充水黏弹性管道的频散曲线计算分析

针对谱方法分析计算充水黏弹性管道的广义特征值问题,根据Chebyshev多项式及微分矩阵、位移和应力连续条件,将波动方程离散为相应的线性方程。利用MATLAB数值编程计算充水弹性和黏弹性管道对应频率下的轴对称纵向导波频散曲线和衰减曲线。分析表明,波在黏弹性管道中传播不仅具有衰减特性,而且由于水和黏弹性壳体交叉耦合作用,在一定频率范围内产生两种截断模态。     

带粘弹性包覆层充液管道中的超声导波纵向模态

理论分析和实验研究了超声导波纵向模态在带粘弹性包覆层充液管道中的传播特性。得到了纵向模态的频散曲线。以此确定了适合带粘弹性包覆层充液管道缺陷检测的一定频带的纵向模态。经分析认为,频散小,衰减低的频带0～50 kHz的L(0,1)模态和未受干扰的L(0,2)模态分支部分,如频带170～210 kHz的L(0,4)模态,适合检测外直径25 mm,壁厚1．2 mm,外壁涂覆0．35 mm厚环氧树脂的充水钢管中的缺陷。而频散和衰减大,能量主要在水或环氧树脂粘弹性层中传播的纵向模态则不适合检测该类管道中的缺陷。     

热粘性对发动机排气管道中噪声传播的影响

声波在气体中传播时,气体的热粘性效应会使声波产生一定程度的衰减,且气体的声吸收系数随温度的升高而增大。由于发动机的排气温度较高,热粘性效应引起的排气管道中的噪声衰减应加以考虑。基于准平面波理论,首次计算了考虑热粘性效应时不同温度、流速和管道尺寸下排气管道中的传递损失,分析了各参数对管道中噪声衰减的影响。结果表明,随着温度和频率的升高热粘性声衰减增强,而气流流速和管道直径的增加会降低直管中的热粘性声衰减。对于简单膨胀腔,传递损失的预测结果表明,热粘性效应使通过频率处的声衰减有所改善。     

平面波与线性粘弹海底的反射和折射

采用基于广义标准线性体Boltzmann叠加原理的固体流变模型来描述粘弹性海底底质结构,分析了沉积层和基岩的纵、横波速度频散和衰减的特点,计算了海水沉积层界面和沉积层基岩界面位移势反射和折射系数和能量反射和折射系数。结果表明,采取本模型的粘弹性海底的速度频散、衰减和已有文献的实验数据符合较好,能准确的描述海底底质的主要性质,反射和折射系数和声波的频率有关。      

曲线坐标系下孔隙介质圆柱纵向表面波的传播特性

为了研究孔隙介质圆柱纵向表面波的传播规律,分析其频散和衰减特性,在正交曲线坐标系下建立了表面波的频散方程,通过数值计算得到频散曲线,将纵向导波最低模态与表面波进行对比,并分析了曲率半径及孔隙参数对表面波频散和衰减的影响。结果表明,当频率足够大时,导波最低模态的频散曲线与表面波近似;在同一频率下,表面波的相速度随曲率半径的增大而增大,随孔隙度的增大而减小;表面波的衰减随孔隙度的增大而增大。研究结果为开展孔隙介质圆柱结构的超声无损评价提供了一定的理论参考。     

充水管道声分隔片消声性能研究II.实验研究

将声分隔片结构用于充水管道,对其消声性能进行了实验研究。主要由吸声橡皮构成的长的声分隔片,在10kHz--100kHz的频率范围内,测得其传递损失在10dB左右。     

无限长粘弹性圆柱管中轴对称波的传播模式和衰减

在Kelvin-Voigt线性粘弹性模型框架内研究了无限长粘弹性圆柱管中轴对称波的传播和衰减。通过一个复根搜索程序对频散方程的求解得到无量纲化相速度频散曲线和衰减曲线。比较了引入损耗因子后粘弹性圆柱管与弹性圆柱管中轴对称波传播的特性。给出了圆柱管的外内径之比、损耗因子和材料参数对相速度和衰减的影响。分析结果表明与弹性圆柱管相比粘弹性圆柱管中轴对称波的各阶传播模式均存在衰减,高阶传播模式并无严格意义的截止频率。损耗因子对第一阶传播模式的相速度影响很小,而对衰减的影响则比较大,穿孔率对波传播的相速度和衰减有相当大的影响。     

充水管道声分隔片消声性能研究Ⅱ.实验研究

将声分隔片结构用于充水管道,对其消声性能进行了实验研究。主要由吸声橡皮构成的４０ｃｍ长的声分隔片,在１０ｋＨｚ－１００ｋＨｚ的频率范围内,测得其传递损失在１０ｄＢ左右。     

