Stability of Crystal Growth Face and Dissolution Face in Crystallization from Solution under Microgravity

The stability of the shapes of crystal growth face and dissolution face in a two-dimensional mathematical model of crystal growth from solution under microgravity is studied.It is proved that the stable shapes of crystal growth face and dissolution face do exist,which are suitably shaped curves with their upper parts inclined backward properly.The stable shapes of crystal growth faces and dissolution faces are calculated for various values of parameters,Ra,Pr and Sc.It is shown that the stronger the convection relative to the diffusion in solution is,the more backward the upper parts of the stable crystal growth face and dissolution face are inclined.The orientation and the shape of dissolution face hardly affect the stable shape of crystal growth face and vice versa.     

人工水晶的结晶习性与缺陷

本文从晶体结构入手研究了水晶的结晶习性与生长时物理、化学条件之间的关系,提出三方偏方面体单形在水晶生长过程中具有重要作用的论点。通过对水晶结晶习性的剖析,使表面结构与内部结构得到由表及里的联系。从籽晶取向(z切,y棒,x棒与z轴相交55°切型等)研究了三方偏方面体结晶习性与晶体缺陷之间的关系。结果表明:人工水晶中的缺陷主要是三方偏方面体晶面的生长痕迹,称之为“子面缺陷”;在y棒和x棒晶体中还有各族晶面之间形成的“生长锥界面缺陷”。 关键词：     

关于人工水晶生长形态与界面分子组波度之间的联系

采用在造型上经特殊设计的籽晶,使对于z轴而言,籽晶的内向同外向生长皆可进行,从而充分地展示了人工水晶的多种生长形态。描述了三种不同形式的三方偏方面体的形成,它们分别是5161的近倾面,6155以及从2112和10559形变而形成的毗邻相接的三角形小面。此外,为沿z(0001)面侧向推展时-x向速度超过+x向提供了直截了当的证据。 关键词：     

A microscopic time scale approximation to the behavior of the local slope on the faceted surface under a nonuniformity in supersaturation

The morphological stability of a growing faceted crystal is discussed. We argue that the interplay between nonuniformity in supersaturation on a growing facet and anisotropy of surface kinetics derived from the lateral motion of steps leads to a faceted instability. Qualitatively speaking, as long as the nonuniformity in supersaturation on the facet is not too large, it can be compensated for by a variation of step density along the facet, and the faceted crystal can grow in a stable manner. The problem can be modeled as a Hamilton-Jacobi equation for height of the crystal surface. The notion of a maximal stable region of a growing facet is introduced for microscopic time scale approximation of the original Hamilton-Jacobi equation. It is shown that the maximal stable region keeps its shape, determined by profile of the surface supersaturation, with constant growth rate by studying large time behavior of solution of macroscopic time scale approximation. A quantitative criterion for the facet stability is given.     

Correlation between growth of high-index faces, relative growth rates and crystallographic structure of crystal

According to contemporary crystal growth theories, crystals are bound by low-index faces which are the most slowly growing. However, high-index faces are observed in crystal habits more and more often. In this paper the growth of high-index faces is analysed from a crystallographic perspective. It is shown that the crystallographic structure of a given crystal, expressed by the trigonometric function of appropriate interfacial angles, influences to great degree the crystallisation process and the morphology of crystals, in particular the behaviour of high-index faces. Additionally, it is concluded that at particular crystallographic structure of a crystal, a given high-index face may exist in the habit and develop its size, although it grows much faster than the neighbouring faces. Received 31 July 2001     

Effect of mechanical deformations on the growth of crystals (according to atomic force microscopy data)

Nanosized morphological transformations occurring on the surface of a crystal in the area drawn by a probe needle during the growth of a scratch and the growth kinetics of crystals subjected to mechanical impact have been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). A series of experiments with mechanical impact on topographically different areas of a growing face (100) of a dioxidine crystal has been performed. It has been shown that even slight local contact between the probe needle and the surface on a nanoscale leads to essential crystallogenetic (morphological and kinetic) consequences, and its effect is perceptible for a long time. Among these consequences are the coarsening of stages, the appearance of great fluctuations in the growth rate of stages, the loss of morphological stability by the surface even at a distance of several tens of micrometers from the contact area, and also the phenomenon of simultaneous growth and dissolution in neighboring areas of stages.     

