Generation of a hollow laser beam by a multimode fiber

A simple method to generate a hollow laser beam by multimode fiber is reported.A dark hollow laser beam is generated from a multimode fiber and the dependence of the output beam profile on the incident angle of laser beam is analyzed.The results show that this hollow laser beam can be used to trap and guide cold atoms.     

High-Power Ion Beam Characteristics of a Magnetic Multi-Pole Line-Cusp Ion Source for the HL-2A Tokomak

A circular magnetic multi-pole line-cusp ion source with a nominal 45 keV 25 A hydrogen ion beam is developed for the neutraJ beam injector of the HL-2A tokomak. At present, this bucket ion source can produce a 40 keV 20 A hydrogen ion beam for less than lOOms on a test bed, and a 35 ke V 13A ion beam for 300ms on the injector of the HL-2A tokomak. The 1/e half-width of the ion beam power profile is about 6.0 ± 0.2 em at the positionof 3.26m downstream from ion source, and the corresponding divergence degree is nearly 1.1. The optimum perveance matched conditions were obtained experimentally, and were in good agreement with the values from experiential equation of Uhlemann et al. The maximum of optimum perveance reached 2.2 × 10^-6 A/V^1.5 for 38 keV beam energy. An ion beam with above 60% H^＋ species fraction can be achieved, which was measured by Ha light Doppler shift spectroscopy. According to research results, a neutral beam with a total power of more than 0.6 MW was successfully injected into the plasma of the HL-2A Tokomak in 2008.     

Arc Power Limit and Distribution on the Large Negative Ion Source Based on JT-60 NNBI

The target of the large negative ion source based on neutral beam injection (N-NBI) is to produce neutral beam current of 22 A and beam power of 10 MW at 500 keV with duration time of 10 s. Since it was successfully operated in 1996, the 5.3 MW neutral beam power at 380 keV with duration time of 3 s has been achieved. In recent years improving and enhancing the beam power are going on. Several reasons such as plasma non-uniformity, higher beam density at the upper region in the beam profile,     

Spatial beam shaping by quartz crystal piano-convex lens

Based on the optical activity of quartz crystal, we proposed a scheme for shaping the spatial intensity distribution of a linearly polarized laser beam by utilizing a quartz crystal piano-convex lens in combination with a polarizer. The intensity profile of the shaped laser beam can be easily switched from one profile to another by controlling the polarization direction of the incident laser beam.     

Synergistic Effect of Triple Ion Beams on Radiation Damage in CLAM Steel

The synergistic effect of triple ion beams is investigated by simultaneous and scquential irradiations of gold, hydrogen and helium ions on the low activation martensitie steel （CLAM） developed in China. The depth profile measurements of the positron annihilation Doppler broadening S parameter are carried out as a function of slow- positron beam energy to examine the produced radiation damage. The synergistic effect of displacement damage and hydrogen and helium on the formation of radiation damage is clearly observed. In the preset case ,this effect suppresses the radiation damage in the CLAM steel due to the helium and/or hydrogen filling of vacancy clusters.     

Spatial beam shaping by quartz crystal piano-convex lens

Based on the optical activity of quartz crystal,we proposed a scheme for shaping the spatial intensity distribution of a linearly polarized laser beam by utilizing a quartz crystal piano-convex lens in combination with a polarizer.The intensity profile of the shaped laser beam can be easily switched from one profile to another by controlling the polarization direction of the incident laser beam.     

Doppler shift of a laser pulse beam scattered by a rotating cone and cylinder

Based on laser radar equations, a Doppler shift model of a laser pulse beam scattered by a rotating arbitrary convex target is reported in this paper. The boundary relations between an incident pulse beam and the detected area elements are analyzed by geometric methods. The Doppler shift characteristics of the rotating cone and cylinder are discussed and the difference between the laser pulse beam and the plane wave scattered from the same rotating target is compared accordingly. Numerical simulations show that the Doppler shift is tightly relevant to their dimensions, speeds, and so on. In the same incidence conditions, the pulse beam and plane wave have difference peak values and the same Doppler shift bandwidth. If the waist radius of the pulse beam is larger, the peak value is higher, and the Doppler shifts are proportional to the speed of the rotating target. By virtue of our theoretical model, we probe into the scattered characteristics of the Doppler shifts of a laser pulse beam, which would benefit target identification in national defense.     

