复杂气候系统和全球变暖

两位气候学家和一位理论物理学家共同荣获2021年诺贝尔物理学奖.诺贝尔物理学奖委员会在背景介绍材料中指出,他们在"理解复杂物理系统领域做出了开创性贡献".相信很多人会对两位气候学家获奖而感到惊讶,物理学奖委员会进一步具体指出,人类活动导致全球变暖这一论断建立在坚实的科学基础之上,两位气候学家获奖是因为他们基于物理原理模...     

从辐射对流平衡到全球气候模式——诺奖得主真锅淑郎工作解读

2021年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位气候学家和一位理论物理学家,以表彰他们在"理解复杂物理系统领域所做出的开创性贡献".文章主要介绍其中一位气候学家真锅淑郎(Syukuro Manabe)的工作.作为一个复杂物理系统,全球气候系统具有高度的复杂性,作为对这个复杂系统的高度近似,真锅淑郎的辐射对流平衡模型计算首次明确无误地...     

复杂性科学的机遇：2021年诺贝尔物理学奖解读

2021年诺贝尔物理学奖授予三位科学家(图1),以表彰他们"对我们理解复杂物理系统的开创性贡献"。美籍日裔科学家真锅淑郎(Syukuro Manabe)、德国科学家克劳斯·哈塞尔曼(Klaus Hasselmann)因为"地球气候的物理建模,量化可变性并可靠地预测全球变暖"的研究共享了诺贝尔物理学奖的一半奖金;意大利科学家乔治·帕里西(Giorgio Parisi)因为"发现了从原子尺度到行星尺度物理系统中的无序和涨落的相互作用"而获得了诺贝尔物理学奖的另一半奖金。今年诺贝尔物理学奖授予复杂性科学领域,既说明该领域的研究已经获得学术界的重视,同时也为复杂系统研究的发展带来了新机遇。     

制冷技术进展及其物理原理

 1997年的诺贝尔物理学奖刚刚授予了从事激光制冷等工作的三位作者.实际上,1996年和1997年连续两年的诺贝尔物理学奖都授予了与低温有关的工作.     

2014年诺贝尔物理学奖的启示

世人瞩目的诺贝尔物理学奖在2014年授予蓝光发光二极管（LED）的三位发明者,他们的经历值得借鉴,也发人深省,带来许多有益的启示,引发我们更深入地理解基础与应用的关系和更恰当地评价物理研究的科学价值和社会价值.     

科苑快讯

１９９９年诺贝尔物理学奖 据瑞典皇家科学院宣称,“由于解释了物理学中的电弱相互作用的量子结构”,两位荷兰粒子物理学家,赫拉尔杜斯·特霍夫特（Ｇｅｒａｒｄｕｓ’ ｔ Ｈｏｏｆｔ）和马丁努斯·韦尔特曼（Ｍａｒｔｉｎｕｓ　Ｖｅｌｔｍａｎ）,被授予１９９９年诺贝尔物理学奖。这两位诺贝尔奖得主的重大贡献在于为粒子物理学提供了一种计算方法,解决了其中的“重整化”问题。 ２０世纪最伟大的科学成就之一是电弱统一理论,它完成了人类科学史上的又一次大综合。 在建立电弱统一理论之时,需要解决三个基本问题：其一,不同于看待…     

温室效应的物理基础

2009年12月18日在哥本哈根举行的全球气候会议中心议题是二氧化碳减排,提倡低碳经济,以缓解全球气候变暖.全球气候为什么会变暖呢?人所共知这是温室效应所闯的祸.下面从物理的角度对温室效应加以分析.     

无序中的对称性——诺奖得主帕里西工作解读

2021年度诺贝尔物理学奖授予三位科学家,真锅淑郎(Syukuro Manabe)、克劳斯·哈塞尔曼(Klaus Hasselmann)和乔治·帕里西(Giorgio Parisi),以表彰他们"发现了气候和其他复杂现象中的隐藏模式"。其中帕里西获得二分之一的奖金,获奖理由是"发现从原子到行星尺度的物理系统中无序和涨落之间的相互影响"。帕里西的自旋玻璃理论深刻地揭示了无序体系中的隐藏对称性,为文章介绍的重点。     

气候变化归因：应对气候变化的科学基础——从诺奖得主克劳斯·哈塞尔曼谈起

2021年诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给德国学者克劳斯·哈塞尔曼(Klaus Hasselmann)与另外两位科学家。克劳斯·哈塞尔曼是著名的海洋学家、气象和气候学家、物理学家。文章将简述哈塞尔曼的研究经历,介绍他在大气响应中的信噪比和气候变化归因的多模态指纹方法等方面的重要学术成就。还将结合最新的政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告中有关气候变化归因的主要结论,阐述在哈塞尔曼的开创性工作基础上建立起来的气候变化归因理论与方法,构成了人类合作应对气候变化的重要科学基础之一。     

2010年度诺贝尔物理学奖:有关二维石墨烯材料的开创性实验

2010年10月5日,瑞典皇家科学院宣布,2010年诺贝尔物理学奖授予英国曼彻斯特大学两位俄裔科学家--安德烈·海姆和康斯坦丁·诺沃肖洛夫,以表彰他们"有关二维石墨烯材料的开创性实验".封面是海姆和诺沃肖洛夫在曼彻斯特大学校园内的合影.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.