基于时变功率谱的激光器调谐瞬时线宽测量方法研究

半导体激光器的线宽通常采用激光外差测量技术,通过差拍信号的功率谱密度函数来确定,受傅里叶变换方法的限制,得到的均是在一定时间段内的静态平均线宽。为了获得半导体激光器在电流调谐过程中的瞬时线宽特性,提出了利用时变功率谱获知调谐瞬时线宽的相干和非相干测量方法,并分别进行了理论分析和实验验证。首先对半导体激光器输出光信号及差拍信号进行了时间-频率域下的数学描述,确定了时变功率谱与调谐瞬时线宽的关系;其次,针对差拍信号的趋向性特征,提出了趋势局部均值分解方法,并研究了利用分解出的乘积函数建立差拍信号及激光器输出光信号的时变功率谱的方法;最后利用非相干和相干测量法分别获得了分布反馈式半导体激光器在50~51及50~100 mA锯齿波电流调谐过程中的瞬时线宽。     

基于微波频差转换的光学拍频研究

光学拍频是大学物理和光学实验教学中的重要内容.由于激光器存在中心波长漂移问题,实验中不易产生可观测的拍频信号.受到微波光子技术中微波波段和光波波段相互作用机理的启发,提出了基于微波频差转换的光学拍频方法.借助强度调制和相位调制将两个频差较小的微波信号调制到同一光载波上,结合光学滤波器获得了两个频差极小的稳定光信号,利用光电探测器实现光学拍频,从仿真和实验两个层面分别获得了可视化的低频拍频信号.该研究为大学物理和光学实验提供了与科学前沿相结合的实验方案,可拓展教学内容和教学深度,有利于培养学生的科学素养.     

可调谐半导体激光器的瞬时光谱测量方法研究

可调谐半导体激光器在调谐过程中的瞬时光谱特性,如瞬时的波长、调谐率、功率、线型和线宽等参数影响着以激光器为光源的光学测量和光相干通信系统的精度。然而,能够同时测量这些瞬变参数的技术至今未见报道。提出了一个基于时频分析的测量半导体激光器在调谐过程中瞬时光谱参数的方法,利用一个短时延外差测量系统,利用激光器瞬时光谱参数与差拍信号瞬时参数的关系,最终获得了半导体激光器在连续电流调谐过程中的瞬时光谱。测量系统采用了10 cm光程差的Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,调谐电流是幅度为20~120 mA、频率是1 kHz的锯齿波,差拍信号可视为直流信号、载波信号与噪声的叠加,按照短时延相干光测量原理,差拍信号中的直流分量幅度的大小反映了激光器输出光信号的功率;载波信号是一种多项式相位信号,由其频率可以推算激光器输出光谱的中心频率或波长;噪声信号则与激光器输出光谱的线型和线宽相关,通过对噪声信号进行时频分析,可以获知激光器在连续电流调谐过程中每一时刻或每个电流下的瞬时线型、线宽。采用了趋势局部均值分解方法对差拍信号进行了准确分离,并对分离信号分别进行处理,同时获知了半导体激光器在调谐过程中的瞬时输出光功率、光波长、调谐率及线型、线宽。在去掉弛豫部分后截取的整周期差拍信号对应的调谐电流60~115 mA变化范围内,半导体激光器(FRL15DDR0A31-18950, Furukawa)瞬时输出光功率变化范围是5.16~10.6 mW,瞬时光波长变化范围为1 579.2~1 579.6 nm;激光器的瞬时调谐率在0.004 8~0.011 5 nm·mA-1范围内单调变化;线宽是852.55~954.95 kHz,呈非线性随机分布。基于短时延、局部均值分解和时频分析方法的瞬时光谱参数测量系统可以准确得到各瞬时光谱参数,测量结果与激光器的静特性相符,且测量系统结构简单,使我们更深入地理解激光器的工作原理,具有广阔的应用前景。     

A simple scheme for precise relative frequency stabilization of lasers

We present a simple scheme for tuneable relative frequency stabilization of lasers. A highly sensitive and accurate frequency-to-voltage converter is used to derive an error signal from the beat note between two lasers. We analyze in detail detector noise and drift, modulation detection bandwidth, and cross-talk from power modulation. The results indicate that sub-kHz relative linewidth and a locking point drift on the order of 100 Hz for times scales of 1 h are achievable. The scheme can, therefore, be applied to situations where up to now only optical PLLs could provide sufficient accuracy and precision. To demonstrate its potential for high-resolution, high-precision spectroscopy we lock a diode laser to a fs-frequency comb and find a relative linear drift of 314 Hz during a 2.8 h period. PACS 42.62.Fi; 42.62.Eh     

