SILEX-I装置上激光-团簇聚变实验中子产额测量

 超短超强脉冲激光与CD4团簇相互作用可以产生高能量的氘离子,从而产生DD聚变中子,这种团簇聚变中子源有着非常广阔的应用前景。在SILEX-I 100 TW飞秒激光装置上,超短超强脉冲激光与CD₄团簇相互作用实现了DD核聚变。团簇聚变的中子产额是实验中最为重要的物理量,在实验中采用高灵敏的中子探测器对团簇聚变产生的中子进行了测量,在现有实验条件下测得中子产额为10³。     

用于位置灵敏型中子探测器的6LiF/ZnS（Ag）闪烁体性能研究

研究了掺杂6LiF的ZnS(Ag)闪烁体对中子、γ射线的发光特性和EJ426闪烁体样品的热中子探测效率、出射光产额和γ灵敏度。EJ426的热中子探测效率为32.4%,出射光产额为8.01×103光子/中子,70 mV阈值时的γ灵敏度小于10-7,表明EJ426是较理想的闪烁体型位置灵敏中子探测器材料。     

基于多反应通道的高产额激光中子源实验研究

基于超短超强激光的短脉冲中子源是实现超快中子探测的理想中子源。如何提升中子产额是目前短脉冲激光中子源实现应用需求亟需解决的关键问题。提出基于靶背鞘场加速机制和束靶反应方案,采用LiD复合组分靶作为中子转换体,可以有效提升激光中子产额。与常规的LiF转换体相比,除了p-Li和d-Li两个反应道之外,LiD转换体可以多出p-D和d-D两个反应道,因此可充分利用激光加速的质子和氘离子的多反应通道优势来提升中子产生概率。实验结果表明,相比于LiF转换体,LiD转换体可带来中子产额2～3倍的提升,达到5.2×108 n/sr的最高中子产额,并具备更好的前冲性。实验还区分了多反应通道的贡献,证明中子产额提升主要来自于p-D反应。     

用于高温等离子体实验的C_8H_8簿膜

一、引言 在核聚变、X射线激光和激光等离子体的研究中,对高温等离子体辐射的X射线诊断,是了解等离子体与激光相互作用的最基本的手段之一。对激光等离子体X射线光谱的分析认为,X射线光子能量在1keV附近的产额最高,所带的信息量亦最丰富,因此人们对等离子体的诊断研究大都集中在这一软X射线波段上。而用于该波段的各类探测器所需要的滤     

氘氘中子产额铟活化诊断方法

提出了活化法测量DD中子产额的实验方法,该方法可提高DD中子产额测量的精度。方法基于铟同位素115In与DD中子的非弹性散射反应,活化反应释放的射线被HPGe探测器记录,根据活化系统标定灵敏度推算出中子产额。分析了探测器记录的活化射线数与中子产额间的关系。介绍了一套活化测量的系统设计。通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟了活化样品出射的射线数与样品厚度的关系,模拟结果表明:样品厚度取为1 cm可兼顾活化效率和测量精度。在加速器上对铟活化样品进行了标定实验,实验结果表明:在聚变中子产额大于2109的实验中可使用铟活化诊断方法,中子产额测量的相对标准误差在10%以内。随着聚变中子产额的不断提高,铟活化测量中子产额的精度可进一步提高。     

裂变室探测器组合研制

裂变室探测器己广泛应用于中子的辐射强度、中子产额以及剂量测量，是一种气体计数器，内有裂变材料，在热核聚变研究中，需研制两种裂变室探测器组合，即微裂变室探测器组合和通用型多裂变室探测器组合。微裂变室探测器是铅笔大小的气体计数器，它作为裂变堆的堆芯监察器而被研制。     