Ib型金刚石大单晶的限形生长

金刚石的限形生长有利于其后续加工.对于磨料级金刚石限形生长的研究已经比较透彻,但金刚石大单晶的限形生长尚缺乏全面系统的研究.本文以Fe Ni(64wt%:36wt%)合金为触媒,利用高温高压下的温度梯度法在5.6 GPa时对不同温度下分别沿(100)面和(111)面生长的Ib型金刚石大单晶的晶形进行了研究.研究表明:随着温度的升高,沿(100)晶面生长的金刚石大单晶的晶形分别为板状、塔状直至尖塔状,而沿(111)面生长的金刚石大单晶的晶形则分别为塔状和板状;分析了不同温度下分别沿(100)面和(111)面生长金刚石大单晶不同晶形高径比的变化情况.利用不同压力和温度下的金刚石大单晶合成实验绘制了沿(100)和(111)面生长金刚石大单晶的晶形在V形生长区域内的分布示意图,表明沿(111)面生长的金刚石大单晶V形区温度下限明显比以(100)面生长的高,而沿这两面生长金刚石大单晶的V形区温度上限差别并不明显.对不同生长面V形区温度上下限的差别进行了解释,据此实现了Ib型金刚石大单晶的限形生长.     

体材料结晶能力的理论预测

引入评价晶体材料缺陷的残缺度及描述晶面表面势场的结晶势两个概念,针对Ni,Cu,Al,Ar单质在不同温度条件下的再结晶过程进行了大量的分子动力学模拟,发现残缺度随结晶势的增大而单调地减小,即结晶势越大则形成单晶体能力越强.由于结晶势能够唯一地确定结晶能力并且其计算简单,因此可从理论上快速方便地预测材料形成单晶体的能力. 关键词： 单晶 结晶 分子动力学 材料设计     

界面动力学对过冷熔体中球晶生长界面形态的影响

考虑了在非平衡凝固条件下球晶生长过程中界面动力学系数随界面温度的变化,利用渐近分析方法求出了在过冷熔体中球晶生长温度场和界面的近似解析解,研究了非线性界面动力学过冷对于过冷熔体中球晶界面形态和生长速度的影响.研究表明,界面动力学系数越大,球晶的生长速度越快; 反之,表明界面动力学系数越小,球晶的生长速度越慢.与忽略界面动力学的情形比较,在球晶生长过程中依赖于界面温度变化的界面动力学显著地减缓了晶体生长的速度. 关键词： 球晶 界面形态 渐近分析     

微重力下溶液法晶体生长模型中晶体生长界面稳定性的研究

研究在微重力条件下溶液法晶体生长的一个二维数学模型中晶体生长界面的稳定性问题.对晶体生长界面为不同倾斜角度的平面的情况作了数值计算,计算结果表明有可能存在一个稳定的晶体生长界面,它应该是一个在Y=λ这一端向后倾的适当形状的曲面 关键词： 微重力 溶液法晶体生长 二维模型 生长界面的稳定性     

The mass transfer process and the growth rate of NaCl crystal growth by evaporation based on temporal phase evaluation

The mass transfer process and the crystal growth rate have been proved to be very important in the study of crystal growth kinetics, which influence the crystal quality and morphological stability. In this paper, a new method based on temporal phase evaluation was presented to characterize the mass transfer process in situ and determine the crystal growth rate. The crystallization process of NaCl crystal growth by evaporation was monitored in situ by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the absolute concentration evolution, the evaporation rate and the real-time supersaturation of solution were obtained using temporal phase analysis, which acted as a novel technique to extract phase variation along time axis recently. Based on the evaporation rate and the absolution concentration, a new method to calculate mass transfer flux during the crystal growth without the knowledge of the mass transfer coefficient was proposed, and then the crystal growth rate could also be retrieved under the hypothesis of cubic crystals. The results show that the crystal growth rate increases with the supersaturation linearly. It is in agreement with the diffusion theories, which presume that matter is deposited continuously on a crystal face at a rate proportional to the difference in concentration between the points of deposition and the bulk of solution. The method is applicable to the research of crystallization process based on evaporation or vapor diffusion of which the precise conditions of nucleation and supersaturation are usually unknown because of the complexity of the evaporation rate and crystal growth rate.     

The fluid phenomena in the crystallization of the protein crystal

This paper reports that an optical diagnostic system consisting of Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a phase shift device and image processor has been used for study of the kinetics of protein crystal growing process. The crystallization process of protein crystal by vapour diffusion is investigated. The interference fringes are observed in real time. The present experiment demonstrates that the diffusion and the sedimentation influence the crystallization of protein crystal which grows in solution, and the concentration capillary convection associated with surface tension occurs at the vicinity of free surface of the protein mother liquor, and directly affects on the outcome of protein crystallization. So far the detailed analysis and the important role of the fluid phenomena in protein crystallization have been discussed a little in both space- and ground-based crystal growth experiments. It is also found that these fluid phenomena affect the outcome of protein crystallization, regular growth, and crystal quality. This may explain the fact that many results of space-based investigation do not show overall improvement.     

