大涡旋的分类和模式理论的封闭*

本文依据前文[1]大小涡旋分开考虑的湍流模式,对局部产生的湍流大涡旋引进了新的几率分布,由此引入了一种新的平均过程和平均值.通过这种平均,我们就可以把局部产生的湍流大涡旋和外来的湍流大涡旋进行严格的区分.然后,再引进适当的辅助条件和根据外来干扰的实际情况确定了外来大涡旋的耗散尺度l_N,使得湍流脉动二阶矩的方程组封闭,同时对前文[1]中的一些扩散系数进行了适当的修改.最后,得到了一个封闭的、能够数值求解的方程组.     

Kolmogorov流动模型的七模截断及其混沌特性

为了给出Kolmogorov流动模型中混沌行为的数学描述,选取常数k=3,重新对描述该模型的Navier-Stokes方程进行截断,得到了一个新的七维混沌系统．数值模拟了控制参数在一定范围内变化时方程组的基本动力学行为和混沌轨线,分析了其混沌特性．一方面证实了具有湍流特性的数学对象归因于低维混沌吸引子,另一方面有利于更好地了解湍流流动产生的机理.     

密相液固两相湍流K-ε-T模型及其在管道两相流中的应用

为了准确预测密相液固两相湍流流动,建立了Ｋ－ε－Ｔ模型,推导了控制方程组。利用该模型对竖直上升管中的密相液固两相流动进行了数值模拟,得到了与实验值吻合较好的结果。     

突然扩张方管中三维湍流流动的数值模拟

本文运用SIMPLEC算法计算了突然扩张方管中的三维湍流流动,湍流模型采用k-ε模型。计算结果详细反映了突然扩张方管中三维湍流流场。从本文结果可以看出,由于突然扩张方管几何形状非轴对称,且尺寸有限,边壁对流场的作用是不可忽略的。以往文献中常见的二维突然扩张湍流的数值模拟结果与三维情况有较大差别,在靠近边壁的区域差别很大,因此对于突然扩张方管中湍流流动的数值模拟应用三维模拟。本文计算所得突然扩张截面后主回流区长度与实验结果接近。本文方法可为数值模拟突然扩张方管中湍流流场及各物理参数的分布提供有效工具。     

湍流不同尺度间的近程和共振作用规律及应用

从Navier-Stokes方程出发,研究了湍流不同尺度间的相互作用规律,给出相近尺度间近程粘性应力的积分和微分表达式．引入极相近尺度之间共振相互作用的概念,得到共振粘性应力的微分表达式．利用共振粘性应力张量获得不含经验关系和常数、近似封闭的大涡模拟（LES）方程组．利用近程和共振粘性应力张量获得不含经验关系和常数、近似封闭的湍流多尺度方程组．讨论了湍流多尺度方程的性质及用于湍流计算的优点,尺度间相互作用的近程特性说明:多尺度模拟是湍流计算很有价值的方法,并列举了算例．     

固液两相流中的K－ε双方程湍流模式

建立了固液两相流中更一般的Ｋ－ε双方程湍流模式．模化了固相和液相的连续方程、动量方程及Ｋ方程和ε方程．该湍流模型考虑了固液两相间速度的滑移，颗粒间的作用及相间作用．使用本文所建立的湍流模型，数值预测了一管湍流中的沙水混合流动，其预测结果与实验结果比较一致．     

湍流的耗散及弥散相互作用理论

本文推导了表征耗散与弥散相互作用的新的湍流控制方程组,其特点是:用稳定性分析得到湍流动能产生项,再根据广义熵增原理推出并列存在的分别适用于强弱涡量的两个湍流动量方程。运用该理论已成功地计算了一些典型的湍流问题:湍流边界层中的马蹄涡拟序结构、钝体尾涡区的湍流能量逆转、湍流涡团散裂弛豫及各向异性分布,文中还给出了部分算例。     

Belousov－Zhabotinskii化学反应Field－Noyes模型的整体吸引子和惯性流形

本文讨论Ｂｅｌｏｕｓｏｖ—Ｚｈａｂｏｔｉｎｓｋｉｉ化学反应Ｆｉｅｌｄ—Ｎｏｙｅｓ模型（三维的方程组）整体吸引子的存在性、维数估计以及惯性流形的存在性．     

一类界面化学反应模型的解的渐近性

本文建立了一个界面化学反应模型，这个模型是一个具有非线性边界条件的抛物型反应扩散方程组．通过建立并求解关于方程组的解的微分不等式，我们得到了解及其任意阶导数在Ｌ∞的收敛速率估计．     