中子管非中子产物性质

采用两只经过标定的ST401闪烁探测器,测量了脉冲中子管的中子产额,在其中一只探测器前端增加铅板屏蔽,1 cm的铅屏蔽使探测器输出减少了18.20%,在加速器中子源上进行的类似实验表明,0.5 cm的铅使探测器的输出减少了2.90%。对两个中子源上测量的情况进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,加速器实验与模拟符合较好,脉冲中子管实验差别较大。对实验和模拟的情况进行了分析,结果表明:中子管除产生中子外,还会产生数量较多的轫致辐射X射线,这些X射线对准确测量中子管中子产额将造成不良影响。     

高效率BF3正比探测器阵列探测中子技术

针对中子产额范围宽、下限低，研制4个具有高中子探测效率的正比探测器，由置于慢化体内的BF3正比计数管阵列和电压前置放大器组成。每个探测器内共包括12支BF3正比计数管，并根据不同的数目分为两组。在图l所示的实验中，利用这种多管的正比探测器，可以对产额变化范围宽、下限低的不同脉冲中子源产额进行测量。     

一个宽范围能响平坦的长中子计数器

由于对γ射线灵敏度低，而且可在很宽的范围内中子能量响应比较平坦，长计数管在中子产额的测量中得到了广泛的应用。为了提高探测效率，一般用BF3或^3He正比管外包围一定厚度的石蜡或聚乙烯慢化体来构成长计数管探测系统。建立的长计数器主要是针对中子管产生的DD（2．4MeV）或DT（14．1MeV）或两种能量混合的脉冲中子进行测量。为了达到探测系统设计要求，首先详细模拟了慢化体尺寸及结构对探测效率的影响，以便对探测器系统的加工制作提供依据。根据模拟结果建立了探测器，从实验上对探测器的性能进行了测量。     

超快中子探测器闪烁体性能计算

超快中子探测器是ICF聚变反应速率测量系统的核心部件。利用蒙特卡罗粒子输运工具包Geant4模拟了一种超快中子探测器——BC-422型闪烁探测器的中子探测过程,计算出了几种厚度的BC-422型闪烁体的探测效率、输出光信号强度和时间分辨力;对比了闪烁体的2种不同反射表面对输出光信号强度和时间分辨力的影响。计算的结果显示:设计适当的BC-422型闪烁探测器能够测量的最低中子产额在108量级,对DT中子的信号时间分辨力好于20 ps,对DD中子的信号时间分辨力达到30 ps,能够用于大型激光装置及其原型的聚变反应速率测量。     

高功率窄脉宽半导体激光激励器设计

为了获得高功率窄脉宽半导体激光,设计了半导体激光器相应的激励单元,论述MOSFET作为高速开关的工作机理,分析基于MOSFET作为高速开关产生窄的大电流脉冲的电路模型.为了使MOSFET开关速度尽可能快,根据前述分析,提出推挽式MOSFET栅极驱动方式并设计了触发窄脉冲的发生电路.当激光二极管接入放电回路时,实验表明:激光二极管输出光的峰值功率可达67.5 W,脉宽约为20 ns.最后,简要分析了影响光脉冲宽度的因素.     

Influence of cancellous bone microstructure on two ultrasonic wave propagations in bovine femur: an in vitro study

The influence of cancellous bone microstructure on the ultrasonic wave propagation of fast and slow waves was experimentally investigated. Four spherical cancellous bone specimens extracted from two bovine femora were prepared for the estimation of acoustical and structural anisotropies of cancellous bone. In vitro measurements were performed using a PVDF transducer (excited by a single sinusoidal wave at 1 MHz) by rotating the spherical specimens. In addition, the mean intercept length (MIL) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were estimated by X-ray micro-computed tomography. Separation of the fast and slow waves was clearly observed in two specimens. The fast wave speed was strongly dependent on the wave propagation direction, with the maximum speed along the main trabecular direction. The fast wave speed increased with the MIL. The slow wave speed, however, was almost constant. The fast wave speeds were statistically higher, and their amplitudes were statistically lower in the case of wave separation than in that of wave overlap.     