覆盖粘弹性层的水中双层弹性球壳的回声特性

首先建立根据覆盖层实测数据估算粘弹性参数的方法．在此基础上利用粘弹性、弹性理论和分离变量法导出覆盖有粘弹性展的水中双层弹性球壳回声的Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ简正级数解．计算比较了覆盖和不覆盖粘弹性展的双层弹性球壳的形态函数．给出了窄脉冲和长脉冲入射时的回波波形．计算表明,覆盖粘弹性层后形态函数在低频时基本不变,随着频率的升高而逐渐降低．窄脉冲回波的波形分析指出,覆盖粘弹性层后不仅镜反射波的幅度降低,表面弹性波（ＳＥＷ）的幅度也随之降低．     

实心砖墙对电磁波的衰减特性

应用模式传输线理论分析了多层周期介质实心砖墙对电磁波的衰减特性。计算得到了电磁波穿透实心砖墙的透射反射系数与入射角和频率的关系曲线,数值计算的结果与软件仿真的结果符合较好。利用电磁波测量系统测量得到了实心砖墙对电磁波衰减随频率（2~8 GHz）的变化关系。综合考虑数值计算和实验测量的结果,得到频率为2~8 GHz时,实心砖墙对电磁波的衰减为15~25 dB。     

Viscoelastic wave propagation in the viscoelastic single walled carbon nanotubes based on nonlocal strain gradient theory

In this paper, the viscoelastic wave propagation in an embedded viscoelastic single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is studied based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory. The characteristic equation for the viscoelastic wave in SWCNTs is derived. The emphasis is placed on the influence of the tube diameter on the viscoelastic wave dispersion. A blocking diameter is observed, above which the wave could not propagate in SWCNTs. The results show that the blocking diameter is greatly dependent on the damping coefficient, the nonlocal and the strain gradient length scale parameters, as well as the Winkler modulus of the surrounding elastic medium. These findings may provide a prospective application of SWCNTs in nanodevices and nanocomposites.     

Measurement of sound absorption by underwater acoustic material using pulse-separation method

An alternative pulse-separation method is presented for measuring the sound absorption at normal incidence of an underwater acoustic material in a water-filled impedance tube. A damped sine pulse was generated in the water-filled impedance tube with a regular waveform and a short duration time of approximately 1 ms. During the generation of the pulse, the inverse filter principle was used to compensate for the transducer response. In addition, the effects of the characteristics of the tube termination can be eliminated during the generation of the pulse to obtain a single plane pulse wave in the impedance tube, which is a necessary condition for this technique. Measurements of the sound absorption coefficient of the rubber material and the reflection coefficient from a water/air interface were used to verify the pulse-separation method.     

Wave propagation in fluid-conveying viscoelastic single-walled carbon nanotubes with surface and nonlocal effects

In this paper, the transverse wave propagation in fluid-conveying viscoelastic single-walled carbon nanotubes is investigated based on nonlocal elasticity theory with consideration of surface effect. The governing equation is formulated utilizing nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Kelvin-Voigt model. Explicit wave dispersion relation is developed and wave phase velocities and frequencies are obtained. The effect of the fluid flow velocity, structural damping, surface effect, small scale effects and tube diameter on the wave propagation properties are discussed with different wave numbers. The wave frequency increases with the increase of fluid flow velocity, but decreases with the increases of tube diameter and wave number. The effect of surface elasticity and residual surface tension is more significant for small wave number and tube diameter. For larger values of wave number and nonlocal parameters, the real part of frequency ratio raises.     

An improved water-filled impedance tube

A water-filled impedance tube capable of improved measurement accuracy and precision is reported. The measurement instrument employs a variation of the standardized two-sensor transfer function technique. Performance improvements were achieved through minimization of elastic waveguide effects and through the use of sound-hard wall-mounted acoustic pressure sensors. Acoustic propagation inside the water-filled impedance tube was found to be well described by a plane wave model, which is a necessary condition for the technique. Measurements of the impedance of a pressure-release terminated transmission line, and the reflection coefficient from a water/air interface, were used to verify the system.     

