新型氢氧——燃煤联合循环系统热力学性能分析

本文在传统燃煤发电机组和氢氧联合循环的基础上,提出一种新型的氢氧-燃煤联合循环系统。该系统把超超临界燃煤机组与氢氧联合循环相耦合,实现了氢能和燃煤的高效利用,丰富了两种燃料的利用形式。本文使用EBSILON对该系统进行了初步模拟,研究结果表明,该系统在蒸汽初压为25.6 MPa,最高温度为1300℃时,发电效率可达到49.74%,并可通过提高循环最高温度和燃气透平膨胀比达到更高的发电效率。     

改进型氢氧联合循环及其性能初步分析

1前言氢能既具备矿石燃料的优点，又符合长远能源发展的要求，被称为21世纪的能源。氢能发电是氢能利用的一个重要方面，近年来出现了各种氢能发电方案。文献山提出了氢氧联合循环（包括混合式和面式）；此外还有高温蒸汽朗肯循环，氢氧燃烧，加热氦（或二氧化碳）的闭式透平K’］；对燃用液氢的系统也有论述＊’］。本文在已有工作的基础上，综合了混合式和面式氢氧联合循环的一些特点，提出了氢氧联合循环的改进型式。本文将着重讨论这种改进循环的性能，并与混合式多级再热氢氧联合循环加以比较，对氢氧联合循环的进一步发展作一初步尝…     

氢氧联合循环——设计点及变工况初步分析

一、前言 氢氧完全反应生成物是水蒸汽,膨胀过程包括了部分底循环,可以没有常规联合循环中燃机排气放热与蒸汽吸热过程,这是氢氧循环提出的出发点,也是此循环的最大优点。氢氧反应放出的大量能量除提高生成物温度外,还加热底部循环工质,加热方式分为直接混合式加热和面式加热两种。本文着重讨论以上两种氢氧联合循环的性能。     

低温太阳热与乙醇化学链燃烧的系统研究

探索并提出低温太阳热能与乙醇一氧化镍化学链燃烧相结合的新颖能量动力系统。该系统利用中低温太阳热能提供乙醇和氧化镍反应热,将低温太阳能转换为高品位化学能储存在固体金属氧化物中。基于图像[火用]分析方法,明确地指出乙醇化学链燃烧能量释放过程燃烧[火用]损失减小和低温太阳热品位提升的机理。本文对新循环进行了分析,相比常规联合...     

基于甲醇化学链燃烧的新型燃气轮机间冷循环

本文提出一种新颖的甲醇化学链燃烧动力循环系统.该系统利用空气压缩的间冷热提供甲醇和Fe2O3反应热,将间冷的低温热转换为高品位化学能;同时得到预冷的空气吸收燃烧产物Fe2O3的显热,降低了还原反应的温度.与常规化学链循环相比,该循环利用间冷的热量代替高温Fe2O3的显热提供还原反应的反应热,系统内能量品位匹配更加合理.根据图像(火用)分析方法,阐明了甲醇化学链燃烧过程(火用)损失减少和间冷热品位提升的机理.本文对新循环进行了分析,并以常规化学链循环为参照,研究了其性能.新循环的效率较高,同时可以实现CO2无能耗的分离.     

联合循环蒸汽回路对经济性影响的研究

燃气-蒸汽联合循环上多数采用强制循环余热锅炉回收排气余热。强制循环锅炉有多种形式。不同的形式对余热的回收率各不相同,热力系统的繁简也有很大差别。本文通过对余热锅炉性能的分析来研究蒸汽回路的选型对联合循环经济性的影响。     

低温太阳热能与化学链燃烧相结合控制CO2分离动力系统

本文探索并提出控制CO2分离的低温太阳热能与清洁合成燃料甲醇-三氧化二铁化学链燃烧相结合的新颖能源动力系统。基于图象(?)分析方法,明确地指出甲醇化学链燃烧能量释放过程燃烧堋损失减小和低温太阳热能品位提升的机理。从能源有效利用和环境相容出发,研究和揭示化学链燃烧与太阳能有机整合共同减小CO2分离能耗的特性规律。相比不分离常规联合循环,新系统(?)效率提高约6．2个百分点;与分离CO2的联合循环相比,新系统媚效率提高约14．2个百分点。同时,低温太阳热能热转功效率可达到22．5％。     

新型甲醇化学回热与海水淡化联产系统

本文提出了一种结合甲醇化学回热循环与低温多效蒸馏海水淡化系统的新型联产系统。该系统利用化学回热循环的余热驱动海水淡化子系统,同时海水淡化生产出的淡水部分供化学回热循环所需,实现了系统水电化工联产。文中对该循环进行了热力性能研究,当注汽率为0.04、透平进气温度为1308℃的基本工况下,循环电水比为543 kJ/kg、效率为46.2%;相对同输出分产系统,节能率达到19.3%;参数敏感性分析表明注汽率对循环的影响较为显著。     