边界元凝聚解法解的存在唯一性条件

本文讨论了周边界元法分析三维弹性有摩擦接触问题形成的方程组。并对方程组进行凝聚，证明了凝聚后方程组解的存在唯一性的充分必要条件。     

Numerical modelling of subcritical open channel flow using the K-ε turbulence model and the penalty function finite element technique

A numerical model has been developed that employs the penalty function finite element technique to solve the vertically averaged hydrodynamic and turbulence model equations for a water body using isoparametric elements. The full elliptic forms of the equations are solved, thereby allowing recirculating flows to be calculated. Alternative momentum dispersion and turbulence closure models are proposed and evaluated by comparing model predictions with experimental data for strongly curved subcritical open channel flow. The results of these simulations indicate that the depth-averaged two-equation k-ε turbulence model yields excellent agreement with experimental observations. In addition, it appears that neither the streamline curvature modification of the depth-averaged k-ε model, nor the momentum dispersion models based on the assumption of helicoidal flow in a curved channel, yield significant improvement in the present model predictions. Overall model predictions are found to be as good as those of a more complex and restricted three-dimensional model.     

Modelling dispersion in laminar and turbulent flows in an open channel based on centre manifolds using 1D-IRBFN method

Centre manifold method is an accurate approach for analytically constructing an advection–diffusion equation (and even more accurate equations involving higher-order derivatives) for the depth-averaged concentration of substances in channels. This paper presents a direct numerical verification of this method with examples of the dispersion in laminar and turbulent flows in an open channel with a smooth bottom. The one-dimensional integrated radial basis function network (1D-IRBFN) method is used as a numerical approach to obtain a numerical solution for the original two-dimensional (2-D) advection–diffusion equation. The 2-D solution is depth-averaged and compared with the solution of the 1-D equation derived using the centre manifolds. The numerical results show that the 2-D and 1-D solutions are in good agreement both for the laminar flow and turbulent flow. The maximum depth-averaged concentrations for the 1-D and 2-D models gradually converge to each other, with their velocities becoming practically equal. The obtained numerical results also demonstrate that the longitudinal diffusion can be neglected compared to the advection.     

A 3D non-linear k–ε turbulent model for prediction of flow and mass transport in channel with vegetation

The results from a 3D non-linear k–ε turbulence model with vegetation are presented to investigate the flow structure, the velocity distribution and mass transport process in a straight compound open channel and a curved open channel. The 3D numerical model for calculating flow is set up in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in order to calculate the complex boundary channel. The finite volume method is used to disperse the governing equations and the SIMPLEC algorithm is applied to acquire the coupling of velocity and pressure. The non-linear k–ε turbulent model has good useful value because of taking into account the anisotropy and not increasing the computational time. The water level of this model is determined from 2D Poisson equation derived from 2D depth-averaged momentum equations. For concentration simulation, an expression for dispersion through vegetation is derived in the present work for the mixing due to flow over vegetation. The simulated results are in good agreement with available experimental data, which indicates that the developed 3D model can predict the flow structure and mass transport in the open channel with vegetation.     

Approximate analytical solution for supercritical flow in rectangular curved channels

In this study, we present an asymptotical mathematical model and an analytical solution for a supercritical flow in curved rectangular open channels. An original approach is proposed for solving the free-surface configuration and features of the flow in the presence of cross shock waves. The two-dimensional steady depth-averaged shallow water equations are transformed into an equivalent one-dimensional (1D) unsteady flow problem and a first order approximation is then obtained using small perturbation theory. Furthermore, the 1D asymptotic model is solved analytically by Laplace integral transformation and the two-dimensional flow field solution is reconstructed according to the translating planes. The free-surface profile along the outer chute wall and downstream channel was compared with the available experimental data, and the results indicated the satisfactory agreement of the maximum flow depth, peak positions, and wavelength. The proposed approach provides accurate predictions of the flow features and it facilitates the safe design of curved channel transitions.     