双路光谱展宽的钛宝石飞秒光学频率梳系统

对中国计量科学研究院研制的第一代基于钛宝石飞秒激光器的光学频率梳系统进行了改进和优化. 通过对激光器重复频率、光谱展宽以及拍频信号探测等方面的改进,有效地降低了光谱展宽的复杂性,提高了飞秒光学频率梳系统的稳定性和激光频率测量的便捷性. 采用该光学频率梳系统对碘稳频532 nm和碘稳频633 nm激光绝对频率进行了测量,测量结果在国际推荐值的不确定度范围之内. 关键词： 光学频率计量 飞秒光学频率梳 光谱展宽     

Predicting optimal drive sweep rates for autoresonance in Duffing-type oscillators: A beat method using Teager-Kaiser instantaneous frequency

Sustained resonance in a linear oscillator is achievable with a drive whose constant frequency matches the resonant frequency of the oscillator. But in oscillators with nonlinear restoring forces such as the pendulum, Duffing and Duffing-Van der Pol oscillator, the resonant frequency changes as the amplitude changes, so a constant frequency drive results in a beat oscillation instead of sustained resonance. Duffing-type nonlinear oscillators can be driven into sustained resonance, called autoresonance, when the drive frequency is swept in time to match the changing resonant frequency of the oscillator. We find that near-optimal drive linear sweep rates for autoresonance can be estimated from the beat oscillation resulting from constant frequency excitation. Specifically, a least squares estimate of the Teager-Kaiser instantaneous frequency versus time for the beat response to a stationary drive provides a near-optimal estimate of the nonstationary drive linear sweep rate needed to sustain resonance in the pendulum, Duffing and Duffing-Van der Pol oscillators. We confirm these predictions with model-based numerical simulations. An advantage of the beat method of estimating optimal drive sweep rates for maximal autoresonant response is that no model is required so experimentally generated beat oscillation data can be used for systems where no model is available.     

Laser frequency offset locking using a side of filter technique

We report on the demonstration of a novel scheme for laser frequency offset locking. Following standard techniques, a beat signal is generated between the laser to be frequency stabilized and a second laser with known frequency. A frequency dependent error signal is derived from this beat note by using the amplitude response of an electronic high pass filter. The steep slope of the error signal near the zero-crossing allows for precise frequency locking by a servo loop, while simultaneously a broad capture range of several hundreds of MHz is obtained. PACS 42.55.Px; 42.60.Fc     

激光拍频信号光子到达时间间隔特性分析

为了得到周期激光拍频信号的频率,从理论上推导了光信号相邻光子到达时间间隔满足的概率密度函数(PDF),以数值计算为基础,对周期性激光拍频信号进行详细分析,得到了稳定光强信号和周期拍频信号光子到达时间间隔PDF曲线形状的差别,从该差别中能够获取信号的拍频频率。设计了验证实验光路系统,采用多像素光子计数器(MPPC)记录光子时间,对6、8、10、12MHz拍频信号进行探测,证明了理论分析的正确性。在光子计数频率为拍频频率1/5的条件下,得到较好的实验结果,估计两光束混合效率为0.65。以暗计数噪声为限制条件,分析了该方法能够探测到的最小拍频频率为0.2333MHz。     

高功率可调谐双频激光全光纤放大实验研究

基于全光纤以及主控振荡功率放大器,设计并搭建了一套扫频范围为125~165 MHz的拍频信号的放大系统。并设计了一套基于1064nm的Nd:YAG单块非平面环形腔激光器作为单频种子源。通过声光移频的方式将1064nm单频激光分成中心频差为150 MHz的两束激光进行拍频。双频激光初始功率为50mW,通过放大系统将双频功率放大到10W。通过实验及分析得出两束频差为150MHz的激光功率比率在放大之后保持不变,且经过放大的激光信号中,拍频信号所占的功率成分可以通过调节双频功率比以及单臂分量的偏正态来获得最大输出。同时对拍频信号的信噪比及线宽进行了实验分析。     

