傅里叶红外光谱法研究AP的快速热分解

用T-Jump/FTIR联用技术研究了模拟燃烧条件下AP的快速热裂解。在不同压力的高纯氮气条件下,以1000K.s-1的升温速率达到设定的温度(874和1274K)快速分解,用快速扫描傅里叶变换红外光谱原位实时分析分解产物的种类和浓度变化。结果表明,AP热裂解主要气相产物为NO2,N2O,NO,HCl和NOCl等,实验温度和压力都使AP快速热裂解气相产物N2O/NO2,NO/NO2和NO/NOCl的比值提高,因此认为AP不但存在凝聚相和非均相的气相/凝聚相反应,而且还有主要气相产物之间的"后续反应"。     

Py-GC/MS分析技术与其在烟用中草药添加剂中的应用

通过热裂解实验,可以更加深入地了解卷烟燃吸过程中各个燃烧条件和整个烟气化学的关系,还可对不同温度下的裂解产物和作用机理进行研究.本文综述了裂解-气相色谱/质谱法在烟用中草药添加剂研究中的应用.     

常压下玉米秸秆多元醇液化的研究及其产物分析

利用合适的溶剂液化生物质不仅可以把木质纤维资源转化成液体燃料,还可以将得到的低分子降解产物制备成所需的化学品和化工原料。选用价格低廉的多羟基醇类液化剂进行液化,研究了二甘醇(diethylene glycol, DEG)混合1,2-丙二醇(1,2-propanediol, PG)、传统的乙二醇(ethylene glycol, EG)混合PG (均6∶1 ω/ω)分别作为液化剂对玉米秸杆液化得率和所得生物油产品性能的影响。并采用气质联用技术（GC-MS）、傅里叶红外光谱技术（FTIR）、热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）和X-射线衍射技术（XRD）对玉米秸秆、生物油及液化残渣的纤维特性进行了分析。结果表明,当DEG与PG混合液化时,玉米秸秆生物油的得率为98.57%;而EG混合PG时的液化得率为96.08%。GC-MS分析表明,玉米秸秆生物油的主要组成成分为醇类和有机酸类,总含量高达97%以上,而EG混合PG液化所得的生物油中含有有机酸将近60%,这是造成生物油具有酸性和腐蚀性的主要原因,不利于液化反应的进行;利用FTIR检测生物油中一些分子量较大的低聚物的相应官能团,以弥补GC-MS检测的局限性,结果表明了液化体系中生成了很多活泼化学键,提高了反应体系的活性,并且生物油中包含了大量的C-O和C=O官能团,有力地佐证了GC-MS的检测分析结果。对两种液化残渣进行表征,Py-GC/MS结果表明,液化残渣的成分比较复杂,含有一定量非常难降解的大分子物质。这些物质可能是反应后期裂解的小分子重新聚合生成的大分子物质;可能是玉米秸秆本身存在一些不能被液化降解的成分;还有可能是降解的小分子物质与液化剂之间相互反应生成的新的高分子化合物。通过FTIR表明,在液化过程中,液化残渣中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的特征吸收峰都消失了,表明三大组分的基本结构单元都被破坏,三大组分都发生了液化,并且木质素降解程度最大。利用XRD对液化残渣进行表征,液化破坏了碳水化合物所构成的聚合物晶体结构,导致纤维素大分子被裂解,表明纤维素在液化作用下遭到降解,液化程度高。最终,该实验选取液化效果较好的DEG复配PG作为玉米秸秆液化时的溶剂,这也为玉米秸秆液化生产低成本、高品质的生物油提供了一种高效、环保的工艺流程。     

基于热重红外联用分析的生物质热裂解机理研究

利用热重红外联用技术在线分析研究了白松在不同升温速率下的热裂解行为,结果表明木材的热裂解可归结于纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三种主要组分的热裂解。白松的热裂解产物主要有酸类、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、水分和小分子气体等。在线红外分析结果表明白松热裂解过程中先析出游离水,随后发生解聚和脱水反应,主要的苷键和碳碳键断开形成各种烃类、醇类、醛类和酸类等物质,随后,这些大分子物质又二次降解为一氧化碳为主的气体产物。     

