HPT-3组装和HPT-3.5组装在高压下的温度加载最高可分别达到2000 K和1500 K,并且二者较大的样品尺寸满足中子衍射实验的需求.原位高温高压中子衍射实验结果说明, HPT-3组装在压力8.5 GPa、温度1508 K的条件下可以获得高质量的样品的中子衍射谱,同时该结果也进一步验证了所设计组装的良好稳定性.     

Nd0.5Sr0.4Pb0.1MnO3的结构和磁性

通过室温下的中子衍射和磁性测量对多晶样品Nd0.5Sr0.4Pb0.1MnO3的结构和磁性进行了实验研究.中子衍射结果表明,该样品具有正交的钙钛矿结构,空间群是Pnma,即结构发生了晶场畸变.由M-T和R-T曲线可知,居里温度TC=273 K,其特征是随着温度的增加样品经历了从铁磁金属态转变到顺磁半导态,且转变温度Tp＝225 K;用锰氧化物晶场和双交换作用的竞争解释了其温度Tp以下的金属特性.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.