Characteristics of a cw monolithic optical parametric oscillator

4 as a nonlinear crystal and obtained a pump threshold of 7 mW and an output power of 6 mW for a pump power of 40 mW. The OPO operated in a single longitudinal mode pair of a signal and an idler, over 1 h without mode hopping in the free-running condition. The signal and the idler wavelengths were tunable by 1 nm by changing the crystal temperature by 20 °C. The continuous tuning of the beat frequency between the signal and the idler was achieved by temperature tuning (slow control, 80 MHz/K) and E-field tuning (fast control, 0.75 MHz/V). We demonstrated the feasibility of frequency control by phase locking the beat frequency. The beat frequency could be successfully phase locked to a signal generated by a synthesizer through the electrooptic effect of the crystal. The phase locking could be maintained over 1 h. Received: 27 January 1998/Revised version: 9 March 1998     

高斯白噪声相位调制的激光光谱展宽

激光器是现代光学中一种常用的光源,分析其谱宽特性对于激光的研究具有重要意义.由于高性能窄线宽激光的半高全宽通常在几十M Hz以内,难以直接满足宽光谱领域的应用需求,因而无法发挥其在成本和性能方面的优势,这在一定程度上限制了激光的发展.如果在激光内部直接进行调制实现线宽展宽,又会导致频率的严重漂移,破坏稳频特性.为了在激...     

远程多光束激光相干场成像拍频误差校正研究

多光束激光相干成像技术是地基观测空间目标的重要方式,各光束的稳定性和性能一致性直接决定着系统成像质量,目前针对系统频率稳定性对成像质量的影响以及激光源频漂的补偿已有一定研究,然而针对多光束发射系统,由驱动放大噪声及声光移频噪声引起的各光束间独立的频漂还需进一步抑制.基于此,本文提出了动态解调和置信区间解调两种抑制方法,理论仿真了动态解调对缓慢频漂抑制的可行性,同时实验证明了置信区间解调法对成像效果的提升,并在200 m和1.2 km的湍流环境中对该解调方法进行了验证.研究表明,置信区间解调法对于各拍频间独立漂移有较好的实时补偿效果,能够有效抑制发射阵列中由声光调制及驱动放大引入的频率噪声,对水平距离1.2 km外的25 mm目标成像角分辨率达到4μrad.本研究为未来远程大功率发射阵列成像中的频率噪声抑制提供了较好的技术方案.     

多速率STFT超宽带信号瞬时频率估计研究

提出多速率短时傅里叶变换(Multi Rate Short Time Fourier Transform,MR-STFT)瞬时频率估计算法,提高了超宽带信号瞬时频率估计精度。该方法将多速率信号处理算法与短时傅里叶变换(STFT)技术相结合,兼顾采样频率和被测频率,将宽频范围进行分段采样,对分段处理结果进行拟合,构成多速率STFT算法,实现超宽带信号瞬时频率的高精度测量。论文通过对仿真信号和实测信号进行处理,研究了方法的可行性和频率估计精度,结果表明MR-STFT算法较大提高了超宽带信号瞬时频率估计精度,尤其对低信噪比的超宽带信号效果显著。     

Photon time-interval statistics applied to the analysis of laser heterodyne signal with photon counter

In this paper, we report a mathematical derivation of probability density function (PDF) of time-interval between two successive photoelectrons of the laser heterodyne signal, and give a confirmation of the theoretical result by both numerical simulation and an experiment. The PDF curve of the beat signal displays a series of fluctuations, the period and amplitude of which are respectively determined by the beat frequency and the mixing efficiency. The beat frequency is derived from the frequency of fluctuations accordingly when the PDF curve is measured. This frequency measurement method still works while the traditional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm hardly derives the correct peak value of the beat frequency in the condition that we detect 80 MHz beat signal with 8 Mcps (counts per-second) photons count rate, and this indicates an advantage of the PDF method.     