Intensity Spatial Profile Analysis of a Gaussian Laser Beam at Its Waist Using an Optical Fiber System

In many applications, it is important to know the waist of a laser beam. However, it is impossible to measure it directly because the intensity is high at the waist. We have used an optical fiber-scan system to characterize the Gauss/an intensity profile of a focused femtosecond laser beam. The measurement system employs a single-mode optical fiber that is fixed on a motorized three-dimensional translation stage to collect the laser energy and the other end is connected to an optical power meter to measure the intensity profile. Using the measure data and geometry formulas, one can calculate the beam waist and far-field divergence angle of a laser beam. The measured beam waist size is essentially consistent with the result of theoretical fit.     

Modeling process of the neutral beam re-ionization loss

The basic process of re-ionization loss was studied.In the drift duct there are three processes leading to re-ionization loss：the collision of neutral beam particles with the molecules of background gas,similar collisions with released molecules from the inner wall of the drift duct and the ferret-collisions among particles with different energy of the neutral beam.Mathematical models have been developed and taking EAST-NBI parameters as an example,the re-ionization loss was obtained within these models.The result indicated that in the early stage of the neutral beam injector operation the released gas was quite abundant.The amount of re-ionization loss owing to the released gas can be as high as 60%.In the case of a long-time operation of the neutral beam injector,the total re-ionization loss decreases from 13.7% to 5.7%.Then the reionization loss originating mainly from the collisions between particles of the neutral beam and the background molecules is dominant,covering about 92% of the total re-ionization loss.The drift duct pressure was the decisive factor for neutral beam re-ionization loss.     

中国散裂中子源直线加速器丝靶扫描器的设计与模拟

In this paper, we report the design and simulation of a wire scanner for the linac of the CSNS （China Spallation Neutron Source）. The wire scanner is used to measure the transverse beam profile and the emittance. The effect of beam energy change upon the mechanical design of the wire scanner must be considered. The simulation results of heat on the two specified wires, tungsten and carbon, by using the finite element method software, ANSYS, are presented. In addition, the effect of wire deformation on the beam profile measurement is qualitatively analyzed, and the signal level of the wire scanner is discussed.     

First-Principles Study on the Electronic Structures for Y^3＋：PbWO4 Crystals

The possible defect models of Y^3＋：PbWO4 crystals are discussed by defect chemistry and the most possible substituting positions of the impurity Y^3＋ ions are studied by using the general utility lattice program （GULP）. The calculated results indicate that in the lightly doped Y^3＋ ：PWO crystal, the main compensating mechanism is [2Ypb^＋ ＋ VPb^2-], and in the heavily doped Y^3＋ ：PWO crystal, it will bring interstitial oxygen ions to compensate the positive electricity caused by YPb^＋, forming defect clusters of [2Ypb^＋ ＋Oi^2-] in the crystal. The electronic structures of Y3＋ ：PWO with different defect models are calculated using the DV-Xα method. It can be concluded from the electronic structures that, for lightly doped cases, the energy gap of the crystal would be broadened and the 420nm absorption band will be restricted; for heavily doped cases, because of the existence of interstitial oxygen ions, it can bring a new absorption band and reduce the radiation hardness of the crystal.     

Application of Electron-Shelving Detection via 423 nm Transition in Calcium-Beam Optical Frequency Standard

A new scheme of small compact optical frequency standard based on thermal calcium beam with application of 423 nm shelving detection and sharp-angle velocity selection detection is proposed. Combining these presented techniques, we conclude that a small compact optical frequency standard based on thermal calcium beam will outperform the commercial caesium-beam microwave dock, like the 5071 Cs clock （from Hp to Agilent, now Symmetricom company）, both in accuracy and stability.     

Effects of in situ thermal annealing on the structural, optical, and electrical properties in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te epilayers grown on CdTe buffer layers

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission, and Hall effect measurements were performed to investigate the structural, optical, and electrical properties of as-grown and in situ-annealed Hg_0.7Cd_0.3Te epilayers grown on CdTe buffer layers by using molecular beam epitaxy. After the Hg_0.7Cd_0.3Te epilayers had been annealed in a Hg-cell flux atmosphere, the SEM images showed that the surface morphologies of the Hg_0.7Cd_0.3Te thin films were mirror-like with no indication of pinholes or defects, and the FTIR spectra showed that the transmission intensities had increased in comparison to that of the as-grown Hg_0.7Cd_0.3Te epilayer. Hall-effect measurements showed that n-Hg_0.7Cd_0.3Te epilayers were converted to p-Hg_0.7Cd_0.3Te epilayers. These results indicate that the surface, optical, and electrical properties of the Hg_1 − xCd_xTe epilayers are improved by annealing and that as-grown n-Hg_1 − xCd_xTe epilayers can be converted to p-Hg_1 − xCd_xTe epilayers by in situ annealing.     