氢氧化镁对聚苯乙烯燃烧产物的影响

聚苯乙烯和含阻燃剂氢氧化镁的聚苯乙烯复合物在气密性良好的燃烧室中燃烧，燃烧产物分别采用气相色谱和气相色谱/质谱进行分析．结果表明，氢氧化镁对聚苯乙烯燃烧产物有明显的影响．随着氢氧化镁含量的增加，二氧化碳的浓度逐渐降低；残渣中焦碳的含量以及大多数的挥发性和半挥发性有机产物，尤其是聚苯乙烯单体和一些多环化合物明显增加．这意味着氢氧化镁的存在改变了聚苯乙烯的燃烧反应路径，导致了聚苯乙烯的不完全燃烧，降低了可燃性．     

热重-红外联用分析塑料垃圾热动力学特性对多环芳烃生成的影响

本文采用热重-红外联用观察了由PE,PVC,PS等组成的混合塑料和单独的塑料组分的热动力学特性和热重逸出产物的分布特性。结果显示,在混合燃烧和热解时多环芳烃的排放特性和其各组份单独燃烧时的排放特性明显不同,这主要是由于混合燃烧和热解时各塑料组分因相互作用而引起热动力学性质发生了变化所致。     

旋流喷雾燃烧的直接数值模拟

对三维旋流喷雾燃烧进行了初步的直接数值模拟,其中液滴蒸发采用无限热传导蒸发模型描述,气相燃烧采用自适应单步反应机理,液滴的跟踪在拉格朗日框架中进行。模拟结果表明,喷雾燃烧的火焰结构十分复杂,仅采用传统的非预混燃烧模型是不够的。在蒸发和燃烧共存并存在强烈相互作用的区域,组分与混合物份额之间存在着复杂的关联,这给发展精确的湍流喷雾燃烧模型带来了挑战。     

基于红外光谱研究沥青燃烧机理和有害气体成分分析

利用Rosemount气体分析仪和定碳炉搭建起固定床燃烧反应试验平台,通过红外光谱分析技术定量分析沥青及其胶浆在高升温速率条件下燃烧反应的有毒气态产物成分、及其释放规律。研究表明,在高升温速率、近等温条件下,沥青及胶浆的燃烧过程可近似分为活泼挥发组分析出燃烧、二次挥发析出结合残炭燃烧两个阶段,其主要气态产物为CO₂,CO,NO,NO₂及SO₂。沥青材料中活泼挥发组分含量是影响燃烧气态产物释放规律的关键因素之一,减少沥青材料中活泼挥发组分的含量可有效降低燃烧气态产物的生成、尤其是CO的产生。     

GAP和GAP/B的红外光谱和热分析研究

采用傅里叶红外光谱测试(FTIR)、热重法(TG)和微商热重法(DTG)研究了GAP和GAP处理硼的样品(GAP/B)在空气和氮气两种环境中的热分解。结果表明：GAP在约170 ℃开始发生叠氮基消除反应,250 ℃左右结束,GAP骨架的解聚反应延后了40 ℃左右;硼(B)改变了GAP的热分解过程,GAP/B在55～70 ℃开始分解,明显提前于GAP本身,而且,叠氮基的消除反应与GAP骨架的解聚反应几乎同时发生。基于Kissinger热分析数据处理方法,对GAP和GAP/B两种体系在叠氮基消除阶段的热分解动力学进行了研究,结果发现在空气环境中,两种体系的活化能E的数值均较低,较易于发生反应,这是由于GAP与空气中的氧发生有氧热解所致。     