Analysis of Laser-generated Rayleigh wave on viscoelastic materials

In order to understand the viscoelasticity of material, this research has been conducted to study the propagation characteristics of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave theoretically. A model is presented for the pulsed laser generation of ultrasound on viscoelastic medium surface. Referred to the Kelvin model, the frequency equation and the normal displacement of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave were derived, the influence of the viscoelastic modulus on dispersion and attenuation was discussed. From the theoretical calculation, it is shown that the effect of viscoelasticity on the attenuation of Rayleigh wave is more than that on its dispersion. In the case of a weak viscosity, the attenuation of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave is directly proportional to viscosity modulus; the effect of shear viscosity on the attenuation is much more than that of bulk viscosity. The transient response of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave was also simulated using Laplace and Hankel inversion transform, which are showed in good agreement with the theoretic predictions. The model provides a useful tool for the determination of viscoelastic parameters of medium.     

Evolution of acoustic waves in microinhomogeneous media with quadratic elastic nonlinearity and relaxation

A nonlinear wave equation for the velocity “relaxator” is derived in the framework of the rheological model and the corresponding equation of state of a microinhomogeneous medium containing viscoelastic defects with quadratic nonlinear elasticity. The equation is qualitatively analyzed, and numerical solutions to it are presented for a stationary symmetric shock wave and the evolution of initially harmonic waves.     

Metachronal propulsion of non-Newtonian viscoelastic mucus in an axisymmetric tube with ciliated walls

Cilia-induced flow of viscoelastic mucus through an idealized two-dimensional model of the human trachea is presented.The cilia motion is simulated by a metachronal wave pattern which enables the mobilization of highly viscous mucus even at nonzero Reynolds numbers.The viscoelastic mucus is analyzed with the upper convected Maxwell viscoelastic formulation which features a relaxation time and accurately captures normal stress generation in shear flows.The governing equations are transformed from fixed to wave(laboratory)frame with appropriate variables and resulting differential equations are perturbed about wave number.The trachea is treated as an axisymmetric ciliated tube.Radial and axial distributions in axial velocity are calculated via the regular perturbation method and pressure rise is computed with numerical integration using symbolic software MATHEMATICA^‘TM’.The influence of selected parameters which is cilia length,and Maxwell viscoelastic material parameter i.e.relaxation time for prescribed values of wave number are visualized graphically.Pressure rise is observed to increase considerably with elevation in both cilia length and relaxation time whereas the axial velocity is markedly decelerated.The simulations provide some insight into viscous-dominated cilia propulsion of rheological mucus and also serve as a benchmark for more advanced modeling.     

Traveling wave tube measurements for low-frequency properties of underwater acoustic materials

A traveling wave tube measurement technique for measuring acoustic properties of underwater acoustic materials was developed.Water temperature and pressure environments of the ocean can be simulated in a water-filled tube,and the acoustic parameters of samples of underwater acoustic materials are measured in the range of low-frequency.A tested sample is located at central position of the tube.A pair of projectors is separately located at both ends of the tube.Using an active anechoic technique,the sound wave transmitting the tested sample is hardly reflected by the surface of secondary transducer.So the traveling sound field is built up in the tube.By separately calculating the transfer functions of every pair of double hydrophones in the sound fields from the both sides of the sample,its reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are obtained.In the measurement system,the inside diameter of the tube isΦ208 mm,the working frequency range is from 100 to 4000 Hz,the maximum pressure is 5 MPa.The reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients of a water layer and a stainless steel layer samples are measured actually and calculated theoretically.The results show that the measured values are in good agreement with the values calculated,and the measurement uncertainty is not greater than 1.5 dB.     

Wave equations in linear viscoelastic materials

Conditions for writing wave equations in linear viscoelastic materials are investigated. The study is restricted to the infinitesimal theory and an application is suggested in modeling ultrasound propagation in soft biological tissues. First, a general wave equation is obtained for the displacement field in an inhomogeneous medium. Second, the propagation of "the mean principal stress" (i.e., minus the arithmetical mean of the principal stresses) is examined. That quantity is particularly relevant when the force per unit area is detected at the surface of a nondissipative coupling medium. If the material is homogeneous, a wave equation is always obtained for the mean principal stress. Otherwise, supplementary conditions have to be assumed on the material and possibly on the motion. Results are illustrated by examples which present linearly elastic perfect fluids and linearly elastic Newtonian viscous fluids as particular viscoelastic materials.     

C-mode ultrasonic imaging by an electronically scanned coaxial circular spherical receiving array

An underwater ultrasonic imaging system has been developed which can display the C-mode picture on a cathode ray tube in real time. The system contains a coaxial circular spherical array of 24 hydrophones and an analogue delay device developed for electronic scanning and focusing. The array has high directional sensitivity resulting from the additive, precision limiter and multiplicative processes. Experimental study on imaging an object located at 3 m from the array and irradiated with an ultrasonic wave of about 95 kHz has successfully been carried out in a water-filled tank.