傅里叶望远镜外场实验与结果分析

为了分析外场环境因素对傅里叶望远镜成像质量的影响和验证成像过程不受下行链路大气扰动影响的特点,开展了傅里叶望远镜外场实验研究.外场实验在室内实验的发射光学系统的基础上增加了主镜、次镜和会聚透镜组对目标散射光进行3次会聚仿真实际系统的成像过程,同时将目标与主镜、主镜与次镜分别拉开100 m距离验证成像系统不受下行链路大气扰动影响的特点.实验利用胶片打印的2种不同的卫星图片作为目标,获得了Strehl值分别为0.44、0.39的无大气扰动的外场重构图像和Strehl值分别为0.43、0.38的含大气扰动的外场重构图像.通过比较外场重构图像与室内重构图像的Strehl值,得出发射光学系统中光束的振动对成像有较大影响.分析发现无大气扰动外场重构图像与含大气扰动外场重构图像的Strehl值相近,从而验证傅里叶望远镜成像过程不受下行链路大气扰动的影响.     

基于空域非均匀傅里叶变换的傅里叶望远镜

为了在稀疏发射阵列下清晰重构目标图像,提出了一种基于空域非均匀傅里叶变换(NDFT)的傅里叶望远镜信号处理方法。依据傅里叶望远镜的发射器位置与抽取的目标空间频率关系,结合MATLAB程序特点,完成了空域非均匀傅里叶逆变换,重构了目标图像。稀疏发射阵列配置方式为:T型阵列单臂放置11个发射望远镜,连续抽取目标的8个低频信息,再抽取3个高频分量。选择不同形状和灰度分布的4个卫星作为成像目标。与补零均匀快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法重构的图像对比发现:信噪比为100 dB时,相比补零均匀FFT方法, NDFT方法重构图像的Strehl比都有所提升,最高提升了0.159 8。     

基于针孔成像像面参数提取的单板机镜头显微成像质量评价方法

提出以针孔成像调制传递函数面积(MTFA)和MTFA相对变化率作为像面参数,定量评价单板机镜头的显微成像质量。采用针孔法获取不同视场位置的光斑图像,以提取单板机镜头显微成像系统的调制传递函数(MTF);建立单板机镜头透镜组的MTF数学模型,提取边缘视场弧矢方向与子午方向的MTFA和MTFA相对变化率,用于度量被测镜头显微成像清晰度与像面平整度。开展了单板机镜头测试实验,采用论文提出的模型方法定量评价被测镜头显微成像性能,结果表明,Lens2镜头可获得最佳显微成像质量。计算被测镜头RGB点阵图像的平均功率谱(APSV)、灰度平均梯度(GMG)及拉普拉斯算子和(LS),结果显示Lens2点阵图像的APSV、GMG及LS参数值最大分别为2.7202、17.0244及94.9212,且点阵图像清晰度最高,与像面参数评价结果相符,表明论文提出的方法用于定量评价单板机镜头显微成像性能是准确有效的,对提高在线图像可视铁谱(OLVF)探头设计具有重要意义和工程价值。     

傅里叶望远镜大气湍流模拟实验

傅里叶望远术是一种能对深空暗弱目标进行高分辨率成像的技术.为了验证大气湍流对傅里叶望远镜系统的影响,进行了实验室环境下大气湍流模拟实验研究.在三束光傅里叶望远镜实验系统上,通过控制射频驱动器的输出功率来模拟光强抖动,改变射频驱动器的瞬时频率来模拟相位抖动.给出了实验理论依据,推导了湍流强度与实验变量的关系.实验在弱湍流闪烁和相位抖动两种情况下,分别给单束光和三束光加随机扰动并计算其Strehl比.结果表明,只在单束光上加扰动时重建图像影响不大;在三束光上加扰动时,弱湍流光强抖动对傅里叶望远镜系统的成像效果影响具有较大的随机性,而相位抖动会严重影响系统成像质量.因此,消除光强抖动和相位抖动影响是图像重建算法改进应该考虑的一个关键因素.     

傅里叶望远镜外场实验与结果分析

为了分析外场环境因素对傅里叶望远镜成像质量的影响和验证成像过程不受下行链路大气扰动影响的特点,开展了傅里叶望远镜外场实验研究.外场实验在室内实验的发射光学系统的基础上增加了主镜、次镜和会聚透镜组对目标散射光进行3次会聚仿真实际系统的成像过程,同时将目标与主镜、主镜与次镜分别拉开100 m距离验证成像系统不受下行链路大气...     