Suppression of Chaos and Phase Locking in Two Coupled Nonidentical Neurons under Periodic Input

Dynamical behaviour of two coupled neurons with at least one of them being chaotic is presented. Bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents are calculated to diagnose the dynamical behaviour of the coupled neurons with the increasing coupling strength. It is found that when the coupling strength increases, a chaotic neuron can be controlled by the coupling between neurons. At the same time, phase locking is studied by the maxima of the differences of instantaneous phases and average frequencies between two coupled neurons, and the inherent connection of phase locking and the suppression of chaos is formulated. It is observed that the onset of phase locking is closely related to the suppression of chaos. Finally, a way for suppression of chaos in two coupled nonidentical neurons under periodic input is suggested.     

Fabrication of Long-Period Fibre Gratings Using 800 nm Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Long-period fibre gratings inside standard single-mode optical communication fibres are successfully fabricated with infrared femtosecond laser pulses. The refractive index perturbations are well confined within the fibre core by choosing the proper laser focusing parameters and translation speed of the fibre during the direct laser writing process. With the self-focusing effect considered and at a constant average irradiation dose of 1.62 × 10^3 J/（cm^2μm）, the threshold intensity for fabricating long-period gratings with infrared femtosecond laser pulses is determined to be 5.13 × 10^13 W/cm2.     

Micro-Photoluminescence Confocal Mapping of Single V-Grooved GaAs Quantum Wire

We perform the micro-photoluminescence measurement at low temperatures and a scanning optical mapping with high spatial resolution of a single V-grooved GaAs quantum wire modified by the selective ion-implantation and rapid thermally annealing. While the mapping shows the luminescences respectively from the quantum wires and from quantum well areas between quantum wires in general, the micro-photoluminescence at liquid He temperatures reveals a plenty of spectral structures of the PL band for a single quantum wire. The spectral structures are attributed to the inhomogeneity and non-uniformity of both the space structure and compositions of real wires as well as the defects nearby the interface between quantum wire and surrounding quantum well structures. All these make the excitons farther localized in quasi-zero-dimensional quantum potential boxes related to these non-uniformity and/or defects. The results also demonstrate the ability of micro-photoluminescence measurement and mapping for the characterization of both opto-electronic and structural properties of real quantum wires.     

Dependence of the interband transitions on the in mole fraction and the applied electric field in InxGa1−xAs/In0.52Al0.48As multiple quantum wells

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photocurrent (PC) measurements were carried out to investigate the microstructural properties and excitonic transitions in In_xGa_1−xAs/In_0.52Al_0.48As multiple quantum wells (MQWs) for x = 0.54, 0.57 and 0.60. TEM images showed that high-quality 11-period In_xGa_1−xAs/In_0.52Al_0.48As MQWs had high-quality heterointerfaces. The results for the PC spectra at 300 K showed that the peaks corresponding to the excitonic transitions from the ground state electronic sub-band to the ground state heavy-hole band (E₁-HH₁) and the ground state electronic sub-band to the ground state light-hole band (E₁-LH₁) became closer to each other with decreasing In mole fraction and that E₁-HH₁ and E₁-LH₁ excitonic peaks shifted to longer wavelength with increasing applied electric field. The calculated values of the E₁-HH₁ interband transition energies were in qualitative agreement with those obtained form the PC measurements with and without applied electric field. These results can be helpful in understanding potential applications of In_xGa_1−xAs/In_yAl_1−yAs MQWs dependent on In mole fraction and applied electric field in long-wavelength optoelectronic devices.     

Rotational Brownian Motion on Sphere Surface and Rotational Relaxation

The spatial components of the autocorrelation function of noninteracting dipoles are analytically obtained in terms of rotational Brownian motion on the surface of a unit sphere using multi-level jumping formalism based on Debye＇s rotational relaxation model, and the rotational relaxation functions are evaluated.     

A Complete Foliation of Schwarzschild Spacetime by Free Falling Hypersurfaces

Free falling hypersurfaces in the Schwarzschild geometry have been studied to provide a complete foliation of spacetime. The hypersurfaces do not cross into the maximally extended spacetime and are well behaved everywhere except at the singularity r =0 the mean extrinsic curvature becomes infinity.