柴油机多品位余热回收低损跨临界联合循环

为高效低损回收柴油机多品位余热,本文提出了一种跨临界有机朗肯联合循环,其中高温级循环用于回收温度较高的发动机排气余热和废气再循环(EGR)余热,低温级循环回收发动机冷却水余热、增压空气余热、与高温级循环换热后的排气余热和EGR余热。本文对联合系统高温级工质选择多种高温型工质,并对系统热效率、回收功、效率及整体效率随高温级最大压力的变化规律进行模拟分析。结果表明存在一个最优的高温级最大压力P_(maxh),使得随着P_(maxh)的增大,系统热效率先上升后下降,工质均存在热效率η(th)的最大值。甲苯不论是热效率还是效率均表现出较好的性能,并且使柴油机效率提高了6.86个百分点。     

太阳能燃气轮机与卡林那循环联合的热发电系统

本文提出了一种带间冷回热的太阳能燃气轮机与卡林那循环组成的联合循环发电系统,对其热力性能进行了分析,并研究了关键运行参数对热力性能影响。塔式太阳能接收器将经过间冷压缩的压缩空气加热至1000℃用以驱动燃气轮机做功。卡林那循环用以回收燃气余热发电。基于蔡睿贤的比较法,推导出了该系统太阳能热发电效率的简明解析式。结果表明,当燃气轮机入口温度为1000℃时,该系统的(火用)效率和太阳能热发电效率分别可达到29%和27.5%,比太阳能燃气-蒸汽联合循环分别高1.8%和1.6%。该系统的提出,为提高太阳能热发电系统的太阳能热发电效率提供了一种方法,并且对太阳能热发电耗水大的问题提供了一个解决途径。     

Fluid dynamics of rotating detonation engines with hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels

Rotating detonation engines (RDE’s) represent a logical step from pulsed detonation engine concepts to a continuous detonation engine concept for obtaining propulsion from the high efficiency detonation cycle. The hydrogen/air and hydrogen/oxygen RDE concepts have been most extensively studied, however, being able to use hydrocarbon fuels is essential for practical RDE’s. The current paper extends our hydrogen/air model to hydrocarbon fuels with both air and pure oxygen as the oxidizer. Before beginning the RDE calculations, several detonation tube results are summarized showing the ability of the code to reproduce the correct detonation velocity and CJ properties. In addition, a calculation capturing the expected irregular detonation cell patterns of ethylene/air is also shown. To do the full range of fuels and oxidizers, we found the use of temperature-dependent thermodynamic properties to be essential, especially for hydrocarbon/oxygen mixtures. The overall results for air-breathing RDE’s with hydrocarbons ranged from 1990 to 2540 s, while in pure oxygen mode the specific impulse varied from 700 to 1070 s. These results were between 85% and 89% of the expected ideal detonation cycle results, and are in line with previous hydrogen/air estimates from our previous work. We conclude from this that hydrocarbon RDE’s are viable and that the basic flow-field patterns and behaviors are very similar to the hydrogen/air cases detailed previously.     

Properties of SBA-15 modified by iron nanoparticles as potential hydrogen adsorbents and sensors

SBA-15-Fe was synthesized via the incorporation of Fe⁰ nanoparticles (Fe(0)-Nps) in the mesoporous channels. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that dispersion of fine iron NPs occurs mainly inside the channels of SBA-15, producing a slight structure compaction. This was accompanied by a significant improvement of both the affinity towards hydrogen and electrical conductivity, as supported by hydrogen adsorption tests and impedance measurements. CO₂ thermal programmed desorption measurements revealed an attenuation of the acid character of the solid surface. This was explained in terms of strong iron interaction with the lattice oxygen atoms that reduces the SiO–H bond polarity. The close vicinity of fine Fe(0)-Nps combined with the large pore size of SBA-15 appear to contribute to a synergistic improvement of the electrical conductivity. The results reported herein open new prospects for SBA-15 as potential adsorbents for hydrogen storage and carriers for hydrogen sensors. The use of iron in lieu of noble metals for designing such materials is a novelty, because such applications of iron-loaded silica have not been envisaged so far due to the high reactivity of iron towards air and water. The development of such technologies, if any, should address this issue.     

The co-adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen on Rh(111)

The co-adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen on Rh(111) at temperatures below 140 K has been studied by thermal desorption mass spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and lowenergy electron diffraction. The co-adsorption phenomena observed were dependent upon the sequence of adsorption in preparing the co-adsorbed overlayer. It has been found that oxygen extensively blocks sites for subsequent hydrogen adsorption and that the interaction splits the hydrogen thermal desorption into two states. The capacity of the oxygenated Rh(111) surface for hydrogen adsorption is very sensitive to the structure of the oxygen overlayer, with a disordered oxygen layer exhibiting the lowest capacity for hydrogen chemisorption. Studies with hydrogen pre-adsorption indicate that a hydrogen layer suppresses completely the formation of ordered oxygen superstructures as well as O₂ desorption above 800 K. This occurs with only a 20% reduction in total oxygen coverage as measured by Auger spectroscopy.     