基于大气相干长度的湍流模糊图像复原

利用地基光学望远镜观测空间目标时,大气湍流是影响成像质量的主要因素。由于大气湍流引起成像波面的畸变,导致望远镜所获得的图像模糊。为了从模糊图像中复原出目标的原始图像,提出了一种基于大气相干长度的湍流点扩展函数估计方法,进行了理论推导,并利用Sobel方法对迭代相同次数后的盲卷积复原图进行像质评价,找出像质评价结果峰值处对应的大气相干长度;再将此值代入点扩展函数的估计公式中,得到点扩展函数更加准确的估计;然后利用此点扩展函数对湍流模糊图像进行盲卷积图像复原,最后得到目标的复原图像。从多种像质评价结果来看,该方法无需测量大气相干长度,且复原效果较理想。     

准相位闭合在傅里叶望远镜图像重构算法中的应用

为了采用T型激光发射阵列的傅里叶望远镜对深空暗、弱、小目标进行高分辨率成像探测,研究了T型发射阵列情况下的图像重构算法.借鉴点面激光发射阵列,提出了准相位闭合概念,分别得到了T型发射阵列的最小二乘法(LMS)和加权噪声的Wiener滤波图像重构算法,完善了T型激光发射配置的傅里叶望远镜成像系统,为实际工程系统的实施奠定了技术基础.在不同成像信噪比条件下对整体系统数值模拟发现:相比直接傅里叶逆变换方法,重构图像成像质量有所提升,特别是当成像信噪比较低时,如SNR为50时,LMS和加权噪声的Wiener滤波方法重构图像的斯特里尔比分别提高了7%和8.4%,证实了该方法的可行性和正确性.     

基于图像灰度梯度最大值累加的自动调焦算法

从光学系统出发介绍了基于图像处理的离焦图像成像原理,分析了传统基于灰度梯度的自动调焦算法的缺陷——灰度梯度考虑不全面并且易受噪音影响.针对传统算法不足,提出了基于图像灰度梯度最大值累加的自动调焦算法.该算法通过计算中心像素的八邻域灰度梯度,以自动聚焦区域内各像素最大灰度梯度与最大灰度与最小梯度差值乘积之和作为新的评价函数,分析了该算法可以抑制噪音影响的原理;介绍了焦点搜索自适应变步长爬山算法原理和实现过程;最后进行算法性能实验验证.首先,利用不同算法对序列图像和加入高斯噪音的图像进行清晰度评价,结果证明该算法对含噪图像的清晰度评价准确,与传统算法相比该算法在抑制噪音方面具有优越性;其次,用不同聚焦算法进行序列图像自动调焦实验,结果显示传统算法会出现错误聚焦的情况,而该算法聚焦准确迅速,相比于传统算法具有明显优势.     

湍流大气中激光传输对傅里叶望远镜成像质量的影响

针对傅里叶望远镜系统激光在湍流大气中传输造成的成像质量下降,分析了湍流对光束传输特性的影响,指出成像质量的下降主要来自于上行传输链路中湍流造成的光束漂移与光束扩展,从而产生光束指向误差。分析了指向误差影响成像的机理。通过数值计算得出了不同强度湍流造成整条上行链路光束指向误差,并通过系统仿真,得到了不同强度大气湍流条件下的成像结果。结果显示:在弱湍流与中湍流条件下（大气折射率结构常数小于10-14 m-2/3）,随机指向误差较小(偏移比小于0.06),复原图像有较好的识别性;在强湍流条件下,成像质量下降严重。因此系统应选择避开强湍流地理位置与时段进行工作。     

三种降采样成像策略的性能优化以及与传统傅里叶望远镜的比较

为了获得成像质量较好且成像时间较少的新型傅里叶望远镜成像策略,本文比较了三种降采样成像策略(压缩感知方法 (CS)、低频全采样方法 (LF)和变密度随机采样方法 (VD))与传统傅里叶望远镜(FT)在图像质量和成像时间上的差异.分析方法如下:利用传统FT外场实验所获得的目标频谱数据作为基础,三种降采样方法 (LF, VD和CS)分别按照各自的采样模式和重构方法实现目标图像的重构;通过直观观察和Strehl比两种方法比较三种降采样方法与传统FT在图像质量上的差异;通过分析成像时间的组成要素,初步比较三种降采样方法与传统FT在成像时间上的差异.分析表明:1)压缩感知方法的图像质量优于其他两种降采样方法 (LF和VD),但略低于传统成像结果; 2)压缩感知方法在成像质量上略低于传统FT,但在成像时间上却明显小于传统FT; 3)分析中采用的外场数据均含噪声,这说明上述三种降采样重构过程对噪声有较好的鲁棒性.综合上述分析结果可以看出,基于压缩感知的傅里叶望远镜(CS-FT)是在实际含噪情况下可大幅减少成像时间的优良成像策略.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.