界面能各向异性对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用元胞自动机 (cellular automaton, CA) 模型研究了界面能各向异性对二维定向凝固枝晶生长的影响. 模拟结果显示当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向一致时, 随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由弱界面能各向异性时的海藻晶转变为强界面能各向异性时的树枝晶. 同时, 界面能各向异性强度会影响稳态枝晶尖端状态的选择, 界面能各向异性越强, 定向凝固稳态枝晶尖端半径越小, 尖端界面前沿的液相浓度和过冷度越小. 稳态枝晶生长的尖端状态选择参数与界面能各向异性强度也存在标度律的指数关系, 而枝晶一次间距则受界面能各向异性强度影响较弱. 当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向呈-40°夹角时随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由海藻晶逐渐转变为退化枝晶, 后又逐渐转变为倾斜枝晶. 关键词： 元胞自动机 枝晶 界面能各向异性     

Fluctuations of steps at the faces of potassium dihydrophosphate crystals in a solution

The time dependence of the step-displacement fluctuations at the faces of a prism and a bipyramid of potassium dihydrophosphate (KDP) crystals is determined by in situ atomic-force microscopy in the line-by-line scanning mode. It is shown that the build-up of fluctuations follows a t ^1/4 law and not a t ^1/2 dependence as for a single diffusing particle. Measurements are made during growth and dissolution in the vicinity of the equilibrium position. It is found that the fluctuations at the prism face during dissolution are stronger than those during growth. Voronkov’s theory is used to compute the basic parameters of crystallization and to interpret the obtained results.     

Morphological stability of small islands upon deposition of a substance on the crystal surface

The diffusion growth of a flat cylindrical island of a new phase during deposition of a substance on a crystal surface is considered. The stability of a growing island to small disturbances of its shape is analyzed with due regard for the boundary kinetics of adatoms at the island interface for the case in which the island radius is small compared to the characteristic diffusion length of the adatoms. The threshold island radii are determined above which the amplitude of the shape distortion and the amplitude of the relative deformation of the island shape increase.     

相场模型模拟液固界面各向异性作用下自由枝晶生长

采用自适应有限元方法求解相场模型,分别对界面能各向异性和界面动力学各向异性条件下自由枝晶生长过程进行了模拟.计算表明两种各向异性均显著影响枝晶的生长,随着各向异性的增大枝晶尖端生长速度增大,尖端半径降低. 两种各向异性对自由枝晶生长有着不同形式的影响,在界面能各向异性条件下,枝晶生长稳定性系数与各向异性系数成幂函数关系;而在动力学各向异性条件下,稳定性系数与各向异性系数成线性关系. 关键词： 界面能各向异性 动力学各向异性 自由枝晶生长 相场模型     

Linear stability analysis on a spherical particle growing from a binary melt under the far-field flow

The solutions of temperature and solute fields around a spherical crystal growing from a binary melt under the far-field flow are obtained.Based on the results,a linear stability analysis on the spherical interface growing from the binary melt under the far-field flow is performed.It is found that the constitutional supercooling effect ahead of the spherical crystal interface under the far-field flow is enhanced compared with that without the flow.The growth rate of the perturbation amplitude at the up-wind side of the spherical crystal interface is larger than that at the down-wind side.The critical stability radius of the crystal interface decreases with the increasing far-field flow velocity.Under the far-field flow,the whole spherical interface becomes more unstable compared with that without the flow.     

Non-Isothermal Crystallization Behaviors of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer-Graft-Maleic Anhydride

Maleic anhydride (MAH) was melt-grafted on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) with a grafting degree of 6.3%. Through studying the crystal structure of the resulting EVA-g-MAH, the MAH groups had little influence on crystal structure. According to the Owaza model analysis of the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of EVA-g-MAH and EVA, the MAH groups had a large blocking effect on crystallization. However, the Mo model showed that the crystallization rate of EVA-g-MAH was slightly faster than EVA. The crystallization activation energy was calculated by the Takhor and Kissinger models, and both results indicated that EVA had a larger effective energy barrier than EVA-g-MAH.     

Structural reasons for the perpendicular anisotropy in ferrospinel single-crystal films

Results of investigations into the perpendicular anisotropy of ferrospinel single crystal films are analyzed. The exchange interaction constants and the contribution of the exchange energy, energy of crystallographic anisotropy, and perpendicular anisotropy to the domain wall energy density are estimated. It is demonstrated that the parameters characterizing the perpendicular anisotropy depend on the chemical composition, degree of structure imperfection, and technological conditions of synthesis. The conclusion is drawn that the perpendicular anisotropy is caused by the magnetic constants of the material, macro- and microstresses, and anisotropy of the crystal shapes.     

Study of the 4He crystal surface

The evolution of the meniscus of a helium crystal near the (0001) face is traced during a change in the boundary conditions at the chamber wall in the temperature range 0.5–0.9 K. The critical behavior of the contact angle is studied. An anisotropy is detected in the crystal-glass interface energy. New data on the temperature dependence of the elementary-step energy are obtained.