超高速高性能门控型三分幅相机

提出了一种改进块匹配宏块分布排列的快速传感器电子稳像算法,通过陀螺传感器测量摄像系统的抖动,利用小范围快速块匹配算法估计局部运动矢量,再运用最小二乘法解算全局运动矢量.小范围快速块匹配算法得到的局部运动矢量准确度高,仅需部分局部运动矢量即可准确解算出全局运动矢量.基于此在保证运动矢量准确度情况下,对块匹配宏块的分布排列进行了改进,从而减少匹配宏块数量加快算法速度.通过对宏块网格模型的分析,得出对小范围快速块匹配算法进行宏块分布改进的方案,进而设计出快速传感器电子稳像算法.仿真及实验表明:运算时间提高89%左右,且算法准确度略高于改进前算法.     

改进块匹配宏块的快速传感器电子稳像方法

提出了一种改进块匹配宏块分布排列的快速传感器电子稳像算法,通过陀螺传感器测量摄像系统的抖动,利用小范围快速块匹配算法估计局部运动矢量,再运用最小二乘法解算全局运动矢量.小范围快速块匹配算法得到的局部运动矢量准确度高,仅需部分局部运动矢量即可准确解算出全局运动矢量.基于此在保证运动矢量准确度情况下,对块匹配宏块的分布排列进行了改进,从而减少匹配宏块数量加快算法速度.通过对宏块网,格模型的分析,得出对小范围快速块匹配算法进行宏块分布改进的方案,进而设计出快速传感器电子稳像算法.仿真及实验表明:运算时间提高89％左右,且算法准确度略高于改进前算法.     

快堆中子学计算程序NECP-SARAX的改进与验证

NECP-SARAX是西安交通大学NECP团队开发的用于快中子反应堆的中子学程序系统。为准确处理快中子反应堆中中等质量核素散射共振以及非弹性散射导致的复杂的中子慢化效应,SARAX程序最初采用连续能量的蒙特卡罗方法计算中子能谱从而获得堆芯计算使用的有效多群截面。由于蒙特卡罗程序计算效率低,且在低能量段统计偏差较大,提出采用基于点截面的超细群方法计算中子慢化能谱,避免了蒙特卡罗方法产生参数时存在的缺陷。堆芯计算采用多群中子输运,通过优化简化几何建模,改进了程序的实用性。采用多种微扰方法计算堆芯各种反应性系数,提出了基于中子输运微扰理论的虚拟密度方法以计算堆内组件变形导致的反应性变化。在进行堆芯瞬态计算时,采用了点堆和改进准静态两种方法,可用于一般快堆和快谱ADS的典型事故分析。OECD发布的一系列快堆基准题测试表明,SARAX程序在快堆计算中具有良好的精度,达到了与国外著名快堆程序相当的水平。有效增殖因子与连续能量的蒙卡计算结果相比偏差在300 pcm以内。同时,由于引入了虚拟密度理论和三维时空动力学模型,程序功能更加完善,可以更好地满足快堆工程设计的需求。     

A fast automatic calibration system for a sound level meter in an anechoic room

A fast automatic calibration system for a sound level meter in an anechoic environment has been developed. The precise and fast generation of the constant frequency-independent acoustic pressure field and reduction of digital voltmeter readout to sound pressure level were achieved by a newly designed software algorithm, assuming the system linearity. The performance test justified the assumed linearity, and showed that the searching speed was sufficiently fast within the small error limit.     

Comparative study of fast MR imaging: quantitative analysis on image quality and efficiency among various time frames and contrast behaviors