Generation of in-phase pulse train from optical beat signal

We propose and demonstrate generation of an in-phase optical pulse train from an optical beat signal. The proposed method is based on four-wave mixing occurring between the two continuous waves of the beat signal and on spectral filtering to shape the spectrum to be symmetric about the carrier frequency. We perform an experiment to verify the proposed method and obtain a 1.5 ps width in-phase pulse train from a 160 GHz beat signal. Furthermore, we employ a pulse compression scheme to reshape and compress the obtained pulse train, and we show that a 160 GHz repeating, 0.7 ps FWHM, nearly transform-limited, in-phase sech pulse train is successfully generated.     

基于飞秒激光模间拍频法的大尺寸测距方法

本文基于飞秒激光模间拍频法实现多波长相位式绝对距离测量, 通过改变光频梳重复频率合成波长扩大测距量程, 并采用监测臂和双快门切换系统补偿和消除由电路产生的相位差单向漂移和大幅抖动. 实验中以20倍重复频率的拍频进行测量, 在30 min内相位测量的标准偏差为0.022°; 与双频激光干涉仪比对1125 mm行程内位移测量结果, 测距精度优于50 μm; 实验验证了合成波长方法扩大量程方案的可行性, 获得的测距重复性优于3 μm, 该系统理论上可扩展量程至7.5 km.     

An all-optical phase detector by amplitude modulation of the local field in a Rydberg atom-based mixer

Recently, a Rydberg atom-based mixer was developed to measure the phase of a radio frequency (RF) field. The phase of the signal RF (SIG RF) field is down-converted directly to the phase of a beat signal created by the presence of a local RF (LO RF) field. In this study, we propose that the Rydberg atom-based mixer can be converted to an all-optical phase detector by amplitude modulation (AM) of the LO RF field; that is, the phase of the SIG RF field is related to both the amplitude and phase of the beat signal. When the AM frequency of the LO RF field is the same as the frequency of the beat signal, the beat signal will further interfere with the AM of the LO RF field inside the atom, and then the amplitude of the beat signal is related to the phase of the SIG RF field. The amplitude of the beat signal and the phase of the SIG RF field show a linear relationship within the range of 0 to π/2 when the phase of the AM is set with a difference π/4 from the phase of the LO RF field. The minimum phase resolution can be as small as 0.6° by optimizing the experimental conditions according to a simple theoretical model. This study will expand and contribute to the development of RF measurement devices based on Rydberg atoms.     

Field-free alignment of molecules observed with high-order harmonic generation

High-order harmonic generation is demonstrated to provide a sensitive way for an extensive study of dynamic processes in the field-free alignment of strong-field-induced molecular rotational wave packets. The time-dependent harmonic signal observed from field-free-aligned N2, O2, and CO2 has been found to include two sets of beat frequency for pairs of coherently populated rotational states. One of them is the well-known frequency component characterizing the field-free alignment of molecules, and the other is ascribed to the beat that arises from coherence embedded in the wave packet. We discuss the effect of each frequency component on the revival signal observed with the harmonic generation.     

Studies of phase characteristics of various photon echoes with a phase sensitive detection method

Various optical coherent transient signals in ruby have been examined by using an optical phase sensitive detection (PSD) technique. The PSD is performed by comparing the phase of the heterodyne beat signals obtained by the Stark switching technique with that of a local oscillator whose frequency is equal to the heterodyne beat frequency. The optical FID, two-pulse photon echoes, radiation locked echoes and notched echoes have been detected as υ-mode signals with small u-mode signals probably due to the asymmetry of the inhomogeneous broadening. The dependence of the phase of the radiation locked and notched echoes upon the driving pulses is also examined. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on Bloch equations.     

机械抖动激光陀螺的高分辨率信号处理

 机械抖动激光陀螺（MDRLG）信号是两路相位差为π/2的正弦拍频信号,一般采用4倍频鉴相输出计数脉冲,利用FIR滤波和抖动剥除等方法解调抖动信号,从而得到外界输入的角速度信息。高速采集MDRLG信号,并细分为相位依次相差π/16的16路信号,实现MDRLG的8倍频、16倍频和32倍频鉴相输出。输出角速率的均方差随着倍频数的提高而减小,信号处理的分辨率得到提高。实验测试和Allan方差分析表明：32倍频时的量化误差Q从4倍频鉴相时的0.327″减小到0.170″,增加MDRLG信号鉴相的倍频数可以减小量化误差。在对MDRLG信号进行抖动剥除解调时,由于量化误差是主要误差源之一,高分辨率信号处理能够有效提高MDRLG角速度测量的精度。