正庚烷化学动力学简化模型的构建及优化

提出了一个新的适用于HCCI发动机燃烧模拟的正庚烷化学反应动力学简化模型(40种组分和62个反应)。由三个子模型组成:低温反应子模型是在Li等人模型的基础上,定义具体的醛类(RCHO)产物和小分子碳氢产物(Rs)而构建;增加了用于链接低温反应向高温反应过渡的大分子直接裂解成小分子反应子模型;高温反应子模型是在Griffiths等人模型的基础上,去除了无关的基元反应,增加两个关于CO和CH3O的氧化反应而构建。另外,采用遗传优化技术对模型动力学参数进行调整。计算表明,新模型能够在当量比0．2-1．2,温度从300-3000 K的范围内精确模拟正庚烷HCCI燃烧时冷焰和热焰反应过程,与详细模型(544种组分和2446个反应)计算结果吻合较好。     

FTIR光谱遥测红外药剂的燃烧温度

本文利用遥感FTIR光谱，对红外药剂的燃烧特性进行了研究。在分辨率为4cm^-1时，收集4700－740cm^-1波段的光谱。从HF等燃烧产物发射的分子振转基带精细结构的谱线强度分布，可以对燃烧温度进行遥感测定，并给出了燃烧温度随时间的变化关系，实验结果表明燃烧表面附近温度梯度很大，存在着急剧的变化温度场，同时也说明，在不干扰火焰温度场的情况下，利用遥感FTIR光谱对剧烈的、非稳态快速燃烧的火焰温度进行连续实时的遥感测量，是一种快速、准确、灵敏度高的测温方法，显示了它在燃烧温度测量、产物浓度测试以及燃烧机理研究等方面的应用前景。     

Combustion model of tetra-ol glycidyl azide polymer

Tetra-ol glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is one of the best candidates for the solid fuel of gas hybrid rocket system because of self-combustibility, better mechanical property and high heat of formation, and comprehensive understanding of combustion phenomena is indispensable for such an application. Combustion model of GAP, which is one-dimensional three-phase mode combustion model, was developed by Beckstead et al. and they applied it to tri-ol GAP successfully. We have applied this model to tetra-ol GAP as an initial attempt, and numerical simulation showed that maximum temperatures in the gas phase exceeded those of experimental results significantly, and calculated burning rates were much higher than strand burner data, thus, modification of the model taking account of combustion incompleteness was found to be necessary. Combustion residues of GAP were investigated, and those were found to be composed of soot (black color), and high viscosity residue (HVR), and yellow powder which was only observed at high pressures. These residues were analyzed by means of SEM and FTIR, and mass balance was also measured. Modifications of combustion model were made taking the residue analysis results into account as Blow Off Mechanism. Simulated final temperature in the gas phase and burning rate are lowered effectively and coincide well with experimental data adjusting kinetic parameters.     

Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Thermogravimetry (TG-MS) for Evolved Gas Characterization: A Review.

INTRODUCTION

Combining thermal analysis (TA) with gas-analykal techniques significantly enhances the possibilities for correctly interpreting the mechanism of thermally induced reactions, which involve the formation of gaseous species. Several techniques can be used for evolved gas analysis (EGA), ranging from simple, non-specific detection to the more elaborate multidimensional/multifunctional methods, such as gas chromatography (GC), infrared spectroscopy (IR) or mass spectrometry (MS), for gas detection and analysis [1]. While the GC methods were used as early as the 1960s [2], EGA by FTIR was described much later and was used for the analysis of pyrolytic and combustion products. Presently, there are several commercial FTIR systems available that can be coupled to a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and a broad range of applications have been investigated by this important hyphenated technique [3].     