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively compare the image quality and efficiency provided by widely available fast MR imaging pulse sequences. A composite phantom with various T1 and T2 values and subjected to periodic motion was imaged at 1.5 T. The fast MRI sequences evaluated included fast spin-echo (FSE), single shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE), echo-planar imaging (EPI), multi-slice gradient recalled (MPGR), fast MPGR (FMPGR), and fast multi-slice spoiled gradient echo (FMPSPGR). T1-weighted (T1WI), T2-weighted (T2WI), proton-density-weighted (PDWI), and T2*-weighted (T2*WI) images were evaluated in breath-hold and non-breath-hold time frames. Analysis included measurement of image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), nonuniformity, ghosting ratio, SNR per unit time and CNR per unit time. Among fast T2WI sequences, FSE with breath-hold time frame resulted in the highest image quality and in superior SNR and CNR efficiency by a factor of 5 or 6 as compared with conventional spin echo sequence. Among fast T1WI sequences, FMPGR and FMPSPGR both with non-breath-hold time frame produced the highest image quality and SNR and CNR efficiency by a factor of greater than 5 as compared with conventional spin echo. Among fast PDWI and T2*WI sequences, FSE produced the highest SNR and CNR, and was maximally efficient with a factors of greater than 6 as compared with conventional spin echo.     

爆炸驱动铁电体电源快脉冲产生技术

以发展轻小型高电压脉冲驱动源为出发点,提出采用爆炸驱动铁电体作为初级电源,通过电感储能与电爆炸丝断路开关进行脉冲压缩和功率放大,探索基于爆炸驱动铁电体电源的小型化高电压快脉冲产生技术。从爆炸驱动铁电体电源的全电路模型和铁电陶瓷材料特性出发,通过理论分析和仿真研究,分别对大电流模式和高电压模式的爆炸驱动铁电体电源的物理参数进行了设计,获得了铁电体电源工作模式和电路参数对产生高电压脉冲的影响规律,认为铁电体电源高电压模式更适合于与断路开关技术结合产生高电压快脉冲,并通过实验对该技术原理进行了验证。实验中铁电体电源输出电流约360 A、脉宽约3.8 μs,对17.5 nF电容器充电至75 kV,电容器放电后在电爆炸断路开关中产生峰值大于12 kA的脉冲电流,最终在X射线二极管负载上获得了电压峰值大于180 kV、前沿3 ns、脉宽30 ns、电流峰值3.4 kA的高电压快脉冲。     

A comparision of four methods for cryopreservation of meristems in banana (Musa spp.)

To establish an improved protocol for the cryopreservation of banana (Musa spp.), a fast-freeze/fast-thaw method was applied and compared to three existing cryogenic procedures, namely, simple freezing, vitrification of proliferating meristems and vitrification of individual meristems. The average post-thaw shoot regeneration of the fast freeze/fast thaw protocol was 51.8 percent and was superior to the existing protocols which were 12.5 percent, 39.2 percent and 42.8 percent, respectively. Other factors such as time and ease of operation were considered for each method. It was found that the fast freeze and fast thaw technique was the best amongst all the four methods tested for the cryopreservation of in vitro banana meristems in the genotype Robusta (AAA).     

Effects of speaking rate on tongue position and velocity of movement in vowel production

This study used glossometry to examine the position of the tongue and the velocity of its movements in vowels spoken normally and at a self-selected fast rate. The subject in experiment 1 showed lingual undershoot for stressed vowels in "a big again" and "a bob again." The tongue was lower for /I/ and higher for /a/ at the fast rate than at the normal rate. The stressed vowels exerted an affect on unstressed vowels: The tongue was lower in the schwas that preceded and followed /a/ than /I/. Only one of the three subjects in experiment 2 showed no lingual undershoot for fast-rate /I/. The tongue was higher at the fast rate than at the normal rate in the schwas flanking /I/ so that the displacement was less at the fast rate than at the normal rate. Another talker increased the peak velocity of tongue movements at the fast rate and showed no undershoot for /a/. Multiple regression analyses showed that the timing of movements for successive phonetic segments accounted well for undershoot in only one of the three subjects. The results suggest that in order to model the effects of speaking rate on the tongue movements used in forming stressed vowels, it will be necessary to take into account: (1) how much vowels are shortened at a fast rate: (2) how much the peak velocity of tongue movements is increased, if at all; and (3) the position of the tongue before and after the stressed vowels. All three factors are likely to be influenced by how clearly the talker wishes to speak.