Crystal and molecular structure of 2‐amino‐5‐chloropyridinium hydrogen selenate—its IR and Raman spectra,DFT calculations and physicochemical properties

The new organic‐inorganic salt, 2‐amino‐5‐chloropyridinium hydrogen selenate, has been synthesised and characterised by means of FT‐IR, FT‐Raman and single crystal X‐ray crystallography. Its vibrational spectra have been discussed on the basis of quantum chemical DFT calculations using the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) approach. The crystal and molecular structures have been compared and the role of the intermolecular interactions in this crystal has been analysed. The N HO interactions between the hydrogen atoms of the organic cation and oxygen atoms of hydrogen selenate anion determine the supramolecular arrangement in three‐dimensional space. The possible application of the studied composite material as a Raman laser has been discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The water-forming reaction on palladium

The water-forming reaction on Pd has been studied on a PdSiO₂Si (Pd-MOS) structure in the temperature range 323–473 K. The reaction is found to be of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type with the formation of OH beeing rate limiting. Since the Pd-MOS structure works as a sensitive hydrogen detector unique information on the behaviour of hydrogen during this catalytic reaction has been obtained. The reaction can be described in a model where the hydrogen atoms on the Pd surface have a large temperature activated lateral mobility and with no evidence of beeing in hot precursor states. At T = 473 K this means that for oxygen coverages ? 0.01 monolayers all hydrogen adsorbed will also react with oxygen. For smaller oxygen coverages unreacted hydrogen will not initially desorb towards the vacuum but towards the internal Pd surface of the Pd-MOS structure. Futhermore, hydrogen adsorption is blocked by adsorbed oxygen. The sticking coefficient for hydrogen on the bare Pd surface is, however, close to one and only weakly temperature dependent. An effect giving rise to a hysteresis in the work function versus oxygen coverage curve during oxygen adsorption - desorption is also discussed.     

Oxygen,nitrogen and air broadening of HCN spectral lines at terahertz frequencies

The room-temperature nitrogen- and oxygen-broadening coefficients of hydrogen cyanide spectral lines have been measured in the 0.5–3 THz (17–100 cm^?1) frequency range (purely rotational transitions with 5?J?36) by a continuous-wave terahertz spectrometer based on a photomixing source. An improved version of the Robert and Bonamy semiclassical formalism has been used to calculate the oxygen-broadening coefficients and resulted in a good agreement with these measurements. The nitrogen and oxygen data are combined to provide the air-broadening coefficients as used by the HITRAN database. A significant difference is observed between the measured and tabulated values for transitions with high values of the rotational quantum number. A new polynomial representation is suggested for inclusion in HITRAN. A similar polynomial expression has been derived for the nitrogen broadening to aid the studies of Titan's atmosphere.     

载氧体燃烧联合循环部分负荷性能分析

本文对载氧体燃烧联合循环的部分负荷性能进行了研究,并与四种调节方式下的常规联合循环的部分负荷性能进行了比较.分析表明,载氧体燃烧联合循环的部分负荷性能优于压气机进口导叶(IGV)不可调的常规联合循环,但在IGV可调范围相同的条件下,常规联合循环的部分负荷性能优于载氧体燃烧联合循环.     

整体高炉煤气联合循环(IBFGCC)发电系统性能分析

本文基于总能系统概念讨论整体高炉煤气联合循环(IBFGCC)发电系统及其特点;以高炉富氧喷煤实验数据为基础,进行数值模拟;同时对IBFGCC系统进行性能分析,探讨了鼓风富氧量、制氧耗功等一些主要参数对系统性能的影响规律;揭示了随着高炉煤比增加、焦比降低及富氧率的增加,联合循环发电量亦有较大幅度增加,为IBFGCC的应用提供参考依据。     

The effect of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles on palladium physical properties

A series of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles have been performed on palladium wire samples, stressed by a constant mechanical tension, in order to investigate the changes in electrical and mechanical properties. A large increase of palladium electrical resistivity has been reported due to the combined effects of the production of defects linked to hydrogen insertion into the host lattice and the stress applied to the sample. An increase of the palladium sample strain due to hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles in α→β→α phase transitions is observed compared to the sample subjected to mechanical tension only. The loss of initial metallurgical properties of the sample occurs already after the first hydrogen cycle, i.e. a displacement from the initial metallic behavior (increase of the resistivity and decrease of thermal coefficient of resistivity) to a worse one occurs already after the first hydrogen cycle. A linear correlation between palladium resistivity and strain, according to Matthiessen's rule, has been found.     

天然气一步法制乙烯工艺的多联产系统

本文对UCCPT公司的OCM(Oxidative Coupling of Methane,一步法制乙烯)工艺以及O2-CO2燃气蒸汽联合动力工艺进行了模拟计算与分析,提出了一个集乙烯生产与动力输出为一体的多联产工艺.在乙烯产率和净输出电功相同的情况下,相对于单独生产烯烃的OCM工艺和O2-CO2动力系统,新工艺的天然气与氧气消耗量的减少率分别为4.3%和3.2%;电、蒸汽和冷却水的消耗减少率分别为6.1%、100%和9.9%.