Unraveling the carbene chemistry of oxymethylene ethers: Experimental investigation and kinetic modeling of the high-temperature pyrolysis of OME-2

Oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) form an interesting family of synthetic compounds to replace fossil fuels. This alternative liquid energy carrier can contribute to a circular carbon economy when produced via carbon capture and utilization technology using renewable electricity. Despite the potential to reduce greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions and their ideal ignition characteristics, little is known about the thermal decomposition behavior of OMEs. In this work, new insights are obtained in the pyrolysis chemistry of oxymethylene ether-2 (OME-2) and the role of carbenes by performing experiments at high temperatures (> 850 K) in a tubular quartz reactor. The used continuous bench-scale pyrolysis unit has a dedicated on-line analysis section including comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC $\times$ GC) coupled with flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectroscopy (MS) to identify and quantify the full product spectrum over the complete temperature range. The reactor temperature was varied between 850 and 1150 K at a fixed pressure of 0.15 MPa and residence times of 400 to 850 ms. The major products are dimethoxymethane, formaldehyde, methyl formate, methane, CO₂, CO and H₂. Minor intermediate compounds comprise dimethyl ether, formic anhydride, formic acid, methoxymethyl formate and methoxymethanol. The yields of compounds with carbon-carbon bonds are low since no such bonds originally occur in OME-2. Precursors of aromatic compounds and soot particles are absent in the reactor effluent. The experimental results are simulated with a new first principles-based kinetic model for pyrolysis and combustion of OME-2. This model can predict the experimental trends of major products on average within the experimental uncertainty margin of ± 10% relative for major product species. A reaction pathway and sensitivity analysis are presented to highlight the importance of the carbenes for initiation of the radical chemistry under pyrolysis conditions.     

OH自由基启动甲苯光氧化产物的质谱

在烟雾腔系统内,辐照甲苯/CH₃ONO/NO/空气混合系统,启动甲苯的光氧化反应. 利用同步辐射光电离质谱在线检测甲苯光氧化气相产物,并用气溶胶飞行时间质谱实时测量甲苯光氧化形成的二次有机气溶胶粒子. 实验结果表明,呋喃、甲基乙二醛,2-甲基呋喃、苯甲醛、甲基酚和苯甲酸是甲苯光氧化反应形成的气体相和粒子相的主要产物,而乙二醛、2-羟基-3-氧代-丁醛、硝基甲苯和甲基硝基酚只存在粒子相.     

TG–FTIR analysis on pyrolysis and combustion of marine sediment

In this paper, the pyrolysis and combustion of sediment have been compared using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) analysis. The TG results showed that both the pyrolysis and combustion of sediment presented four weight loss stages, each. The evolving gaseous products during pyrolysis were H₂O, CO₂ and hydrocarbons, while combustion yielded considerable amounts of CO₂, in addition to H₂O, CO, CC, CO and NH₃. Comparing the pyrolysis and combustion TG-FTIR curves, it is possible to evaluate the effect of oxygen presence in the temperature range of 200–600 °C, which increases the volatilisation rate of organic matter in sediment. For the better detection of organic and inorganic matter in sediment by TG-FTIR analysis it is recommended to work in combustion mode of sediment.     

低变质煤-循环煤气微波共热解研究

低变质煤干馏热解生产兰炭、煤焦油、煤气被认为是其清洁高效转化利用的最佳途径。现有主流生产工艺普遍对原煤具有一定的粒度要求,煤焦油产量较低、质量不高,煤气中H₂,CH₄,CO等有效组分含量较低。为进一步提高低变质煤热解时煤焦油收率和质量,提出将微波热解低变质煤产生的煤气循环通入微波热解反应器中,进行低变质煤-循环煤气微波共热解。结合FTIR及GC-MS等对热解产品的分析表征,系统考察了微波功率、热解时间、煤样粒度对热解产品收率及组成的影响。研究结果表明： 低变质煤在循环煤气流量为0.4 L·min-1、微波功率为800 W、热解时间为40 min、煤样粒度为5～10 mm的工艺条件下热解,所得固体产品兰炭收率达62.2%,液体产品（煤焦油和热解水）收率达26.8%。不同微波功率及热解时间下所得兰炭红外谱线基本重合; 不同粒度煤样热解所得兰炭中—OH,CO, CC和C—O官能团含量差别较大。提高微波功率、延长热解时间、减小煤样粒度均有利于煤焦油的轻质化。