A Note on the Laboratory Simulation of Planetary Flows

The depth-averaged equations used frequently as a model for large scale motions in the ocean are shown to be the exact theory for quasi-geostrophic flows in special laboratory configurations. This analogy permits the simulation of certain planetary phenomena.     

基于隐式离散极大值原理的聚合物驱最优注入策略

为了获得聚合物驱油的最大利润,建立了确定最佳聚合物注入浓度的最优控制模型.利用全隐式差分格式将连续模型离散化得到离散系统的状态方程.通过隐含离散系统的极大值原理获得了该最优控制问题的必要条件.给出了基于梯度的数值求解方法,在求解状态方程的过程中直接构造了伴随问题的系数矩阵.通过一个三维聚合物驱模型的计算实例表明了所提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

Depth-averaged modeling of free surface flows in open channels with emerged and submerged vegetation

The resistance induced by vegetation on the flow in a watercourse should be considered in projects of watercourse management and river restoration. Depth-averaged numerical model is an efficient tool to study this problem. In this study, a depth-averaged model using the finite volume method on a staggered curvilinear grid and the SIMPLEC algorithm for numerical solution is developed for simulating the hydrodynamics of free surface flows in watercourses with vegetation. For the model formulation the vegetation resistance is treated as a momentum sink and represented by a Manning type equation, and turbulence is parameterized by the k–ε equations. An analytical equation is derived to represent the resistance induced by submerged vegetation by an equivalent Manning roughness coefficient. Numerical simulation is carried out for the flow in an open channel with a 180° bend, and the flow in a curved open channel partly covered by emerged vegetation, as well as the flow in a straight trapezoidal channel with submerged vegetation. The agreement between the computed results and the measured data is generally good, showing that the resistance due to emerged or submerged vegetation can be represented accurately by the Manning roughness equation. The computed results demonstrate that the depth-averaged modeling is a reasonable and efficient tool to study flows in watercourses with vegetations.     

Seismic-generated unsteady motions in shallow basins and channels. Part II: Numerical modelling

In this paper, unsteady motions generated by seismic-type excitation are simulated by a 2D depth-averaged mathematical model based on the classic shallow water approximation. A suitable time-dependent forcing term is added in the governing equations, and these are solved by a MUSCL-type shock-capturing finite volume scheme with a splitting treatment of the source term. The HLL approximate Riemann solver is used to estimate the numerical fluxes. The accuracy of the numerical scheme is assessed by comparison with novel exact solutions of test cases concerning sinusoidally-generated sloshing in a prismatic tank, a rectangular open channel, and a parabolic basin. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the influence of the relevant dimensionless parameters. Moreover, numerical results are validated against experimental data available in literature concerning shallow water sloshing in a swaying tank. Finally, real‐scale applications to a reservoir created by a dam and an urban water-supply storage tank are presented. The results show that the model provides accurate solutions of the shallow water equations with a seismic-type source term and can be effectively adopted to predict the main flow features of the unsteady motion induced by horizontal seismic acceleration when the long wave assumption is valid.     

Surface Instability of Laminated Coatings upon Inelastic Deformation

The problem of surface instability of laminated coatings with inelastic properties is considered within the framework of a model of piecewise-homogeneous media on the basis of the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability. A general statement of the problem is formulated and the basic characteristic equations are derived. The solutions of particular problems are obtained for elastoplastic and viscoelastic models of solids.     

Seismic-generated unsteady motions in shallow basins and channels. Part I: Smooth analytical solutions

In this paper time-dependent water motions generated by seismic-type horizontal excitation in shallow basins and channels are modelled by the two-dimensional depth-averaged shallow water equations in which a specific source term is added in order to include an earthquake-induced forcing effect. Sinusoidal excitation is considered as a first approximation, and the response of shallow basins and channels to this simple external forcing is characterized. The nondimensional form of the governing equations shows that the Strouhal number and a ratio representing the amplitude of the forcing acceleration are the influential dimensionless parameters. Novel exact solutions of sinusoidally-forced smooth waves in a prismatic tank, a rectangular open channel, and a parabolic basin are presented. In the first two cases, a sway motion occurs, and reflections take place at the side walls. In the last case, the water sloshes back and forth flowing up the sloping sides of the basin; the free surface remains planar and a moving circular shoreline is present. These analytical solutions provide useful standards for assessing the accuracy of the numerical models used to solve the two-dimensional shallow water equations with source terms.